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Circular Motion

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Circular Motion

Uploaded by

ivan.brillantes353
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Physics I

Circular
Motion
Newton’s Second Law

Newton’s Second Law: 


    Fnet
 F  Fnet  m a or a 
m
The net force and acceleration are always in the same direction because
m is a positive number.

Acceleration is the rate of any change in the velocity vector – either


magnitude (speed) or direction, or both.

Today’s lecture and activity will stretch our understanding of


acceleration and Newton’s Second Law for a special type of motion.
12-2
Angular Variables
1.Angular Position
- Represented as θ
- Orientation of an object in
circular path

Unit is expressed in rad (radians)


Angular Variables
2. Angular Displacement
- Represented as ∆θ
- 1 complete cycle = 2л rad
- An angle through which an object is
rotated in a specified direction.

∆𝜃 = 𝜃𝑓 − 𝜃𝑖
Unit is expressed in rad (radians)
Angular Variables
3. Angular Velocity
- Represented as 𝜔
- Rate of change in object’s angular position
per unit time.
∆𝜃
𝜔= 𝑡
Unit is expressed in rad/sec
Angular Variables
4. Angular Acceleration
- Represented as 𝛼
- Rate of change of angular velocity per unit
time.
∆𝜔 𝜔𝑓 −𝜔𝑖
𝛼= 𝑡
= 𝑡
Unit is expressed in rad/sec^2
Sample Problem

1. Find the angular velocity of a


sprinter that makes two laps
around an oval in 5 minutes.

𝜔 = 0.0419 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑠𝑒𝑐
Sample Problem

2. The object swinging in circular


motion makes 3 revolutions in 1.5
minutes. Find the angular
acceleration if the object speeds up
at 120 rad/sec after the said time.

𝛼 = 1.33 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
Sample Problem

3. A compact disc makes 500


revolutions per minute. If the CD
accelerates uniformly in 4 sec
from rest, what is its acceleration?

𝛼 = 13.09 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
12-10
SW: Show your complete
solution.

Two runners both covers 150


cycles per minute. Runner A
accelerates at 1.2 minutes while
Runner B is at 0.8 minutes. Which
runner covers the longest path
traveled? Why and How?
12-11
GIVEN:
150𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 6.2832 𝑟𝑎𝑑 1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜔= 𝑥 𝑥 = 15.708 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚𝑖𝑛 1 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑡𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝐴 = 1.2 min 𝑥
1 𝑚𝑖𝑛
= 72𝑠𝑒𝑐 ∆𝜃
𝜔=
𝑡𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝐵 = 0.8 min 𝑥
60 𝑠𝑒𝑐
= 48𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑡
1 𝑚𝑖𝑛

∆𝜃𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝐴 = 𝜔𝑡 = 15.708 𝑟𝑎𝑑/ sec 𝑥 72 sec = 1130.98 𝑟𝑎𝑑

∆𝜃𝑅𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑟 𝐵 = 𝜔𝑡 = 15.708 𝑟𝑎𝑑/ sec 𝑥 48 sec = 753.984 𝑟𝑎𝑑


12-12
1. From rest, a car is about to
turn right to enter a circular
road. The car has to travel 3/4
lap in order to go to his
destination. If the car covers
0.12 minutes, how fast the car
is going to its destination?
What is the car's angular
acceleration?
12-13
12-14
2. Car A is moving at 450
revolutions/minute while Car B
is at 43.9824 radians/second. If
both of the car finished 3 laps,
which car will finish the track
faster? How and Why?

12-15
Angular Quantities are Vectors

Right-hand Rule
Physics I

Uniform
Circular Motion
Uniform Circular Motion

“Uniform” circular motion means that the


object moves in a circle at a constant speed.
Some definitions and equations:
T = period = time to go around exactly once
r = radius of circle
v = speed (scalar, not vector)
circumference 2  r
v 
period T
2r
T
v
Tangential Speed

Speed of an object directed along the tangent to


the object’s circular path.
Tangent – a straight line touching any single
point on the curve of a circle.
∆𝜃𝑟
𝑣=
𝑇
Unit is expressed in m/sec
Other Formulas

𝑣 = 𝜔𝑟
𝜔 – angular velocity
r – radius 2𝜋𝑟
𝑣=
r – radius
𝑇
𝑣 = 2𝜋𝑟𝑓 T – Period
𝑓 – frequency
r – radius
Acceleration in Circular Motion

 When an object travels in a circle, its velocity is constantly


changing (in direction at least).

 That means the object has a non-zero acceleration even if it


moves at constant speed.
Important Facts About
Velocity and Acceleration Vectors

v a Same direction: speeding up.

v a Opposite directions: slowing down.

v
Right angles: changing direction, same speed.
a

12-22
What is the Direction of
Acceleration?
Since the speed is not changing, only the
direction of velocity, acceleration must be
always at right angles to velocity. The
acceleration vector points inward, toward
the center of the circle. This is called
centripetal acceleration from Latin for
“to go to or seek the center.”
Like the direction of the velocity vector,
the direction of centripetal acceleration is
constantly changing as the object moves
around the circle.

Unit is expressed in m/sec^2


Other Formulas

2
4𝜋 𝑟
𝑎𝑐 = 2
𝜔 𝑟 𝑎𝑐 = 2
𝜔 – angular velocity
r – radius
𝑇
r – radius
T – Period
“Centripetal Force”
“Centrifugal Force”
“Centripetal force” and “centrifugal force” are two of the most
unnecessary and confusing concepts in introductory physics.
“Centripetal force” is the net force on any object in circular motion.
“Centrifugal force” is a result of measuring the displacement of an
object relative to an accelerated (rotating) observer.

In this course, we will never refer to centripetal or centrifugal force.


We will refer only to actual physical forces such as gravity.

It will never be correct to answer any question using centripetal


force or centrifugal force. Instead, use centripetal acceleration and
Newton’s Second Law as measured by a non-accelerating observer.
“Centrifugal” Force?

Turn this way. Feel a force


this way.

Centrifugal is from Latin for “to flee from the center.”


Is centrifugal force a “real” force?
Centripetal Force

Represented as 𝐹𝑐
Any net force causing uniform circular motion.
Always takes the direction of Centripetal
Acceleration.

𝐹𝑐 = 𝑚𝑎𝑐
Unit is expressed in kg m/sec^2 or N
Sample Problem

A metal ball is attached to a 0.5m long string


and is whirled to make 3 revolutions per
second with the other end as the center. How
much acceleration will the metal ball
experience?

𝑎𝑐 = 181.23𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
Sample Problem

A 0.35kg pebble is made to whirl in a circular


path at the end of a 1.00m string. What is the
tangential speed if the pebble makes one
revolution in 1.50 sec? What is the centripetal
acceleration? What is the tension in the string?

𝑣 = 4.19𝑚/𝑠
𝐹𝑐 = 6.14𝑁
𝑎𝑐 = 17.54𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐 2
12-30
Try this!

1. A 850-kg car moving at 8 m/s


takes a turn around a circle with a
radius of 20.0 m. Determine the
acceleration and the net force acting
upon the car.
Try This!

2. The space shuttle Atlantis is in a circular orbit 100. km (1.00 x 105 m)


above the surface of the earth. (This is an example of uniform circular
motion.) At this height, the constant of gravity is g = 9.53 N/kg. The
radius of the earth is 6.37 x 106 m. How long (in minutes) does it take for
the shuttle Atlantis to complete one orbit?
12-33

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