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Machine learning note 5

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Machine learning note 5

Uploaded by

fengsijie360
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Class Note 5: Neural Networks

Introduction to Neural Networks


Neural networks are a class of machine learning algorithms inspired
by the structure and function of the human brain. They consist of
layers of interconnected nodes (neurons) that process input data
and learn complex patterns. Neural networks are used for a wide
range of tasks, including classification, regression, and image
recognition.

Major Points

1. Architecture: A neural network consists of an input layer,


one or more hidden layers, and an output layer. Each layer
contains multiple neurons that apply a weighted sum and
activation function to the input data.
2. Activation Functions: Common activation functions include
ReLU, Sigmoid, and Tanh. These functions introduce non-
linearity into the model, allowing it to learn complex patterns.
3. Backpropagation: The model is trained using
backpropagation, where the error is propagated backward
through the network, and the weights are updated using
gradient descent.
4. Overfitting: Neural networks are prone to overfitting,
especially with small datasets. Techniques like dropout,
regularization, and early stopping can help mitigate this issue.

Use Cases

1. Image Recognition: Neural networks, particularly


Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), are widely used in
image recognition tasks like object detection and facial
recognition.
2. Natural Language Processing: Recurrent Neural Networks
(RNNs) and Transformers are used in NLP tasks like machine
translation, text generation, and sentiment analysis.
3. Autonomous Vehicles: Neural networks are used in
autonomous vehicles for tasks like object detection, path
planning, and decision-making.
Optimization Techniques

1. Hyperparameter Tuning: Parameters like learning rate,


number of layers, and number of neurons per layer should be
tuned using techniques like Grid Search or Random Search.
2. Regularization: Techniques like L2 regularization, dropout,
and early stopping can help prevent overfitting.
3. Batch Normalization: Batch normalization can improve the
stability and performance of neural networks by normalizing
the input to each layer.
4. Transfer Learning: Pre-trained models can be fine-tuned for
specific tasks, reducing the need for large amounts of training
data.

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