Graph theory

Scheduling problems

Z.GUELLIL
 Introduction to scheduling problems
• Scheduling problems are a category of optimization problems in which
tasks must be assigned to resources over time, subject to various
constraints.
• Scheduling a set of tasks means planning their execution by allocating
resources and setting start dates.
• Scheduling problems appear in all areas of the economy:
• computing (tasks are programs; resources are processors, memory, etc.),
• construction (project monitoring),
• industry (workshop activities in production management and logistics issues),
• administration (timetables).
Introduction to scheduling problems
• Key Concepts in Scheduling
• Resources: Technical or human means with limited or unlimited
availability known a priori.
• Tasks: Elementary work requiring a specific duration and number of
resource units.
• Objectives of Scheduling: Solving a scheduling problem must reconcile two
objectives:
• Static aspect: Create a work plan based on forecast data.
• Dynamic aspect: Make real-time decisions based on resource status and
task progress.
• Questions Addressed by Scheduling:
• Best task and resource organization to meet deadlines.
• Minimum time needed to complete the project.
• Earliest and latest start and finish times for each task.
• Execution order of project activities and activation schedule respecting
constraints.
• Prominent Scheduling Methodologies
• Gantt charts :used for clear visualization of schedules and tracking progress.
• PERT method :used for deeper analysis of dependencies and time-critical tasks,
especially in complex projects. Both can be combined for comprehensive
project management.
GANTT chart
• Definition of Gantt Chart:
• A Gantt chart is a visual scheduling tool that displays project tasks along a
timeline, illustrating their start and finish dates.
• It consists of a vertical axis listing tasks and a horizontal axis representing time
intervals, with bars indicating the duration of each task
• Importance of Gantt Charts
• Facilitates comprehension of project structure.
• Enables straightforward identification of roles and responsibilities for each
participant.
• Helps visualize task sequences and simultaneous operations, enhancing
project planning and tracking
GANTT chart : Early and Late Scheduling
• Two primary methods of scheduling are Early Scheduling and Late Scheduling,
each with distinct approaches to task organization.
• Early Scheduling : Early scheduling involves initiating tasks as soon as possible,
focusing on those without any preceding tasks.
• Late Scheduling : Late scheduling focuses on positioning tasks as late as
possible, particularly those without successors.
Early Scheduling Late Scheduling

Start Timing As early as possible As late as possible

Focus Tasks without predecessors Tasks without successors

Representation Order Sequentially from start Sequentially from end

Steps to Create a Gantt Chart
1. Determine Tasks and Their Durations : List all tasks required for the project
and estimate the time needed for each.
2. Identify Task Sequences and Concurrent Tasks : Establish the order of tasks
and identify which tasks can be performed simultaneously.
3. Graphical Representation : Graphical representation of the table using
software such as word processing, spreadsheet or project management
software (such as Microsoft Project)
• Insert a table to represent tasks and timelines.
• Use horizontal bars to represent task durations visually.
• Adjust bars to reflect start dates, end dates, and dependencies
 Gantt chart: "Early Scheduling"

Previous
Tasks Duration
works
A 1 -
B 2 -
C 1 A
D 3 -
E 2 B
F 5 E
G 2 CD
H 5 -
I 2 H
I 1 -
K 4 I,J
L 5 F,G
M 4 K,L
Total 37
 Gantt chart: “Early Scheduling”
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

A
Previous
Tasks Duration
works B
A 1 - C
B 2 - D
C 1 A
E
D 3 -
F
E 2 B
F 5 E G

G 2 CD H
H 5 - I
I 2 H I
I 1 - K
K 4 I,J
L
L 5 F,G
M
M 4 K,L
Total 37
 Gantt chart: “ Early Scheduling”
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

A
Previous
Tasks Duration
works B
A 1 - C
B 2 - D
C 1 A
E
D 3 -
F
E 2 B
F 5 E G

G 2 CD H
H 5 - I
I 2 H I
I 1 - K
K 4 I,J
L
L 5 F,G
M
M 4 K,L
Total 37
 Gantt chart: “ Early Scheduling”
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

A
Previous
Tasks Duration
works B
A 1 - C
B 2 - D
C 1 A
E
D 3 -
F
E 2 B
F 5 E G

G 2 CD H
H 5 - I
I 2 H I
I 1 - K
K 4 I,J
L
L 5 F,G
M
M 4 K,L
Total 37
 Gantt chart: “ Early Scheduling”
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

A
Previous
Tasks Duration
works B
A 1 - C
B 2 - D
C 1 A
E
D 3 -
F
E 2 B
F 5 E G

G 2 CD H
H 5 - I
I 2 H I
I 1 - K
K 4 I,J
L
L 5 F,G
M
M 4 K,L
Total 37
 Gantt chart: “ Early Scheduling”
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

A
Previous
Tasks Duration
works B
A 1 - C
B 2 - D
C 1 A
E
D 3 -
F
E 2 B
F 5 E G

G 2 CD H
H 5 - I
I 2 H I
I 1 - K
K 4 I,J
L
L 5 F,G
M
M 4 K,L
Total 37
 Gantt chart: “ Early Scheduling”
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

A
Previous
Tasks Duration
works B
A 1 - C
B 2 - D
C 1 A
E
D 3 -
F
E 2 B
F 5 E G

G 2 CD H
H 5 - I
I 2 H I
I 1 - K
K 4 I,J
L
L 5 F,G
M
M 4 K,L
Total 37
 Gantt chart: “ Early Scheduling”
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

A
Previous
Tasks Duration
works B
A 1 - C
B 2 - D
C 1 A
E
D 3 -
F
E 2 B
F 5 E G

G 2 CD H
H 5 - I
I 2 H I
I 1 - K
K 4 I,J
L
L 5 F,G
M
M 4 K,L
Total 37
 Gantt chart: “ Early Scheduling”
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

A
Previous
Tasks Duration
works B
A 1 - C
B 2 - D
C 1 A
E
D 3 -
F
E 2 B
F 5 E G

G 2 CD H
H 5 - I
I 2 H I
I 1 - K
K 4 I,J
L
L 5 F,G
M
M 4 K,L
Total 37
 Gantt chart: “ Early Scheduling”
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

A
Previous
Tasks Duration
works B
A 1 - C
B 2 - D
C 1 A
E
D 3 -
F
E 2 B
F 5 E G

G 2 CD H
H 5 - I
I 2 H I
I 1 - K
K 4 I,J
L
L 5 F,G
M
M 4 K,L
Total 37
 Gantt chart: “ Early Scheduling”
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

A
Previous
Tasks Duration
works B
A 1 - C
B 2 - D
C 1 A
E
D 3 -
F
E 2 B
F 5 E G

G 2 CD H
H 5 - I
I 2 H I
I 1 - K
K 4 I,J
L
L 5 F,G
M
M 4 K,L
Total 37
 Gantt chart: “ Early Scheduling”
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

A
Previous
Tasks Duration
works B
A 1 - C
B 2 - D
C 1 A
E
D 3 -
F
E 2 B
F 5 E G

G 2 CD H
H 5 - I
I 2 H I
I 1 - K
K 4 I,J
L
L 5 F,G
M
M 4 K,L
Total 37
 Gantt chart: “ Early Scheduling”
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

A
Previous
Tasks Duration
works B
A 1 - C
B 2 - D
C 1 A
E
D 3 -
F
E 2 B
F 5 E G

G 2 CD H
H 5 - I
I 2 H I
I 1 - K
K 4 I,J
L
L 5 F,G
M
M 4 K,L
Total 37
 Gantt chart: “ Early Scheduling”
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

A
Previous
Tasks Duration
works B
A 1 - C
B 2 - D
C 1 A
E
D 3 -
F
E 2 B
F 5 E G

G 2 CD H
H 5 - I
I 2 H I
I 1 - K
K 4 I,J
L
L 5 F,G
M
M 4 K,L
Total 37
 Gantt chart: “ Early Scheduling”
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

A
Previous
Tasks Duration
works B
A 1 - C
B 2 - D
C 1 A
E
D 3 -
F
E 2 B
F 5 E G

G 2 CD H
H 5 - I
I 2 H I
I 1 - K
K 4 I,J
L
L 5 F,G
M
M 4 K,L
Total 37
 Gantt chart: “ Early Scheduling”
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

A
Previous
Tasks Duration
works B
A 1 - C
B 2 - D
C 1 A
E
D 3 -
F
E 2 B
F 5 E G

G 2 CD H
H 5 - I
I 2 H I
I 1 - K
K 4 I,J
L
L 5 F,G
M
M 4 K,L
Total 37
The total duration of the project 18 units
 Gantt chart: “ Early Scheduling”
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

A
Previous
Tasks Duration
works B
A 1 - C
B 2 - D
C 1 A
E
D 3 -
F
E 2 B
F 5 E G

G 2 CD H
H 5 - I
I 2 H I
I 1 - K
K 4 I,J
L
L 5 F,G
M
M 4 K,L
Total 37
The total duration of the project 18 units
 Gantt chart: “ Early Scheduling”
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

A
Previous
Tasks Duration
works B
A 1 - C
B 2 - D
C 1 A
E
D 3 -
F
E 2 B
F 5 E G

G 2 CD H
H 5 - I
I 2 H I
I 1 - K
K 4 I,J
L
L 5 F,G
M
M 4 K,L
Total 37
The total duration of the project 18 units
 Gantt chart: “ Early Scheduling”
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

A
Previous
Tasks Duration
works B
A 1 - C
B 2 - D
C 1 A
E
D 3 -
F
E 2 B
F 5 E G

G 2 CD H
H 5 - I
I 2 H I
I 1 - K
K 4 I,J
L
L 5 F,G
M
M 4 K,L
Total 37
The total duration of the project 18 units
 Gantt chart: “ Early Scheduling”
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

A
Previous
Tasks Duration
works B
A 1 - C
B 2 - D
C 1 A
E
D 3 -
F
E 2 B
F 5 E G

G 2 CD H
H 5 - I
I 2 H I
I 1 - K
K 4 I,J
L
L 5 F,G
M
M 4 K,L
Total 37
The total duration of the project 18 units
 Gantt chart: “ Early Scheduling”
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

A
Previous
Tasks Duration
works B
A 1 - C
B 2 - D
C 1 A
E
D 3 -
F
E 2 B
F 5 E G

G 2 CD H
H 5 - I
I 2 H I
I 1 - K
K 4 I,J
L
L 5 F,G
M
M 4 K,L
Total 37
The total duration of the project 18 units
 Gantt chart: “ Early Scheduling”
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

A
Previous
Tasks Duration
works B
A 1 - C
B 2 - D
C 1 A
E
D 3 -
F
E 2 B
F 5 E G

G 2 CD H
H 5 - I
I 2 H I
I 1 - K
K 4 I,J
L
L 5 F,G
M
M 4 K,L
Total 37
The total duration of the project 18 units
 Gantt chart: “ Early Scheduling”
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

A
Previous
Tasks Duration
works B
A 1 - C
B 2 - D
C 1 A
E
D 3 -
F
E 2 B
F 5 E G

G 2 CD H
H 5 - I
I 2 H I
I 1 - K
K 4 I,J
L
L 5 F,G
M
M 4 K,L
Total 37
The total duration of the project 18 units
 Gantt chart: “ Early Scheduling”
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

A
Previous
Tasks Duration
works B
A 1 - C
B 2 - D
C 1 A
E
D 3 -
F
E 2 B
F 5 E G

G 2 CD H
H 5 - I
I 2 H I
I 1 - K
K 4 I,J
L
L 5 F,G
M
M 4 K,L
Total 37
The total duration of the project 18 units
 Gantt chart: “ Early Scheduling”
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

A
Previous
Tasks Duration
works B
A 1 - C
B 2 - D
C 1 A
E
D 3 -
F
E 2 B
F 5 E G

G 2 CD H
H 5 - I
I 2 H I
I 1 - K
K 4 I,J
L
L 5 F,G
M
M 4 K,L
Total 37
The total duration of the project 18 units
 Gantt chart: “Late Scheduling”
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37

A
Previous
Tasks Duration
works B
A 1 - C
B 2 - D
C 1 A
E
D 3 -
F
E 2 B
F 5 E G

G 2 CD H
H 5 - I
I 2 H I
I 1 - K
K 4 I,J
L
L 5 F,G
M
M 4 K,L
Total 37
The total duration of the project 18 units
 PERT planning method

• P.E.R.T : Program Evaluation Review Technique

• This method was developed in the United States in 1957 during the
development of the POLARIS missile.

• This project involved 250 prime contractors and about 9,000 subcontractors.

• The originally planned duration of 6 years was reduced to 2 and a half years.
 PERT(Approach)
The PERT method is a method of organizing tasks in a network
according to their dependency and chronology, with the objective of
obtaining a finished product.
• Step 1 : Determining the tasks and their durations.
• Step 2 : Determining the sequence of the different operations and
identifying the tasks that can be carried out at the same time.
• Step 3 : Representation in the form of an oriented graph.
 Principle

Task or operation : it advances a work towards its final state.

Example of representation of task A of duration 5.
 Principle
Dummy task (activity):
• A dummy task is a representation of a constraint between non-independent
tasks.
• Each fictitious task is represented by a dotted arrow, with a duration of zero.
• Such a task does not consume any resources, and therefore incurs no cost.
 Principle
• A step represents the start or end point of a task.
• The following example illustrates step 1.
• Typically, the steps are assigned a numerical designation.
• Furthermore, the earliest and latest completion times are indicated.

Step number

2 9
Deadline Early
Deadline at the
Scheduling
latest
Principle
• A PERT graph represents the structure of a project, indicating the tasks and
steps that constitute the project’s.
• It should be noted that :
• The graph always contains two nodes : a Begin step and an End step.
• The graph should be read from left to right.
• The arrows are pointing this way; there is no possibility of reversal.
• A task may only be represented by a single arrow.

Begin END
2 9 2 9
Rules
Rule 1
- Every task has a start step and an end step.
- A next task can only start if the previous task is
completed.
Rules

Rule 2: Two tasks that are consecutive in time are

represented by arrows that are consecutive in form.
Rules

• Rule 3: Two tasks C and D which are simultaneous are

represented as follows:
Rules

Rule 4: Two tasks E and F which are convergent (i.e., which precede the
same task, designated as G), are represented in the following manner:
Rules
• Rule 5 : In certain instances, it may be appropriate to introduce dummy
tasks (fictitious tasks).
• A dummy task is of no consequence in terms of time and does not affect
the ultimate deadline.
For example, if task K follows tasks H and J, and task L follows only task H,
we represent the problem as follows:
 Give PERT chart
Tasks Nature Precedents Duration (days)

A Acceptance of Plans by the Owner - 4

B Preparing the ground - 2
C Ordering materials A 1
D Digging the foundations A,B 1
E Door and window control A 2
F Delivery of materials C 2
G Pouring the foundations D,F 2
H Delivery of doors and windows E 10
I Laying the walls and the framework G 4
I Installing the doors H,I 1
Begin END
0
 1
4

Begin END
0
2
2
 1 C1 3
4 5

Begin END
0
2
2
 1 C1 3
4 5

Begin END
0
2 4
2 D1 3
 1 C1 3
4 5

Begin A'0 END

0
2 4
4 D1 5
 5
6

1 C1 3
4 5

Begin A'0 END

0
2 4
4 D1 5
 5
6

1 C1 3
4 5

Begin A'0 F2 END

0
2 4
4 D1 7
 5
6

1 C1 3
4 5

Begin A'0 F2 END

0
2 4 G2 6
4 D1 7 9
 5
6

1 C1 3
4 5

Begin A'0 F2 7 END

0 16
2 4 G2 6
4 D1 7 9
 5
6

1 C1 3
4 5

Begin A'0 F2 7 END

0 16
2 4 G2 6 I4
4 D1 7 9
 5
6

1 C1 3
4 5

Begin A'0 F2 7 D1 END

0 16 17
2 4 G2 6 I4
4 D1 7 9
 5
6

1 C1 3
4 5

Begin A'0 F2 7 D1 END

0 16 17 17
2 4 G2 6 I4
4 D1 7 9
 5
6

1 C1 3
4 5

Begin A'0 F2 7 D1 END

0 16 16 17 17
2 4 G2 6 I4
4 D1 7 9
 5
6

1 C1 3
4 5

Begin A'0 F2 7 D1 END

0 16 16 17 17
2 4 G2 6 I4
4 D1 7 9 12
 5
6 6

1 C1 3
4 5

Begin A'0 F2 7 D1 END

0 16 16 17 17
2 4 G2 6 I4
4 D1 7 9 12
 5
6 6

1 C1 3
4 5

Begin A'0 F2 7 D1 END

0 16 16 17 17
2 4 G2 6 I4
4 D1 7 10 9 12
 5
6 6

1 C1 3
4 5 8

Begin A'0 F2 7 D1 END

0 16 16 17 17
2 4 G2 6 I4
4 D1 7 10 9 12
 5
6 6

1 C1 3
4 5 8

Begin A'0 F2 7 D1 END

0 16 16 17 17
2 4 G2 6 I4
4 9 D1 7 10 9 12
 5
6-2=4 6 6

1 C1 3
4 8-1=7 5 8

Begin A'0 F2 7 D1 END

9-0=9
0 16 16 17 17
2 4 G2 6 I4
4 9 D1 7 10 9 12
 5
6 6

1 C1 3
4 4 5 8

Begin A'0 F2 7 D1 END

0 0 16 16 17 17
2 4 G2 6 I4
4 9 D1 7 10 9 12
 5
6 6

1 C1 3
4 4 5 8

Begin A'0 F2 7 D1 END

0 0 16 16 17 17
2 4 G2 6 I4
4 9 D1 7 10 9 12
 Aspect Gantt Chart PERT Method
Visualize the schedule and progress of Model task dependencies and identify the
Purpose
tasks. critical path.
Directed graph with nodes for events and edges
Representation Bar chart with timelines for each task.
for tasks.
Focus Task durations and sequencing. Task dependencies and time optimization.
Ease of Use Easy to create and interpret. Requires more effort to construct and analyze.
Projects with straightforward tasks and Complex projects with multiple
Best For
timelines. interdependencies.
Tracks progress but doesn't explicitly Highlights critical tasks and slack for
Analysis
identify critical tasks. optimization.
Adaptable to changes in project tasks or
Flexibility Less flexible for real-time adjustments.
dependencies.
Offers detailed insights but can be harder to
Visualization Provides a clear, intuitive overview.
visualize for large projects.
Software Widely supported in basic tools (e.g., Often requires specialized project management
Support Excel, MS Project). software.
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

Begin
0
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

1
1
Begin
0
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
2

1
1
Begin
0
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
2

1
1
Begin
D3 3
0
3
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
2

1
1
Begin
D3 3
0
3

4
1
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
2

1
1
Begin
D3 3
0
3

4
1
5
5
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
2

1
1
Begin
D3 3
0
3

4
1
5
5
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
2

1
1
Begin
D3 3
0 2
3

4
1
5
5
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
2

1
1
Begin
D3 3
0
3

4
1
5
5
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2
4

1
1
Begin
D3 3
0
3

4
1
5
5
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2
4

F5
1
1
7
Begin
D3 3 9
0
3

4
1
5
5
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2
4

F5
1
1
7
Begin
D3 3 9
0
3

4
1
5
5
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2
4

F5
1
1
7
Begin
D3 3 5 9
0
3

4
1
5
5
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2
4

F5
1
1
7
Begin
D3 3 9
0
3

4
1
5
5
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2
4

F5
1
1
7
Begin
D3 3 9
0
3

4
1
5 I2
5
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2
4

F5
1
1
7
Begin
D3 3 9
0
3

5 7 1
I2
5
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2
4

F5
1
1
7
Begin
D3 3 9
0
3

4
7
5 I2
5
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2
4

F5
1
1
7
Begin
D3 3 9
0
3 8
11

4
7
5 I2
5
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2
4

F5
1
1
7
Begin
D3 3 9
0
3 8
14
11

4
7
5 I2
5
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2
4

F5
1
1
7
Begin
D3 3 9
0
3 8

4
7
5 I2
5
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2
4

F5
1
1
7
Begin
D3 3 9
0
3 8
14

4
7
5 I2
5
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2
4

F5
1
1
7
Begin
D3 3 9
0
3 8 M4 END
14

4
7
5 I2
5
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2
4

F5
1
1
7
Begin
D3 3 9
0
3 8 M4 END
14 18

4
7
5 I2
5
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2
4

F5
1
1
7
Begin
D3 3 9
0
3 8 M4 END
14 18 18

4
7
5 I2
5
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2
4

F5
1
1
7
Begin
D3 3 9
0
3 8 M4 END
14 14 18 18

4
7
5 I2
5
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2
4

F5
1
1
7
Begin
D3 3 9 9
0
3 8 M4 END
14 14 18 18

4
7
5 I2
5
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2
4

F5
1
1
7
Begin
D3 3 9 9
0
3 8 M4 END
14 14 18 18

4
7 10
5 I2
5
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2
4

F5
1
1
7
Begin
D3 3 9 9
0
3 8 M4 END
14 14 18 18

4
7 10
5 I2
5 8
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2
4 4

F5
1
1
7
Begin
D3 3 9 9
0
3 8 M4 END
14 14 18 18

4
7 10
5 I2
5 8
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2
4 4

F5
1
1
7
Begin
D3 3 9 9
0
3 7 8 M4 END
14 14 18 18

4
7 10
5 I2
5 8
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2 2
4 4

F5
1
1
7
Begin
D3 3 9 9
0
3 7 8 M4 END
14 14 18 18

4
7 10
5 I2
5 8
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2 2
4 4

F5
1
1 6
7
Begin
D3 3 9 9
0
3 7 8 M4 END
14 14 18 18

4
7 10
5 I2
5 8
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2 2
4 4

F5
1
0 1 6
7
Begin
D3 3 9 9
0
3 7 8 M4 END
14 14 18 18

4
7 10
5 I2
5 8
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2 2
4 4

F5
1
0 1 6
7
Begin 5
D3 3 9 9
0
3 7 8 M4 END
14 14 18 18

4
7 10
5 I2
5 8
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2 2
4 4

F5
1
0 1 6
7
Begin 5
D3 3 9 9
0 4
3 7 8 M4 END
14 14 18 18

4
7 10
5 I2
5 8
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2 2
4 4

F5
1
0 1 6
7
Begin 5
D3 3 9 9
0 4
3 7 8 M4 END
9
14 14 18 18

4
7 10
5 I2
5 8
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2 2
4 4

F5
1
0 1 6
7
Begin 5
D3 3 9 9
0 4
3 7 8 M4 END
9
14 14 18 18
3

4
7 10
5 I2
5 8
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2 2
4 4

F5
1
1 6
7
Begin
D3 3 9 9
0 0
3 7 8 M4 END
14 14 18 18

4
7 10
5 I2
5 8
Example: Tasks
Duration
A
1
B
2
C
1
D
3
E
2
F
5
G
2
H
5
I
2
I
1
K
4
L
5
M
4
Previous works - - A - B E CD - H - I,J F,G K,L

2
6
2 2
4 4

F5
1
1 6
7
Begin
D3 3 9 9
0 0
3 7 8 M4 END
14 14 18 18

4
7 10
5 I2
5 8
Give GANTT and PERT chart

Stain Duration Background(s)

A 2 -
B 8 -
C 5 A
D 2 B
E 6 B
F 5 E
G 3 A,D
 0/5
a d

0/10
0/10 0/5 0/5 0/5

0/10 0/5 0/10

s b e t

0/5 0/5 0/5

0/10
0/10

c 0/5
f
 A G
13 6 15 5

7 20 19 10
B C H I
1 14 17 11
8
9
D E 18
I 16 K
3 2 4 12
F L