PAPER 1 -UNIT 2

RPSC COLLEGE
LIBRARIAN

Saket Sharma
 UNIT- 2

Types of Libraries- National, Public, Academic and Special: Development, Objectives, Structure and
Functions. Digital Libraries- Concept.

Virtual Libraries- Concept. Types of users, Users studies, User education. Role of UGC in the growth
and development of libraries and information centres in institutions of higher education in India. Role of
Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation (RRRLF). National Knowledge Commission. National
Mission on Libraries.

Laws of Library Science. Library Resource Sharing and Networking, Library Movement and Library
Legislation in India, Library Extension Services, Library and Information Science Education in India,
Library and Information Profession, Library Associations in India, U.K. and U.S.A.- ILA, IASLIC,
IATLIS, SIS, LA, ASLIB, CILIP, SLA and ALA. Library Associations and Organizations at International
Level – FID, IFLA and UNESCO.

Business Information Institutions and Networks: Information Networks: overview of Business

Information Networks. Institutional: National and International studies related to the activities of:
NIDCS, IIFT, ITPO, CII, FICCI, UNIDO, UNCTAD.
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Types of Libraries
Types of Libraries in India
Libraries in India cater to a wide range of users and needs. Here's a breakdown of the major types you'll find,
along with some Indian examples:
1. Academic Libraries:
Support the educational programs of institutions
Extensive collections of books, journals, and digital resources in specific disciplines
Offer research assistance and training
Examples:
Delhi University Library System (Delhi)
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Library (Mumbai)
The Madras University Library (Chennai)
National Institute of Science Education and Research Library (Bhubaneswar)
Aligarh Muslim University Library (Aligarh)
2. Public Libraries:
Serve the general public, offering a variety of materials for all ages and interests
Promote literacy, information access, and cultural enrichment
May provide computer access, community programs, and reading spaces
Examples:
National Library of India (Kolkata)
State Central Library (Chandigarh)
Nehru Memorial Library & Research Centre (New Delhi)
Maharashtra State Central Library (Mumbai)
Anna Centenary Library (Chennai)
3. Special Libraries:
Focus on a particular subject area or organization's needs
Deep collections of specialized materials, often including technical reports, patents, and industry data
Cater to researchers, professionals, and staff within a specific field
Examples:
Dr. Bhau Daji Lad Museum Library (Mumbai) (Art & Archaeology)
Tata Institute of Social Sciences Library (Mumbai) (Social Sciences)
CSIR Headquarters Library (New Delhi) (Science & Technology)
Godrej Archives (Mumbai) (Business & Industrial History)
National Library of Medicine (New Delhi) (Medical Sciences)
4. Government Libraries:
Attached to government departments, ministries, and research institutions
House documents, reports, and other resources relevant to government functions
Primarily serve government officials and researchers
Examples:
Parliament Library (New Delhi)
Supreme Court of India Library (New Delhi)
Library of Indian Council of Medical Research (New Delhi)
Ministry of External Affairs Library (New Delhi)
Library of Confederation of Indian Industry (New Delhi) (Industry & Commerce)
5. National Libraries:
The official repository of a nation's published heritage materials
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Collect, preserve, and catalogue books, periodicals, and other documents related to the country
Serve as a national bibliographic center
Example:
National Library of India (Kolkata)
6. Other Types of Libraries:
Digital Libraries: Provide online access to digital resources like ebooks, journals, and databases (e.g.,
INFLIBNET)
School Libraries: Support the curriculum and encourage reading habits in students (e.g., Delhi Public School
Libraries)
Prison Libraries: Offer educational and recreational materials for inmates (e.g., Tihar Jail Library)

Source:https://egyankosh.ac.in/bitstream/123456789/34898/1/Unit-2.pdf

Types of Libraries models

Libraries have adapted to the information age by offering various models for accessing and utilizing their
collections. Here's a breakdown of the key models:
1. Physical Library (Traditional Library):
Focuses on a collection of physical materials - books, periodicals, newspapers, and other tangible items.
Offers dedicated spaces for browsing, reading, and research within a physical building.
May have limited digital resources available on-site.
Examples: The Library of Congress (Washington D.C.), The British Library (London), Bibliothèque Nationale de
France (Paris).
2. Electronic Library:
Provides access to digital resources like ebooks, online journals, and databases.
May offer limited or no physical collections.
Accessible remotely from any device with an internet connection.
Examples: Project Gutenberg (Free ebook library), JSTOR (Digital archive of academic journals), ScienceDirect
(Subscription-based scientific database).
3. Digital Library:
Focuses on curated collections of digital materials, often born-digital content like websites, multimedia
archives, and e-manuscripts.
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May include digitized versions of physical materials alongside original digital content.
Often emphasizes preservation and access to digital cultural heritage.
Examples: The Internet Archive (San Francisco), The European Library (Digital portal to European national
libraries), The World Digital Library (Library of Congress initiative).
4. Virtual Library:
Doesn't have a physical location or its own collection.
Acts as a gateway or portal, providing access to a variety of online resources and libraries through a
centralized interface.
Often focuses on specific subjects or communities.
Examples: The Online Computer Library Center (OCLC) (Library cataloging and resource sharing), The Gateway
to Research (Educational virtual library), The National Library of Virtual Manipulatives (Math & Science
simulations).
5. Hybrid Library:
Combines elements of the above models, offering both physical and digital resources.
Provides users with flexibility to access information using their preferred method.
May offer online access to the physical collection catalog and borrowing services.
Examples: Most university libraries, Many public library systems, Corporate libraries with both print and online
resources.

Digital Libraries- Concept

Digital libraries have revolutionized access to information, transforming how we gather, store, and utilize
knowledge. Here's a breakdown of the core concept:
1. Definition:
A digital library is an organized collection of digital objects, including text, audio, video, images, and other
multimedia formats. It utilizes information technology to provide access, search, and retrieval functionalities
for users. Unlike traditional libraries, it transcends physical boundaries, enabling remote access from anywhere
with an internet connection.
2. Core Characteristics:
Accessibility: Digital libraries break down geographical barriers, allowing users from across the globe to
access vast collections.
Preservation: Digitization helps preserve cultural heritage and historical documents by creating durable
digital copies.
Search & Retrieval: Powerful search engines and metadata tagging enable users to find specific information
within large datasets.
Scalability: Digital libraries can grow infinitely, accommodating an ever-expanding volume of information.
Interoperability: Standardized formats and protocols allow users to access resources from multiple digital
libraries seamlessly.
3. Benefits:
Democratization of Knowledge: Digital libraries provide equal access to information regardless of location
or socioeconomic background.
Enhanced Research & Learning: Extensive resources and powerful search tools facilitate deeper research
and exploration of various subjects.
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Content Preservation: Digitization safeguards valuable materials from physical deterioration and ensures
long-term accessibility.
Accessibility for People with Disabilities: Digital formats can cater to various needs, providing options like
text-to-speech and screen readers.
Cost-Effectiveness: Digital storage and online access can be more cost-efficient than maintaining large
physical collections.
4. Challenges:
Digital Divide: Unequal access to technology and the internet can limit participation in the digital library
ecosystem.
Copyright & Licensing: Obtaining rights to digitize and distribute copyrighted materials can be complex and
expensive.
Information Overload: The sheer volume of information available can be overwhelming, requiring effective
search strategies and information literacy skills.
Preservation & Sustainability: Ensuring the long-term viability of digital formats and safeguarding against
data loss requires ongoing maintenance and technological upgrades.
5. The Future of Digital Libraries:
Digital libraries are constantly evolving, incorporating advancements in technology like artificial intelligence,
big data, and cloud computing. This promises further improvements in accessibility, personalization, and
curation of information, making digital libraries even more valuable tools for research, learning, and knowledge
sharing in the future.

Digital Libraries- keypoints

1. The term "digital library" gained prominence with the NSF/DARPA/NASA Digital Libraries Initiative in 1994.
2. Initially, digital libraries were envisioned as distributed information resources accessible as needed,
contrasting with Vannevar Bush's concept of collecting information within the researcher's "Memex."
3. Initially, "virtual library" was used interchangeably with "digital library," but now refers more to libraries
aggregating distributed content.
4. Early discussions around digital libraries debated the distinctions between "digital," "virtual," and
"electronic."
5. A distinction is made between born-digital content and digitized material from physical mediums like paper.
6. Hybrid libraries contain both physical and electronic collections; for instance, the Library of Congress's
American Memory.
7. Some digital libraries, like arXiv and the Internet Archive, serve as long-term archives.
8. Others, such as the Digital Public Library of America, aim to make digital information widely accessible
online.
Here are 15 major digital library projects:
Google Books: A project by Google to digitize and make books searchable and accessible online.
Internet Archive: A non-profit digital library offering free universal access to books, movies, music, and
websites.
Digital Public Library of America (DPLA): A platform providing access to millions of photographs,
manuscripts, books, and more from libraries, archives, and museums across the United States.
Europeana: A digital platform that provides access to millions of items from European museums, galleries,
libraries, and archives.
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HathiTrust Digital Library: A collaborative digital library initiative preserving and providing access to digitized
content from libraries around the world.
Project Gutenberg: An online library of free eBooks offering over 60,000 titles, primarily older literary works whose
copyright has expired.
Library of Congress Digital Collections: Provides access to digitized materials from the Library of Congress's vast
holdings, including books, manuscripts, maps, and more.
British Library Digitised Manuscripts: A collection of digitized manuscripts from the British Library's extensive
holdings.
National Digital Library of India (NDLI): A digital repository of learning resources from various sources including
textbooks, articles, videos, and more.
Trove: A digital library maintained by the National Library of Australia, providing access to newspapers, books,
maps, archives, and more.
PubMed Central (PMC): A free full-text archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature at the U.S. National
Institutes of Health's National Library of Medicine.
Smithsonian Digital Library: Offers access to digital collections from the Smithsonian Institution's museums,
archives, libraries, and research centers.
Perseus Digital Library: A digital library of resources for studying the ancient world, including texts, images, and
maps.
World Digital Library (WDL): A project by UNESCO and the Library of Congress, providing free access to cultural
treasures from around the world.
Biblioteca Digital Mundial (World Digital Library in Spanish): A Spanish-language version of the World Digital
Library, offering access to historical documents from cultures around the world

For more digital library projects visit : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_digital_library_projects#

Virtual Libraries- Concept

1. Definition of Virtual Library:
Coined by Gapen (1993), a Virtual Library allows remote access to library contents and services.
It combines on-site collections of print and electronic materials with an electronic network for accessing and
delivering information from external sources worldwide.
2. Characteristics of Virtual Libraries:
Provide speedy and wide access to current information, symbolizing the global paradigm of information
access.
Shift the focus of librarians from traditional tasks like selection and cataloging to emphasizing access without
time-consuming technical processes.

Digital Library Description

InfoBooks - Offers a wide range of texts for learning and growth. - Provides free access to digital books and resources.

- Houses over 33,000 e-books available for reading and download. - A treasure trove of classic literature
Project Gutenberg
and historical texts.

- A vast digital library with texts, audio, images, and videos. - Includes archived web pages, music, and
Internet Archive
cultural artifacts.

International
- Focused on children’s literature from around the world. - Encourages global literacy and cultural
Children’s Digital
understanding.
Library

- Immense collection of books for consultation, including fiction, essays, and poetry. - A valuable resource
Bartleby
for literary enthusiasts.
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- Collaborative project aiming to create a web page for every book ever published. - Provides access to
Open Library
millions of digital books.

- Multilingual platform with manuscripts, rare books, films, and maps. - Showcases cultural heritage from
World Digital Library
various countries.

- Google’s initiative to digitize and make books accessible online. - Allows searching within the content of
Google Books
books.

Many Books - Offers a diverse collection of free e-books across genres. - Great for discovering new authors and titles.

- Features classic literature, study guides, and reference materials. - Ideal for literature enthusiasts and
Bibliomania
students.

LibriVox - Provides free audiobooks of public domain works. - Volunteers record audio versions of classic texts.

Universal Digital
- A collection of one million digitized books. - Covers a wide range of subjects and languages.
Library

- Hosts a diverse range of digital resources, including texts, music, and software. - Collaborative effort by
Ibiblio
the University of North Carolina.

The Digital Library - A comprehensive repository of digital content. - Offers access to scholarly articles, books, and more.

Free eBooks - A platform with a variety of free e-books across genres. - Perfect for avid readers and lifelong learners.

Types of users, Users studies, User education

Libraries thrive on their users. Tailoring collections, services, and spaces to user needs is essential in today's
information landscape. Here's a closer look at three key areas in library science that focus on the user:
1. Types of Users:
Every library caters to a diverse range of users. Here are five examples:
Students: From elementary schoolers researching a science project to graduate students delving into complex
academic topics, students form a core user group. Their needs vary based on age, level of education, and research
requirements.
Researchers: Academics, scientists, and professionals often rely on libraries for in-depth research. They require
access to specialized databases, journals, and interlibrary loan services.
Community Members: Public libraries serve a broad spectrum of community members. Needs can range from
leisure reading and job searching to genealogy research and computer access.
Business Professionals: Businesses may utilize libraries for market research, competitor analysis, and keeping up
with industry trends. They might require access to business databases, financial publications, and industry reports.
Government Agencies: Government employees often use libraries to access legal documents, statistics, and
reports to support their work.
2. User Studies:
Understanding user behavior and information needs is crucial. User studies employ various methods to gather data:
Surveys: Online or paper surveys can gauge user satisfaction with library resources, services, and facilities.
Interviews: In-depth interviews with users can reveal their information-seeking patterns, challenges, and preferred
learning styles.
Focus Groups: Bringing together a small group of users to discuss specific topics can provide valuable insights into
their needs and preferences.
Website Analytics: Analyzing website traffic and user behavior on library websites helps understand how users
search for information and access resources.
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Usability Testing: Observing users interacting with library catalogs, databases, or online resources can identify any
usability issues.
3. User Education:
Empowering users to navigate the library effectively and find the information they need is a key objective. User
education programs can take various forms:
Library Orientation Sessions: These sessions introduce new users to the library layout, resources, and services.
Information Literacy Workshops: Workshops teach users research skills, critical thinking, and information
evaluation techniques.
Subject-Specific Tutorials: Librarians can provide specialized tutorials on using databases and research tools
relevant to specific academic disciplines or research areas.
Online Tutorials: Libraries can offer short, interactive online tutorials on using library resources and conducting
research.
One-on-One Consultations: Librarians can provide personalized assistance to users with specific research needs or
challenges.

Example to understand easily Types of users, Users studies, User education

Scenario: A local library notices a decline in student use.
User Study: To understand why, the librarians conduct a survey among students. The survey asks questions about
what resources students typically need for their studies, how comfortable they are finding and using information, and
whether they're aware of all the library's services.
User Analysis: Based on the survey results, the librarians identify a group of students who reported difficulty finding
research materials. These students become the target audience for user education.
User Education: The librarians design a workshop specifically for students. The workshop teaches them how to use
the library catalog, search online databases, and identify credible sources.
This example shows how user studies help understand library users' needs, which then informs the development of
targeted user education programs. By empowering students with research skills, the library hopes to see an increase in
student users.

Role of UGC in the growth and development of libraries and information

centres in institutions of higher education in India
1. Establishment of Universities in the 19th Century:
In the later 19th century, the growing European and Anglo-Indian populations, along with the demand for liberal
education by Indians, led to the founding of universities in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras in 1857.
These universities, modeled after the University of London, primarily served as examining bodies for awarding
degrees in arts, science, and literature based on university examinations.
2. Absence of Libraries Initially:
Initially, these universities lacked libraries as they focused solely on examinations and did not engage in teaching
or research.
The gap between the establishment of universities and their libraries ranged from 16 to 50 years.
3. Expansion of Universities and Library Facilities:
By the close of the 19th century, two additional universities were established in Punjab and Allahabad in 1882 and
1887, respectively, also without attached libraries.
Between 1919 and 1930, eight more universities were founded across India, this time with library facilities.
These universities established contacts with British and American university libraries, shaping their administrative
structures based on Western library models
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Donations and Establishment of Libraries:

Libraries in universities established during the 19th century relied heavily on philanthropic donations.
Premchand Roychand donated Rs. 2 lakhs in 1874 for Bombay University's library building, completed in 1878.
Calcutta University Library started in 1873 with a donation of Rs. 5,000 from Joy Kissan Mookherjee.
Madras University Library was established in 1907 with Rs. 25,619 from William Griffith.
Critical Assessment of University Libraries:
Sir Thomas Raleigh's 1902 report highlighted the neglect of university libraries.
Madras University's library was neglected, while Bombay's collection was underused.
Calcutta University's library was intended to supplement other libraries in the city, and Allahabad University
lacked a library altogether.
Recommendations for Library Improvement:
The Indian Universities Act of 1904 mandated well-equipped libraries in universities and affiliated colleges
following the recommendation of the Indian Universities Commission.
The University Education Commission of 1948-49, led by Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, criticized the poor state of
university libraries post-independence.
It recommended allocating funds for library upkeep and strengthening collections, suggesting 6.25% of the total
budget or Rs. 40 per student annually.
The Commission emphasized the library's central role in universities, advocating for an open access system,
adequate staffing, extended hours, but did not provide specific measures for library promotion.

Establishment of the University Education Commission:

The Government set up the University Education Commission chaired by Dr. S. Radhakrishnan to improve higher
education standards.
This commission drew on the models of similar bodies in the United States and the United Kingdom, notably the
UGC of Great Britain, established in July 1919.
Formation of the UGC:
In December 1953, the University Grants Commission (UGC) was established in India.
It became a statutory body in November 1956 through an Act of Parliament.
The UGC was tasked with maintaining the standard of higher education in India and operated as an autonomous
advisory organization.
Functions of the UGC:
While its name implies a focus on disbursing grants to universities, the UGC's role extends beyond this to
encompass broader advisory functions aimed at enhancing higher education standards
Library-Related Commissions and Committees:
Since independence, the Indian government has shown a strong commitment to education, appointing various
commissions and committees to improve the Indian Education System.
The University Grants Commission (UGC), established as a key advisory and executive body, has played a
significant role in enhancing university libraries.
Major Library-Related Commissions and Committees Appointed by the UGC:
The Library Committee (1957): Addressed library-related issues and made recommendations for improvement.
Review Committee on Library Science (1961): Conducted a review of library science education and practices.
The Education Commission (1964-66): Examined various aspects of education, including libraries, and
proposed reforms.
Mehrotra Committee (1983): Focused on improving library infrastructure and services.
Committee on National Network System for Universities/Libraries (INFLIBNET) (1988): Formulated plans for a
national network system to enhance library connectivity.
Curriculum Development Committee on Library and Information Science (1990-93): Developed curriculum
guidelines for library and information science education.
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RRRLF-Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation (RRRLF)

1. Establishment and Governance:
Raja Rammohun Roy Library Foundation (RRRLF) is a central autonomous organization established and funded
by the Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
Registered under the West Bengal Societies Registration Act, 1961, RRRLF serves as the nodal agency for
supporting public library services and promoting the public library movement in India.
2. Supreme Policy-Making Body:
The Foundation's supreme policy-making body is called the Foundation, comprising 22 members nominated by
the Government of India, including eminent educationists, librarians, administrators, and senior officials.
The Chairman of RRRLF is the Minister of the Department of Culture, Government of India or his nominee, while
Prof Ajay Pratap Singh serves as the Director General and executive head.
3. Collaboration with State Governments:
RRRLF works closely with State Governments and Union Territory Administrations through State Library
Planning Committees (SLPC/SLC) established in each state at the Foundation's behest.
States and Union Territories are required to contribute a fixed amount determined by the Foundation to
participate in its programs.
4. Initiatives and Collaborations:
Since 2005-06, RRRLF has collaborated with Nehru Yuvak Kendra Sangathan to develop District Youth
Resource Centers (DYRC).
Notably, in 1972, RRRLF was established during the Silver Jubilee of India's independence and the bicentenary
of Raja Rammohun Roy's birth, emphasizing the promotion of reading habits and modern education.
5. Objectives and Functions:
RRRLF functions as a promotional agency, an advisory and consultancy organization, a funding body for public
library development in India. Some important objectives are:
to promote library movement in the country
to enunciate a national library policy and to help build up a national library system
to provide financial and technical assistance to libraries
to provide financial assistance to organisations, regional or national engaged in the promotion of library
development
to publish appropriate literature and to act as a clearing house of ideas and information on library development
in India and abroad
to promote research in problems of library development
to advise the government on all matters pertaining to the library development in the country

National Knowledge Commission

The National Knowledge Commission (NKC) of India: A Summary
What:
1. An Indian think-tank established to advise the Prime Minister's Office on policies related to education, research
institutions, and knowledge economy.
2. Aimed to make India competitive in knowledge-intensive service sectors.
When:
1. Founded: June 13, 2005 (by Prime Minister Manmohan Singh)
2. Dissolved: July 2014 (by the incoming government)
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How:
1. Activities: Questionnaire, Interview, Observation, Library Records,
1. Recommended reforms in education sector, research labs, and intellectual property legislation.
2. Studied government use of technology for transparency.
3. Issued reports and recommendations to the Prime Minister.
2. Structure:
1. The National Knowledge Commission (NKC) consists of the following eight members.
2. Sam Pitroda, Chairman
3. Ashok Sekhar Ganguly, Corporate leader
4. Nandan Nilekani (Resigned), Chairman of Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI)
5. Deepak Nayyar, former Vice-chancellor, University of Delhi
6. Jayati Ghosh, economist at Jawaharlal Nehru University
7. Sujatha Ramdorai, internationally reputed algebraic number theorist and professor of mathematics at Tata
Institute of Fundamental Research
8. Padmanabhan Balaram, director of Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore
9. Amitabh Mattoo, Former Vice Chancellor, Jammu University
The Terms of Reference of the NKC are:
"Build excellence in the educational system to meet the knowledge challenges of the 21st century and increase
India’s competitive advantage in fields of knowledge.
Promote creation of knowledge in Science and technology laboratories.
Improve the management of institutions engaged in Intellectual Property Rights.
Promote knowledge applications in Agriculture and Industry.
Promote the use of knowledge capabilities in making government an effective, transparent and accountable
service provider to the citizen and promote widespread sharing of knowledge to maximize public benefit."

National Mission on Libraries

National Mission on Libraries:
Scheme Name:
National Mission on Libraries, Upgradation of Libraries providing Services to the Public.
Objectives:
Sustained development of libraries & information services in line with National Knowledge Commission’s
recommendations.
Promotion of Information Communication Technology (ICT) application in all libraries.
Modernization of library management.
Conducting a National Survey of Libraries & Citizens.
Improving competence of library professionals through training.
Components:
i) National Virtual Library of India (NVLI):
Aims to create a comprehensive digital infrastructure with user-friendly content discovery interfaces.
Promotes Indian culture through digital artifacts, manuscripts, museum items, and more.
Developed in collaboration with stakeholders and hosted by IIT Bombay.
ii) State Mission on Libraries:
Focuses on upgrading infrastructure, modernizing technology, and advocating outreach programs.
Financial assistance provided to state central and district libraries.
iii) Quantitative and Qualitative Survey:
Objective assessment of existing library infrastructure and services.
Survey completed covering 5140 libraries and 7120 citizens.
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iv) Capacity Building:

Provides training to library personnel and students of library science.
33 training programs conducted, training 1356 library professionals.
Background and Implementation:
Proposal approved by Planning Commission in 2008 to establish a permanent, independent, and financially
autonomous statutory body.
Implementation plan prepared in collaboration with PMO and other stakeholders.
Committee of Secretaries recommended initiating activities under National Commission on Libraries in a mission
mode.
Raja Rammohun Roy Library Foundation (RRRLF) strengthened for the purpose.
High-Level Committee, The High Level Committee (HLC) on the basis of recommendations of various subgroups
/sub-committees formulated the schemes with the followings components: 1. Creation of National Virtual Library
of India, 2. Setting up of NML Model Libraries, 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Survey, 4. Capacity Building

Laws of Library Science

The 5 Laws of Library Science:
1. Books Are For Use:
Emphasizes the purpose of books and resources in a library: to be utilized by readers.
2. Every Reader His/Her Book:
Advocates for matching readers with appropriate materials tailored to their interests and needs.
3. Every Book Its Reader:
Asserts that every book or resource has a potential audience or user.
4. Save The Time Of The Reader (and Staff):
Aims to minimize the time readers and staff spend in finding and accessing materials.
Corollary: "Save the time of the staff."
5. The Library Is A Growing Organism:
Views the library as a dynamic entity that evolves over time, adapting to changing needs and technologies.
Significance and Relevance:
Formulated by S.R. Ranganathan in 1931, providing a philosophical foundation for library science.
These laws are considered fundamental principles guiding library service and practice.
They offer a scientific approach to library science and remain relevant even in the digital age.
The term "book" is interpreted broadly to encompass all types of resources.
Note:
The Fourth Law also emphasizes saving time for library staff.
In contemporary usage, "book" may refer to any type of resource, not just printed materials.

Law Implications / Obligations

- Open Access - Location - Library Hours - Library Building and Furniture - Book Selection
First Law: Books Are For Use
Policy - Library Techniques - Publicity - Library Staff - Reference Service

- Obligations of the State - Obligations of the Library Authority - Obligations of Library

Second Law: Every Reader His/Her Book
Staff - Obligations of the Reader

- Implications - Open Access - Book Selection - Shelf Arrangement - Easy Accessibility -

Third Law: Every Book Its Reader
Cataloging - Reference Service - Publicity - Extension Service

- Implications - Open Access - Location - Shelf Arrangement, Classification, and

Fourth Law: Save The Time Of The Reader Cataloging - Stack-Room Guides - Issue and Return - Reference Service - Documentation
Service - Library Staff

- Implications - Balanced Growth - Casting Off the Old (Obsolete) and Preserving Valuable
Fifth Law: The Library Is A Growing
Books - Choice of a Classification Scheme - Choice of a Catalog Code - Modernization -
Organism
Staff - Library Building - Provision for Future - Safeguards
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Library Resource Sharing and Networking

Libraries face limitations in collection size and budget. Resource sharing and networking bridge these gaps, fostering
collaboration and maximizing user access to information.
Library Resource Sharing:
Resource sharing allows libraries to share their collections and services for mutual benefit. Here are five examples of
resource sharing initiatives:
Interlibrary Loan (ILL): Libraries can borrow physical materials (books, articles) or obtain digital copies from other
libraries to fulfill user requests.
Union Catalogs: These online databases list the combined holdings of multiple libraries, allowing users to easily
locate materials not available in their local library.
Cooperative Collection Development: Libraries agree to focus on acquiring different types of materials, avoiding
duplication and expanding overall resource availability within a network.
Digital Resource Sharing: Libraries can share access to licensed e-books, journals, and databases, offering users a
wider range of electronic resources.
Document Delivery Services: Libraries can partner with commercial services to deliver physical or digital copies of
requested materials quickly and efficiently.
Library Networking:
Networking connects libraries through technology and collaboration. Here are five examples of library networks:
Consortia: Groups of libraries that work together to negotiate better pricing for electronic resources, databases,
and other services.
Library Associations: Professional organizations that provide resources, training, and opportunities for
collaboration among librarians.
Regional Library Systems: Networks of libraries within a specific geographic area that share resources, staff
expertise, and technological infrastructure.
National Library Systems: Nationwide networks that provide access to a vast pool of resources, promote resource
sharing, and establish national library standards.
International Library Networks: Global networks that facilitate resource sharing and collaboration among libraries
across different countries.

Consortium Year Established

Forum for resource Sharing in Astronomy (FORSA) 1982

TIFR Libraries Consortium 1999

ISI Library Consortia Deals 1999

STI Network for resource sharing amongst S&T libraries 1999

DAE Consortium 2001

IIM Libraries Consortia 2001

JCCC & VIC 2002

CSIR E-Journal Consortium 2002

INDEST-AICTE Consortium 2003

RGUHS-Health Science Library and Information Network

2003
(HELINET)

UGC-INFONET Digital Library Consortium 2004

MCIT Library Consortium 2005

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BJ Medical Consortium 2006

Consortium for e-Resources in Agriculture (CeRA) 2007

Electronic Resources in Medicine (ERMED) 2008

CSIR E-Journal Consortium now The National Knowledge

2009
Resource Consortium (NKRC)

DRDO Consortium 2009

DeLCON Consortium 2009

E-Shodhsindhu 2016

Library Movement and Library Legislation in India

1. Introduction of Free Public Library Services (1883-1907):
Maharaja Sayaji Rao Gaekward initiated free compulsory elementary education backed by libraries in Baroda in
1883.
This led to the introduction of free public library services as a system in 1907.
2. Library Development Committee (1939):
Bombay Government appointed the Library Development Committee chaired by A. A. A. Fyzee.
The committee recommended the establishment of district, taluka, town, and village libraries to extend library
services to all sections of the population.
3. Post-Independence Developments:
Enactment of Library Legislation:
S.R. Ranganathan and the Madras state government introduced the first Public Libraries Act.
Six Model Public Library Acts were drafted in India over 68 years, including those by Dr. S.R. Ranganathan,
Ministry of Education, Planning Commission, and Indian Library Association.

Model Acts/Bills Year

Union Library Bill ASTELEVEL Dr. S.R. Ranganathan 1951

S.R. Ranganathan (Revised number of times till 1972) 1930 to 1972

Model Model Public Libraries Bill Ministry of Education, Govt. of India 1963

Model Model Public Libraries Bill Planning Commission, Govt. of India 1963

Model Public Library and Information Services Act V. Venkattappaiah, Sponsored by

1989 revised in 1995
Indian Library Association

Model Act of Dr. Ranganathan:

Dr. S.R. Ranganathan introduced the Model Library Act during the All Asia Educational Conference held at Banaras in 1930.
Later, he revised it as the Model Public Libraries Act. Although attempts were made to introduce this Model Act in West
Bengal in 1931 and Madras in 1933, it could not be enacted due to certain compulsory clauses. The salient features of this
Model Act are outlined below:
1. System of Public Libraries:
1. The Model Libraries Act establishes a system of Public Libraries for cities, rural areas, and other regions.
2. State Library Authority (SLA):
1. The Minister of Education serves as the State Library Authority (SLA).
2. The SLA is tasked with ensuring adequate library services throughout the state.
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1. State Library Committee:

1. A State Library Committee is constituted to advise the State Library Authority on all matters arising under the Act.
2. Local Library Authority (LLA):
1. A Local Library Authority (LLA) is established for each city and district.
2. LLAs are responsible for managing library affairs at the local level.
3. Library Rate Determination:
1. The State Library Authority, Government, and Local Library Authority have the authority to determine and adjust
library rates as necessary.

Library Legislation in India

Sl No State Act Year

1 Tamil Nadu 1948

2 Andhra Pradesh 1960
3 Karnataka 1965
4 Maharashtra 1967
5 West Bengal 1979
6 Manipur 1988
7 Haryana 1989
8 Kerala 1989
9 Mizoram 1993
10 Goa 1993
11 Gujarat 2001
12 Odisha 2001
13 Uttarakhand 2005
14 Rajasthan 2006
15 Uttar Pradesh 2006
16 Bihar 2008
17 Chhattisgarh 2009
18 Arunachal Pradesh 2009
19 Telangana 2015

Library Extension Services

Libraries strive to be more than just repositories of books. Library extension services aim to bridge the gap between the
library and the community, actively promoting literacy, information access, and engagement. Here are 50 examples of how
libraries extend their services beyond their physical walls:
Reaching New Audiences:
1. Bookmobiles: Mobile libraries delivering books and resources directly to neighborhoods, schools, nursing homes, and
underserved communities.
2. Deposit Collections: Placing smaller collections of books and materials in community centers, schools, hospitals, or
prisons to make resources easily accessible.
3. Storytime in the Park: Hosting regular storytelling sessions outdoors for children and families.
4. Teen Tech Labs: Setting up mobile labs with computers and internet access in underserved communities to promote
digital literacy among teens.
5. Job Search Workshops: Providing workshops and resources to help individuals with resume writing, interview skills,
and job search strategies in community centers.
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Promoting Literacy and Learning:

1. Early Literacy Programs: Offering programs for parents and caregivers on promoting early literacy skills in young
children.
2. Book Clubs: Creating book clubs for various age groups and interests, fostering a love of reading and discussion.
3. Adult Literacy Programs: Providing literacy programs for adults who want to improve their reading and writing skills.
4. Foreign Language Classes: Offering introductory language classes for community members.
5. Homework Help Centers: Setting up centers after school where students can receive homework assistance and
tutoring from volunteers or librarians.
Engaging the Community:
1. Author Talks and Workshops: Hosting author talks, book signings, and writing workshops to engage book lovers and
aspiring writers.
2. Local History Exhibits: Creating exhibits showcasing the history and culture of the local community.
3. Genealogy Workshops: Providing workshops on genealogical research techniques to help patrons explore their family
history.
4. Movie Nights and Film Discussions: Organizing movie screenings followed by discussions, promoting cultural
engagement and critical thinking.
5. Community Art Shows: Offering space for local artists to showcase their work within the library.
Technological Outreach:
1. E-Reader Lending Programs: Loaning e-readers preloaded with ebooks to users who might not have access to digital
devices.
2. Digital Literacy Workshops: Conducting workshops on using computers, tablets, and the internet for beginners.
3. Online Book Clubs: Organizing virtual book clubs for geographically dispersed individuals to connect and discuss
books.
4. Live Streaming Events: Livestreaming author talks, lectures, or workshops to allow participation from remote
locations.
5. Online Language Learning Resources: Providing access to online language learning platforms for patrons.
Services for Specific Needs:
1. Homebound Delivery Services: Delivering library materials to individuals who are homebound due to illness or
disability.
2. Large Print and Audiobook Collections: Building collections of books in large print format and audiobooks to cater to
patrons with visual impairments.
3. Sensory Storytime: Creating storytime sessions with adaptations for children with sensory sensitivities.
4. Assistive Technology Training: Offering training sessions on using assistive technologies such as screen readers for
visually impaired patrons.
5. Programs for New Immigrants: Providing resources, workshops, and events aimed at helping new immigrants
integrate into the community.
Partnerships and Collaborations:
1. Partnering with Schools: Collaborating with schools to organize author visits, book fairs, and information literacy
programs.
2. Working with Community Centers: Partnering with community centers to offer joint programs and services.
3. Collaborating with Senior Centers: Organizing programs and activities specifically targeted at senior citizens.
4. Working with Local Businesses: Partnering with local businesses to offer workshops on topics relevant to
entrepreneurship and small business development.
5. Collaborating with Arts Organizations: Partnering with arts organizations to host art exhibits, poetry readings, or
musical performances.
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Public Awareness and Outreach:

Social Media Engagement: Creating engaging content on social media platforms to promote library services and
events.
Community Newsletters: Distributing newsletters highlighting library resources, programs, and upcoming events.
Partnerships with Local Media: Collaborating with local media outlets to spread awareness about library initiatives.
Public Service Announcements: Creating public service announcements promoting library services and the
importance of reading.
Library Tours: Offering tours of the library facilities to introduce the community to the available resources and
services.

Library and Information Science Education in India

Commission/Committee Year

The Library Committee 1957

Review Committee of Library Science 1961

The Education Commission 1964-66

Mehrotra Committee 1983

Committee on National Network System for Universities/Libraries 1988

Curriculum Development Committee on Library and Information Science 1990-93

Rastogi Committee 1997-98

Curriculum Development Committee 1997-2001

major library-related commissions and committees appointed by the UGC

Commission/Committee Year

The Library Committee 1957

Review Committee on Library Science 1961

The Education Commission 1964-66

Mehrotra Committee 1983

Committee on National Network System for

1988
Universities/Libraries (INFLIBNET)

Curriculum Development Committee on Library and Information

1990-93
Science

The Library Committee-1957

University Grants Commission (UGC) Library Committee (1957)
Name: UGC Library Committee (1957)
Chairman: Dr. S.R.Ranganathan (Also popularly known as Ranganathan Committee)
Major Key Points:
Established: 1957 (by the UGC) - First time government sought advice from professional librarians.
Goal: Improve university libraries in India.
Survey Findings: Poor facilities, services, and budgets.
Recommendations:
Library grant formula: Rs. 15 per student + Rs. 200 per researcher/teacher.
Special grant for new universities/departments.
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Improved inter-library loan, photocopying, reference services.

Microfilm collection, open access system, union catalogs.
Qualified full-time library science faculty.
Equal pay and status for library staff compared to teaching staff.
Impact:
Set norms for university library development.
Partially implemented by some institutions.
Not binding on state governments (who control education).

Review Committee on Library Science (1961)

Review Committee on Library Science (1961)

Name: Review Committee on Library Science (1961)
Chairman: Dr. S.R.Ranganathan
Major Key Points:
Established: 1961 (by UGC) - Based on recommendations of 1957 Library Committee.
Goal: Improve library science education in India.
Identified Issues:
Lack of uniformity in admission, curriculum, and teaching quality.
Shortage of qualified library science professors.
Recommendations:
Standards for teaching, exams, and research in library schools.
Curriculums for bachelor's and master's degrees in Library and Information Science (LIS).
Entrance qualification requirements.
Examination guidelines and passing standards.
Staff-student ratio (1:10 for undergrad, 1:5 for masters).
Close cooperation between libraries and library science departments.
Faculty exchange between library and department.
Full-time library science faculty (not part-time librarians).
Equal treatment for library science faculty compared to other departments.
Impact:
UGC accepted all recommendations.
Report published as "Library Science in Indian Universities" (1965).

Education Commission (1964-66)

Kothari Commission (1964-66) and University Libraries
Name: Kothari Commission (1964-66)
Chairman: Prof. D.S. Kothari
Major Key Points on University Libraries:
Critical of university library funding: Despite UGC grants, universities didn't allocate enough funds for libraries.
Importance of libraries: Emphasized libraries as crucial for education, no new institutions without adequate libraries.
Increased library demands: Recognized growing student enrollment and diverse library needs (undergrad/postgrad,
research).
Focus on research support: Advocated for documentation services (indexing, abstracting) for research.
Improved library services:
Encouraging self-study and supplementing lectures.
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Easy access to books through extended hours, multiple copies of textbooks.

Dedicated sections for periodicals, reference materials, and research.
Funding recommendations:
Suggested Rs. 25 per student and Rs. 300 per teacher annually.
6.5% to 10% of total university budget for libraries (depending on development stage).
Separate foreign exchange allocation for academic libraries.
Librarian reception: Seen as insufficient funding compared to Radhakrishnan Commission's Rs. 40 per student.
Implementation issues: Lack of follow-up and state government compliance with funding recommendations.
This Commission is known as Kothari Commission (1964-66). The Commission stated in the final report-
Nothing can be more damaging than to ignore its library and to give a low priority. No new college, university or
department should be opened unless adequate number of books are provided in the library."

Mehrotra Committee (1983)

Mehrotra Committee on University Librarians (1983)
Name: Mehrotra Committee (1983)
Chairman: Professor R.C. Mehrotra
Major Key Points on University Librarians:
Pay Scale Revision: Recommended revised pay scales for librarians based on duties and qualifications.
Career Development:
Advocated for promotional opportunities.
Emphasized refresher courses and training on new technologies.
Recruitment Qualifications:
National Eligibility Test mandatory for new entrants (lecturers, assistants, etc.).
M.Phil/Ph.D. not essential but desirable.
Performance Evaluation:
Considered self-assessment and user feedback.
Linked promotions to acquiring additional qualifications.
Continuing Education:
Encouraged attending workshops, seminars, etc. to stay updated.
Implementation:
Recommendations accepted by the Government of India in 1988.
Minimum qualifications for librarian posts revised based on pay scales.
Universities and colleges adopted revised scales and qualifications since 1990.

Committee on National Network System for Universities Libraries (1988)

National Network System Committee (1988)
Name: National Network System Committee (1988)
Chairman: Prof. Yash Pal (UGC Chairman)
Major Key Points on Library Network System:
Goal: Network libraries and information centers for resource sharing and avoiding duplication.
Established by: UGC in 1988.
Preceded by: Planning Commission's Working Group on Library Modernization (1985-90).
Network Vision: Interlinking all special libraries in India by 2000 A.D. (proposed by Working Group).
Committee Actions:
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Formed a Working Group in April 1988 to develop an "Information and Library Network" (INFLIBNET) project report.
Considered policy documents on science, technology, education, and libraries/information systems.
Reviewed existing modernization efforts (NISSAT, NIC, DESINET, ERNET, etc.).
INFLIBNET Project Report:
Covered aspects like services, organization, standardization, software/hardware needs, manpower, training,
management, implementation, and costs.

Curriculum Development Committee on Library and Information Science

(1990-93)
UGC Curriculum Development Committee on Library and Information Science (LIS) (1990)
Name: UGC Curriculum Development Committee on Library and Information Science (LIS) (1990)
Chairman: Prof. P.N. Kaula
Major Key Points on LIS Education Modernization:
Established: September 1990 (by UGC Panel on LIS).
Goal: Modernize curriculum of LIS courses to reflect social relevance and technological advancements.
Activities:
Collected information from LIS departments on existing curricula.
Conducted meetings and workshops with librarians and LIS educators.
Recommendations:
Guidelines for LIS schools on:
Admission policy and criteria.
Student enrollment and work experience.
Teaching methods and aids.
Minimum physical resources:
Department space, library, workshop/lab.
Faculty and staff (qualifications and number).
New curriculum with core and optional courses.
Separate LIS departments at universities.
More professor positions in LIS (at least one per university offering MLIS).
Minimum full-time faculty with a Reader heading the department.
Justification for Reform:
Rapid changes in LIS field due to technology (INFLIBNET, computerization, CD-ROMS, databases).
Need for graduates with skills in new technologies.
Recommendations for Strengthening LIS Departments:
Initial grant of Rs. 25 lakhs for basic equipment.
PC-AT/XT computers and software budget.
Guidelines for universities to allocate equipment grants equally to LIS departments as science departments.

Rastogi Committe (1997- 1998)

Rastogi Committee on University Staff Pay Scales (1997)
Name: Rastogi Committee (1997)
Chairman: Prof. R.P. Rastogi
Key Points on Librarian Pay Scales and Discrepancies:
Recommendation: Revised pay scales for university/college staff, including librarians.
Implementation: Ministry of Human Resource Development announced revised scales in July 1998 (letter No. 1-22/97-
U.l).
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Cur.riculum Development Committee (1997-2001)

Name: UGC Subject Panel on Library and Information Science (LIS) (1997)
Convener: Prof. C.R. Karisidappa
Goal: Formulate model curriculum and update LIS education guidelines.
Activities:
Held meetings in 1998 and 1999 to discuss curriculum and syllabus development.
Conducted a survey of LIS education in India.
Organized zonal meetings across India.
Formed working groups to finalize courses, modules, and syllabuses.
Sources Reviewed:
Previous UGC reports on library committees, reviews, and curriculum development (1957, 1965, 1981, 1992).
UNESCO Curriculum for Information Society (1998).
Recommendations from a seminar on LIS professional training (2000).
Minutes of LIS Subject Panel meetings.
Status report on LIS departments in India (2000).
Recommendations:
Integrated approach to LIS education with a two-year Master's degree option.
Flexibility for universities to choose one-year BLIS and one-year MLIS model.
Emphasis on automation, information technology, and their library applications.
Modular syllabus with seven core modules further divided into papers.
Clear division of theory and practical components within each paper.
Specified teaching hours for each paper with breakdowns for lectures, practicals, assignments, and seminars.
Revised norms and standards for LIS education through distance learning (considering DEC/IGNOU guidelines).

Library Associations in India AND a, U.K. and U.S.A.- ILA, IASLIC, IATLIS, SIS, LA,
ASLIB, CILIP, SLA and ALA ALA. Library Associations and Organizations at
International Level – FID, IFLA and UNESCO.

SCAN THIS CODE TO REACH E BOOK OF LIBRARY ASSOCIATIONS OR CLICK THIS LINK
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Business Information Institutions and Network

In today's competitive business landscape, access to accurate and timely information is crucial. Business information
institutions and networks play a vital role in supplying valuable resources and facilitating knowledge sharing to empower
informed decision-making. Here's a breakdown of these vital players:
Business Information Institutions:
These institutions act as repositories of business-related information, offering a wealth of resources for companies of all
sizes and sectors. Here are 50 examples:
1. National Libraries: Many national libraries dedicate sections or entire branches to business information, providing
access to industry reports, company profiles, and government publications. (e.g., Library of Congress Business Center,
British Library Business & IP Centre)
2. Government Agencies: Government agencies like the U.S. Small Business Administration (SBA) or chambers of
commerce offer resources on starting and running a business, regulations, and industry trends.
3. Trade Associations: Industry-specific trade associations often maintain databases with market research, industry
standards, and best practices relevant to their members.
4. Business Schools: University libraries and research centers often house valuable business databases, industry
periodicals, and market research reports.
5. Commercial Online Databases: Subscription-based databases like LexisNexis Business or S&P Global Market
Intelligence provide in-depth company and industry information, financial data, and news.
6. Investment Research Firms: Investment research firms like Moody's or Standard & Poor's offer in-depth company
analysis, financial reports, and industry forecasts (often available through paid subscriptions).
7. Patent and Trademark Offices: Intellectual property offices like the United States Patent and Trademark Office
(USPTO) provide access to patent and trademark databases for competitive intelligence and innovation research.
8. Statistical Agencies: National and international statistical agencies like the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics or the World
Bank offer data on economic trends, demographics, and consumer behavior.
9. Industry Publications: Leading business publications like Forbes, The Economist, or industry-specific journals provide
valuable insights, news, and analysis.
10. Financial News Services: Financial news services like Bloomberg or Reuters offer real-time market data, company
news, and analysis for informed investment decisions.
Business Information Networks:
These networks facilitate information exchange and collaboration among businesses and professionals. Here are 40 more
examples:
Online Business Communities: Platforms like LinkedIn or industry-specific forums allow professionals to connect,
share knowledge, and discuss business challenges.
Professional Associations: Professional associations like the American Marketing Association or the Society for
Human Resource Management offer networking events, research reports, and industry best practices.
Business Incubators and Accelerators: These organizations provide mentorship, resources, and networking
opportunities to startups and young businesses.
Industry Events and Conferences: Trade shows, conferences, and workshops offer opportunities for businesses to
learn about new technologies, network with industry leaders, and stay updated on trends.
Business Chambers: Local and international chambers of commerce facilitate networking among businesses, provide
advocacy services, and offer resources on entering new markets.
Supply Chain Networks: Online platforms connecting businesses with suppliers, distributors, and logistics providers,
fostering collaboration and efficiency within the supply chain.
Industry Consortia: Collaborative groups of companies working together on research and development,
standardization, and addressing industry-wide challenges.
Venture Capital Networks: Networks of investors who provide funding and mentorship to promising startups.
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Business Angel Networks: Groups of high-net-worth individuals investing in early-stage businesses, offering financial
and strategic guidance.
Crowdfunding Platforms: Platforms like Kickstarter or Indiegogo allow startups to raise capital from a large pool of
individual investors, fostering community engagement.
Government Grant Programs: Government agencies offer grants to businesses for research and development,
innovation, or job creation, promoting economic growth.
Industry Think Tanks: Research institutions dedicated to studying specific industries, providing valuable insights and
thought leadership on future trends and challenges.
Business Mentorship Programs: Programs connecting experienced business professionals with entrepreneurs or
young companies to offer guidance and support.
University Research Partnerships: Collaborations between universities and businesses on research projects, fostering
innovation and technology transfer.
Industry Awards and Recognition Programs: Awards acknowledging outstanding achievements in a specific industry,
promoting best practices and innovation.

NIDCS
National Institute of Design (NIDs) - group of design universities in India
Premier institute founded in 1961, Ahmedabad, with campuses in Gandhinagar & Bengaluru
Other campuses in Kurukshetra, Vijayawada, Jorhat & Bhopal
Autonomous under Ministry of Commerce and Industry, Government of India
Recognized for design research
Institutes of National Importance

Institute City State Founded Website

1 National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Gujarat 1961 nid.edu

2 National Institute of Design, Andhra Pradesh Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh 2015 nid.ac.in

3 National Institute of Design, Haryana Kurukshetra Haryana 2016 nidh.ac.in

4 National Institute of Design, Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 2019 nidmp.ac.in

5 National Institute of Design, Assam Jorhat Assam 2019 nidj.ac.in

IIFT
Indian Institute of Foreign Trade (IIFT)
Established in 1963
Autonomous business school under Ministry of Commerce and Industry, India
Functions as a civil services training institute as well
Deemed university with A+ grade by NAAC (as of Jan 2024)
Campuses: New Delhi (main), Kolkata, Kakinada
Field Information

- Extensive collection of books on: - International trade - Economics - Management - World Trade Organization (WTO)
Collection
issues

Additional - Journals (over 235) - Research reports - Company reports - CD-ROMs - Video cassettes - International trade statistics
Resources - Databases

- Specializes in emerging areas like: - WTO - Intellectual property rights - Services management - Mergers &
Specializations acquisitions - Trade finance - E-business - Global business strategies - International business law - Information
technology

- Subscriptions to publications from: - National and international organizations (UN, ITC, UNCTAD, WTO, IMF, World
Subscriptions
Bank) - Indian government ministries and departments
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ITPO-India Trade Promotion Organisation

India Trade Promotion Organisation (ITPO)
Formed in 1992 by merging Trade Development Authority and Trade Fair Authority of
India.
Promotes Indian trade through fairs, exhibitions, and information services.
Interesting Architecture at Pragati Maidan (mostly demolished):
Hall of Nations, Hall of Industries, Nehru Pavilion (architect: Raj Rewal)
Hall of States (architect: Raj Rewal)
National Science Centre (architect: Achyut Kanvinde)
Craft Museum (architect: Charles Correa)
Hall of Technology (architect: Stein, Doshi & Bhalla Consultants)
Other demolished structures by Charles Correa, Jasbir Sawhney, Sanjay Wadhwa etc.

Field Information

Company type Government-owned enterprise

Industry Trading & Marketing Services

Founded 1 April 1977

Headquarters Pragati Bhawan, Pragati Maidan, New Delhi

Key people - Pradeep Singh Kharola, IAS (Retd.) (Chairman & MD) - Rajat Agrawal, IAS (ED)[2]

Owner Government of India (100%)

Number of
442 (as on 31.03.2022)
employees

Subsidiaries - TNTPO - KTPO - NCTI

Website www.indiatradefair.com

ITPO Offices and Subsidiaries

Regional Offices: ITPO has offices in Chennai, Kolkata, and Mumbai to promote trade across India.
Subsidiaries:
Tamil Nadu Trade Promotion Organisation (TNTPO): Established in Chennai to manage the Chennai Trade
Centre.
Karnataka Trade Promotion Organisation (KTPO): Established in Bangalore to manage the Trade Centre
Bangalore.
National Centre for Trade Information (NCTI): Joint venture with National Informatics Centre to provide trade
data and information services (currently not profitable).

ITPO Logo
Designed by Benoy Sarkar in 1974 (also designed logos for Indian Airlines, Airports Authority of India, etc.)
Combines the letters "T" (Trade) and "F" (Fair)
Represents both tradition and ITPO's modern identity
Symbolizes India's authority in trade through fairs and exhibitions
Inspired by an ancient Indian coin representing prosperity
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Confederation of Indian Industry-CII

CII: A Historical Journey
1895: The Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) began as the Engineering and Iron Trades Association (EITA) by 5
engineering firms.
1912: EITA renamed to Indian Engineering Association (IEA) to focus on Indian manufacturers.
1942: Engineering Association of India (EAI) founded for small and medium engineering firms.
1974: EAI merged with IEA to form the Association of Indian Engineering Industry (AIEI).
1986: AIEI became the Confederation of Engineering Industry (CEI).
1991: CEI transformed into the present-day Confederation of Indian Industry (CII).
Key Events:
1980s: Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi played a crucial role in shaping AIEI into CII.
1998: Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee addressed CII, urging reforms for government, industry, and citizens.
2007: Prime Minister Manmohan Singh invited CII to partner in social development.
2020: Prime Minister Narendra Modi emphasized self-reliance (Atmanirbhar Bharat) at CII's 125th anniversary.
Organization:
Registered under Societies Registration Act, 1860.
Highest body: CII National Council (industry leaders and experts).
Leadership:
President: R Dinesh (2023-24)
President Designate: Sanjiv Puri
Vice President: Rajiv Memani
Director General: Chandrajit Banerjee (since 2008)

CII Initiatives
India@75: A vision for India in 2022, focusing on education, technology, infrastructure, and other key areas.
Launched in 2008 and aligned with the government's "Strategy for New India@75" document.
Young Indians (YI): Engages young leaders in nation-building through projects like MASOOM (education), Gift an
Organ (organ donation), and Road Safety. YI also has a student wing, YUVA, and has participated in disaster relief
efforts.
Indian Women Network (IWN): Works towards women's empowerment in the workplace. IWN advocates for
inclusive policies, provides a self-assessment tool for companies on gender parity, and promotes an "Equal
Opportunity Pledge."

Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce & Industry-FICCI

FICCI: A Leading Indian Business Organization

Established: 1927, with advice from Mahatma Gandhi
Function: Non-profit trade association and advocacy group
Focus: Business promotion, networking, and policy influence
Membership: Over 250,000 companies (private, public, SMEs,
MNCs) across various regional chambers
Headquarters: New Delhi, India
Branches: 12 states in India, 8 countries worldwide
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Allied Organizations:
Confederation of Indian Food Trade and Industry (CIFTI): Promotes Indian food processing industry.
FICCI Arbitration and Conciliation Tribunal (FACT): Provides arbitration services for commercial disputes.
FICCI Alliance for Consumer Care (FACC): Improves consumer care practices and stakeholder interaction.
FICCI Ladies Organisation: Empowers women entrepreneurs and professionals.
Aditya Birla CSR Centre for Excellence: Develops inclusive corporate social responsibility (CSR) practices.
Confederation of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (CMSME): Supports micro, small, and medium businesses.
FICCI Committee Against Smuggling and Counterfeiting Activities Destroying Economy (CASCADE): Combats
smuggling and counterfeiting.
FICCI: Beyond Business Promotion
While FICCI is known for promoting businesses, it also undertakes initiatives in technology, social impact, and
investment:
DRDO-FICCI ATAC Programme: Commercializes defense technologies like bio-toilets and explosive detectors for
civilian use.
Taskforces: Focus on specific areas like aerospace, education technology (EdTech), and international migration.
Millennium Alliance: Supports innovative solutions for social impact, partnering with government and international
organizations.
Invest India: A public-private partnership to improve India's investment climate and expedite foreign investment
projects.
Services:
ATA Carnet: Facilitates temporary import/export of equipment for journalists, engineers, and others.

United Nations Industrial Development Organization-UNIDO

The United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO)
UNIDO in a Nutshell:
Specialized agency of the United Nations focused on industrial development.
Headquarters: Vienna, Austria, with presence in over 60 countries.
Established: 1966 by the UN General Assembly.
Members: 170 member states that set policies and principles.
Mission:
Promote inclusive and sustainable industrial development (ISID) for developing
countries.

ISID aims to benefit more people while protecting the environment.

UNIDO works towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
Key Initiatives:
Third Industrial Development Decade for Africa (IDDA III): Leads initiative to boost Africa's industrial development in
collaboration with African Union and other partners (2016-2025).
Strategic Priorities (2018-2021):
Creating shared prosperity
Advancing economic competitiveness
Safeguarding the environment
Strengthening knowledge and institutions
How UNIDO Achieves its Goals:
Technical cooperation
Policy advice
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UNIDO Leadership: A History of Executive Heads

UNIDO has had a series of leaders throughout its history, guiding the organization's work in promoting industrial
development. Here's a breakdown of the Executive Directors and Director-Generals:
Executive Directors (1967-1984):
1967-1974: Ibrahim Helmi Abd-el-Rahman (Egypt)
1975-1985: Abd-El Rahman Khane (Algeria)
Director-Generals (1985-Present):
1985-1992: Domingo L. Siazon Jr. (Philippines)
1993-1997: Mauricio de Maria y Campos (Mexico)
1998-2005: Carlos Alfredo Magariños (Argentina)
2006-2013: Kandeh Yumkella (Sierra Leone)
2013-2021: Li Yong (China)
2021-Present: Gerd Müller (Germany)
This table shows a shift from Executive Directors to Director-Generals in 1985. It also highlights the international nature
of UNIDO's leadership, with representatives from various countries leading the organization.

UNIDO: Headquarters and Unique Membership Structure

Headquarters:
Vienna International Centre, Austria
Shares campus with other UN organizations including the International Atomic Energy Agency and the United
Nations Office on Drugs and Crime.
Membership Structure:
UNIDO is one of two UN specialized agencies with a unique membership structure where members are separated
into groups.
The other agency with a similar structure is IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development).
UNIDO List B: Primarily developed countries (similar to IFAD List A).
Rest of UNIDO Members: Primarily developing countries (similar to rest of IFAD members).

United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD)

Championing Development Through Trade:
Established: 1964 by the UN General Assembly
Role: Promote interests of developing countries in world trade
Structure:
Intergovernmental organization within the UN Secretariat
Reports to UNGA and ECOSOC
195 member states
Permanent secretariat in Geneva, Switzerland
Works with NGOs worldwide
Mission: Formulate policies for all aspects of development:
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Saket sharma

Trade
Aid
Transport
Finance
Technology
Origin: Address developing countries' concerns about existing institutions (GATT, IMF, World Bank) not catering to their
specific needs.
UNCTAD provides a forum for developing nations to discuss and solve economic development challenges.
Key Achievements:
Generalized System of Preferences (GSP): Promotes exports of manufactured goods from developing countries.
Advocacy for the New International Economic Order (NIEO): Aims to reduce economic dependency and inequality
between developed and developing countries.
Regular Activities:
Conferences: Held every four years (most recent - virtual in Barbados, 2021)
Resources:
Staff: 400
Budget: $138 million (core expenditures) + $72 million (technical assistance)
Collaboration: Member of the UN Development Group for sustainable development.

Abbreviation UNCTAD

Formation 30 December 1964; 59 years ago

Legal status Active

Headquarters Geneva, Switzerland

Head Rebeca Grynspan(Secretary-General)

Parent organization United Nations General AssemblyUnited Nations Secretariat

Website unctad.org

Want to appreciate my Work , You can contribute

Account name : Saket sharma
upi : 9015277765@ybl
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Saket sharma

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