ANTITERRORISM (AT)

LEVEL I TRAINING

CENSECFOR-AT-010-1.0
 Introduction
Since September 11, 2001, the United States has been
engaged in an effort to protect the nation’s freedoms.
The world is dangerous and we are at war against an
enemy intent on destroying the American way of life.
While responding to this real and present danger, we
must remain vigilant while executing our responsibilities.
Stay alert, be aware of your surroundings, and report
unusual or suspicious activity. Pay attention to the details
of antiterrorism briefings you receive on your locale and
when preparing to travel to a new location. Most
importantly, make security a part of your routine.
Exercise precautions to increase your personal security
American’s efforts to fight terrorism and the security of your family, colleagues, and
include virtually every government organization.
agency as well as friends and allies
around the world. Patience and persistence are the watchwords for
defeating terrorists. They are patient and cunning, and
they are waiting for you to let down your guard or settle
into a pattern of predictable behavior. Do not be a
tempting target. Be vigilant so we may successfully
defend America and our freedoms.
Threat Factors
There are eight factors you should consider to
understand the threat in your environment. Using
these factors, you can be better prepared for the
potential risks you face.
1. Are terrorist groups in the area?
2. Are they violent?
3. Do they attack Americans?
4. How active are they?
5. How sophisticated are they?
6. Are they predictable
7. Will local citizens warn Americans?
Improvised Explosive Devices 8. What tactics and weapons are used?
(IEDs) may be disguised as
everyday items. Terrorism is the calculated use of unlawful violence
or threat of unlawful violence to inculcate fear;
intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or
societies in the pursuit of goals that are generally
political, religions, or ideological.
 How Terrorists Identify & Select Targets
Consider ways you might become a victim of a terrorist
attack. Several factors to keep in mind include:
Location: Terrorists may target locations frequented by
Americans or US military personnel such as certain
hotels, apartment buildings, public transportation
centers, and nightclubs. Avoid possible target locations.
Association: Terrorists may focus on American tourists,
personnel associated with the US Government, and
individuals who appear to be high-ranking or important.
Try to blend in with the local population. When
possible, avoid disclosing your DOD or US Government
While overseas it is advisable to affiliation.
conceal your DOD affiliation. Opportunity: Terrorists look for “soft targets.” Maintain
vigilance, practice good personal safety, and alert the
proper authorities of suspicious behavior.
To attack you, terrorists generally must perceive you,
your association, or your location as a target. Do not be
an easy target.
 Combatant Command Overview
Groups and individuals have demonstrated their
willingness to employ terrorist tactics to further their
agendas. While some threats have a regional focus,
others have become international and affect multiple
areas. DOD personnel and assets have been targeted in
virtually every region of the world.
When traveling, you should receive a Combatant
Command terrorist threat briefing 90 days prior to
departure. Modify your personal protective measures
based upon the information in these briefings. Threat
briefings are based upon intelligence and local
historical factors and are designed to help you be safe
Threats vary in different parts of the – take them seriously.
world. Take time to learn about the
specific threats in your area. The following is a brief overview of the terrorist threat
by Combatant Command. More detailed information
for your region is available through your local
Antiterrorism Officer.
 NORTHCOM Region
Within the United States, several organizations and individuals
use terrorist tactics to achieve their goals. Other organizations
provide direct and indirect assistance through fund-raising,
recruiting, and training support.
Terrorist attacks by Islamic extremists began in 1993 with the
first attack against the World Trade Center in New York. More
recently, the foiled terrorist plot against Fort Dix, New Jersey
demonstrates that Al-Qaida inspired groups still exist within the
nation’s borders.
Home-grown terrorism is also a reality. During the 1960s an
d70s, the Weathermen and the Armed Forces for Puerto Rican
National Liberation executed several small-scale terrorist
attacks. More recently, violent elements include the anti-
In 2001, anthrax tainted letters were abortion Army of God, the eco-terrorist Earth Liberation Front,
sent to several prominent individuals, and other domestic anarchist groups and individuals.
including the Senator Tom Daschle. Homegrown terrorists have employed various tactics such as
rudimentary letter bombs, improvised explosive devices, small
arms attacks, and truck bombs. Bioterrorism is also a concern in
view of the anthrax attacks in 2001.
Examples of prior terrorist activity in the NORTHCOM AOR
include the Oklahoma City Bombing, Fort Dix Plot, and the
2001 Anthrax Attacks.
 CENTCOM Region
Within the CENTCOM region, Islamic extremists pose the
primary terrorist threat to US military and government
personnel. Since the mid-1990s, terrorists have
enhanced their capabilities and expanded their
influence and presence into other parts of the world.
In the areas of current US military operations, roadside
Improvised Explosive Devices (IEDs) pose one of the
greatest threats to US forces. Additionally, local political
leaders, civilians, infrastructure, and international aid
personnel are terrorized by suicide bombings,
kidnappings, and murders. In many other parts of the
CENTCOM region, suicide bombers and gunmen target
Terrorists used a VBIED to attack hotels and tourist attractions to advance domestic
Khobar Towers in 1996 political and religious agendas.
Numerous terrorist organizations operate within the
CENTCOM region. In addition to Al-Qaida, other
organizations include Hezbollah, the Palestinian Islamic
Jihad, and the Ansar al-Islam.
Examples of prior terrorist activity in the CONTCOM
AOR include the Serena Hotel, Luxor Massacre at Deir
el0Bahri, and Khobar Towers.
 PACOM Region
Terrorist groups in the PACOM region present diverse threats to
Americans. Some specifically target Americans and others
target public sites where Americans may become victims.
Additionally, there is evidence of ties between groups in the
PACOM region and al Qaida and other international groups.
Terrorist attacks in this region demonstrate a broad spectrum of
tactics. These include kidnappings, suicide bombings, and even
chemical attacks. Aleph, formerly known as Aum Shinrikyo,
attacked the Tokyo subway with Sarin nerve gas and cyanide in
1995. Abu Sayyaf, a Philippine group seeking to create a
radical Muslim state, targets Americans for kidnapping.
Terrorists have targeted DOD and other American assets in the
region. In 2001, Singaporean officials foiled a plot to attack
US military forces and western diplomatic missions. The group,
Jamaah Islamiya, seeks to create a radical Muslim state across
In 2008, terrorists attacked multiple South East Asia. In 2002, 2005, and 2009 it conducted
targets in Mumbai, India including bombings in Bali and Jakarta, Indonesia to kill western tourists.
the Taj Mahal Hotel.
Examples of prior terrorist activity in the PACOM AOR include
the Mumbai Attacks, the Singapore Plot, and Tokyo Subway
Attack.
 SOUTHCOM Region
The primary terrorist threat in the SOUTHCOM region is
narcoterrorism and the continued operation of radical
leftist groups. Additionally, the ties between narco-
terrorists and radical extremists from the Middle East
are reportedly increasing. It is possible Latin American
countries may become a transit point for terrorists from
other parts of the world to enter the United States.
Unlike the 1980s, recent attacks against US interests are
focused primarily on businesses and not US military or
government assets. In addition to bombings and arson,
terrorist tactics include targeted assassinations and
kidnapping, especially against non-US assets.
Some of the most prominent terrorist organizations within
Narcoterrorism, as demonstrated by the SOUTHCOM region include the Revolutionary Armed
the August 2011 attack against the Forces of Colombia (FARC), the Colombian National
Casino Royale in Mexico, is a Liberation Army (ELN), and the Shining Path in Peru.
growing concern for US officials.
Examples of prior terrorist activity in the SOUTHCOM
AOR include the Attack on the Japanese Ambassador’s
Residence in Peru, Zona Rosa, and Casino Royale.
 Terrorist Planning Cycle Overview
Terrorist prepare and conduct attacks through predictable
steps. Through vigilance, you may be able to recognize
preparations for an attack before it is executed.
Be alert to unusual behavior that may indicate intelligence
gathering, surveillance, collecting materials for attack, dry runs,
and rehearsals. For example:

 Taking Photos or videos of potential targets

 Writing notes or sketching details about a possible target
 Showing abnormal attention to details of routine activities and
security measures
 Using false identification
 Paying cash for items normally bought on credit
 Purchasing large quantities of items that could be used as part
of an attack (e.g., chemicals or cell phones).
Learn the terrorist planning cycle so you
will be in position to identify early If you see something unusual, report it immediately to security
indications of a potential threat. officials for further investigation. Make a note of the
individual’s description and activities, the time of day, and
equipment being used.
On the following screens, the planning and execution of the
attack on the Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City
illustrates this process. Consider how a vigilant person might
have recognized indications of a threat.
 Terrorist Planning Cycle – Phases 1 & 2
Phase 1: Broad Target Selection. During broad target
selection, terrorists collect information on numerous targets to
evaluate their potential in terms of symbolic value, casualties,
infrastructure, criticality, or public attention.
Timothy McVeigh wanted to attack a symbol of the federal
government, preferably the FBO, Drug Enforcement
Administration, or Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms.
He identified possible targets such as individual federal
employees, their families, and facilities in at least five states.
Phase 2: Intelligence and Surveillance. Vulnerable targets
able to meet attack objectives are selected for additional
intelligence gathering and surveillance. This effort may occur
quickly or over years depending upon the target and planning
information needed. Terrorists seek to gather detailed
information on guard forces, physical layout, personnel routines,
Timothy McVeigh targeted the Murrah and standard operating procedures.
Federal Building because of the presence
of US Government agencies. McVeigh performed initial surveillance on the Murrah Federal
Building in Oklahoma City, one of his potential targets. He
noted the interstate highway allowed easy access and possible
escape routes. He also observed indented curbs that permitted
vehicles to be parked directly in front of the building.
 Terrorist Planning Cycle – Phases 3 &4
Phase 3: Specific Target Selection. Specific targets are then
identified for attack based on anticipated effects, publicity,
consistency with overall objectives, and costs versus benefits of
the attack.
McVeigh chose the Murrah Federal Building because he
believed the Federal agencies represented there were
responsible for the incident in Waco, TX two years earlier. In
addition, he assessed the facility as a “soft target,” with a
good chance of success at low risk. His intent was to kill Federal
employees and thereby gain media attention.
Phase 4: Pre-Attack Surveillance and Planning. Terrorists may
conduct additional surveillance to confirm previous information
and gain additional details. During this stage, terrorists will
select the method of attack, obtain weapons and equipment,
recruit specialized operatives, and design escape routes.
The placement of the vehicle bomb
outside the Murrah Federal Building and McVeigh recruited Terry Nichols and prepared for the
the resulting crater from the explosion. Oklahoma City attack over a six-month period. He acquired
materials for a 5,000 pound truck bomb through theft, use of
false documents, and paying cash for items normally bought on
credit. He also made several trips to the Murrah Federal
Building to identify the exact place to park the truck and to
select escape routes.
 Terrorist Planning Cycle – Phases 5&6
Phase 5: Rehearsals. Terrorists often rehearse the attack
scenario to confirm planning assumptions, enhance tactics, and
practice escape routes. They may also trigger an incident at
the target site to test the reaction of security personnel and
first responders.
McVeigh practiced making an detonating bombs in isolated
locations. He memorized details of the Murrah Building layout,
finalized the sequence of actions for the attack, and practiced
responses to law enforcement officers if they were
encountered.
Phase 6: Actions on the Objective. Terrorists choose to
execute attacks when conditions favor success with the lowest
risk. Factors they consider include surprise, choice of time and
place, use of diversionary tactics, and ways to impede
A diagram drawn by McVeigh showing response measures.
the configuration of the vehicle bomb.
On 19 April 1995, McVeigh parked a rental truck – a 5,000
pound vehicle bomb – in front of the Murrah Federal Building
where it could cause the most damage. The date of the
bombing was symbolic – the second anniversary of the fire at
the Branch Davidian compound in Waco, TX.
 Terrorist Planning Cycle – Phase 7
Phase 7: Escape & Exploitation. Unless an
operation is a suicide attack, escape routes are
carefully planned and rehearsed. Terrorists may
exploit successful attacks by releasing pre-
developed statements to the press.
After preparing the bomb for detonation,
McVeigh walked away from the scene on a
preselected route. To flee Oklahoma City,
McVeigh used a get-away car pre-positioned
before the attack.
McVeigh wanted to world to know that he
McVeigh’s getaway car after his arrest. attacked the Federal Murrah Building because he
believed the Federal Government infringed on
individual rights of Americans. McVeigh left a file
on his sister’s computer titled “ATF Read” echoing
these sentiments. His get-away car contained anti-
government literature and he subsequently made
statements concerning his motivations for the
attack.
 FPCONs
US Military facilities use a variety of protective
measures to reduce vulnerability to terrorist attack.
These measures are organized in a system called Force
Protection Conditions, or FPCONs. As the threat
changes, Commanders change the FPCON to protect
personnel.
FPCONs are organized in five levels with increasing
measure of protection: NORMAL, ALPHA, BRAVO,
CHARLIE, and DELTA. Commanders adapt protective
measures for the local situation, and they can use
additional measures and move to a higher FPCON as
needed. Measures may also be added randomly to
rehearse them, to promote security awareness, and to
Terrorists used a VBIED to attack Rhein- confuse surveillance by potential threat elements.
Main Air Base in 1985
As the FPCON increases, you can expect to experience
delays at gate checks, more detailed inspections, gate
closures, and increased guard presence. FPCON
CHARLIE and DELTA are very restrictive and rarely
used. Normal operations may be reduced or suspended
in these cases.
 AT Fundamentals Introduction
The next section of this training will introduce you
to AT security in several different environments.
These are presented in the following groups:
 Surveillance detection
 Security at a government facility
 Residential security
 Security during off-duty/free time activities
 Air travel security
 Ground travel security
The four AT Level I themes: Anticipate, Be
Vigilant, Don’t be a Target, and Respond  Hotel security
and Report.  Hostage Survival
 CBRNE
The next several screens introduce the four
antiterrorism themes found throughout the
training.
 Anticipate
Anticipating threats, risks, and vulnerabilities is key to
antiterrorism security and personal protection.
Research prior terrorist attacks to understand the tactics
used by local terrorists and the types of targets they
have attacked. Consider consulting these sources of
information:
 Embassy Regional Security Office
 State Department Travel Warnings
 Other internet & media resources
Consult the Foreign Clearance Guide and comply with
specific requirements for security and coordination.
Also, get a threat briefing before departing or upon
Even if you receive official security arriving at your location.
briefings, there are several sources that
allow you to research threats for yourself. These will help you:
 Determine places you should and should not visit
 Identify appropriate security measures
 Recognize and respond to possible threats
 Make personal security and emergency plans
Planning ahead can enhance security in your travels.
 Be Vigilant
Vigilance is required to continuously observe your
surroundings and recognize suspicious activities.
The first step to vigilance is to understand your
environment’s normal conditions. To do this, try to
observe and learn the patterns of routine
activities in your area.
When you have an instinct for what is normal, you
can recognize things that are suspicious:
 Potential threats such as items that are out of
place
 Attempted surveillance by persons who are
Many terrorist attacks can be thwarted
loitering, following you, or simply in the wrong
through the recognition of pre-attack
place
surveillance activities
 The presence of circumstances that correspond to
prior attacks in your area
Informed vigilance is fundamental to personal
security and may allow you to identify, report,
and thwart a potential threat.
 Don’t be a Target
Not all threats are predictable or can be recognized in
advance. As a result, you should concentrate on not being an
easy target for a terrorist attack.
Reduce your exposure by being anonymous and blending in
with your surroundings
 Do not wear clothing or carry items that identify your DOD
affiliation
 Remain low key and do not draw attention to yourself
 Avoid places where Americans are known to congregate
In addition to blending in, try to reduce your vulnerability and
exposure:
 Select places with security measures appropriate for the
local threat
Items that display your DOD affiliation  Be unpredictable and vary your routes and times of travel
may also help identify you as a potential  Travel with a friend or in a small group
 Use automobiles and residences with adequate security
target. features
You can greatly increase your personal protection posture by
remaining anonymous and reducing your exposure.
 Report & Respond
Report suspicious activities to appropriate authorities
immediately. And, when threatened, respond to protect
yourself and others. Specific circumstances may require
different responses; however, in general:
 Report suspicious activity, do not try to deal with it
yourself
 In threatening situations, take steps to reduce your
exposure
 Follow the instructions of emergency personnel and
first responders
Security is a team effort. Try to ensure your actions
help trained security personnel do their jobs. You can
do this by providing information they need and
The Fort Dix attack plot was thwarted by avoiding becoming a casualty yourself.
a store clerk that recognized suspicious
circumstances and reported them to the Upon arrival at a new location, learn the proper
FBI. procedures for reporting antiterrorism related
information. This could be a unit antiterrorism officer, a
US Embassy security officer, or local law enforcement.
Be prepared to report and respond.
 Surveillance Detection Introduction
Terrorists conduct surveillance to gather information to plan an
attack. Criminals perform surveillance to choose a time and
place to conduct a theft. In both cases, the target of
surveillance may be an individual, a facility, or asset.
Surveillance against an individual seeks to determine:
 Residential security measures
 Modes of travel
 Routes and times of travel
 Typical behavior
 The target’s general security awareness
Surveillance against a facility or asset tries to determine:
 General security posture
 Security standard operating procedures
Terrorists conducted an extensive  Information on security force shift rotations
surveillance against the US Air Force  Physical security weaknesses
 Reaction times to emergencies
installation in Sembawang, Singapore. An
operative narrated a video while walking Detecting terrorist surveillance is key to preempting a terrorist
around the installation with a camcorder. attack. If you detect possible surveillance, contact unit or
installation immediately.
 Surveillance Detection Fundamentals
Be alert to the possibility of surveillance on-and off-base. To
recognize suspicious behavior, try to:
 Get to know your neighbors
 Learn to recognize legitimate vehicle and uniform markings of
utility workers and local law enforcement
 Understand the pattern of routine activities on your installation
and in off-base areas you frequent
 Learn the local culture
In conducting surveillance, terrorists try to blend in with the
environment to avoid arousing suspicion. Be alert for anythign
that might be a sign of surveillance:
 People remaining in or coming back to the same general
area without a recognizable reason
 People preoccupied with a specific area, to include taking
Terrorists performed extensive surveillance pictures, making notes, or drawing sketches
of the Terror Club in Singapore with a  Certain civilian vehicles that seem to appear repeatedly
 Utility and constructions workers that do not appear to be
handheld camcorder. The activity was not performing a specific job
detected or reported.  Electronic audio and video devices in unusual places or that
are not DOD property
Learn your environment and recognize suspicious behavior!
Methods of Surveillance 1
Surveillance may be conducted over a long period of
time and employ various methods:
Stationary surveillance: operatives observe from a
fixed location
 Operatives try to blend in by doing ordinary tasks
 Operatives may seek to recruit host nation support
personnel or domestic help with access to installations
or residences
Moving surveillance: conducted on foot or in vehicles,
generally in teams.
 Vehicle surveillance may include one or more
vehicles
 Generally uses two or more people, one driving
while the others observe
 Operatives may not always be behind you; once
your routines are learned, they may be in front of
you
Varying your routes and routines can disrupt
surveillance attempts.
 Methods of Surveillance 2
Additional surveillance methods include:
Technical surveillance: uses electronic means to
record or gain access to security information.
 May use still and video cameras, including cell
phones
 May gain access to security information on the
Internet
Casual questioning: used to elicit security
information from approachable personnel.
 Operatives may portray themselves as non-
Many everyday items can be used for threatening and friendly
surveillance activities  Terrorists may use unwitting operatives who do
not understand the purpose of the informaiton
they are asked to gather
 Operatives may use members of the opposite
sex to gain access to facilities and collect
information
Awareness of terrorist surveillance methods can
help you see and respond to surveillance.
 Surveillance Detection Situation 1
You are stationed overseas and have been provided
on-base housing.
One day as you come out of your house you notice a
delivery van belonging to one of the local vendors that
works on your installation. It is parked a couple of
houses down and a single individual is sitting in the
driver’s seat looking around.
There is no real reason why a vendor vehicle should be
in the residential section of your base.
You know you should note the driver’s description. But
what else should you do? (Choose one!)
The Fort Dix Six used a pizza delivery
1. Wait until the vehilcle leaves and follow it
service to gain access and perform
surveillance of Fort Dix 2. Continue to observe the vehicle to collect as much
information as possible
3. Note the vehicle make, model, and license plate
number and immediately report to unit or
installation security
 Surveillance Detection Situation 1-
Answer
You are stationed overseas and have been provided
on-base housing.
One day as you come out of your house you notice a
delivery van belonging to one of the local vendors that
works on your installation. It is parked a couple of
houses down and a single individual is sitting in the
driver’s seat looking around.
There is no real reason why a vendor vehicle should be
in the residential section of your base.
You know you should note the driver’s description. But
what else should you do? (Choose one!)
The Fort Dix Six used a pizza delivery
1. Wait until the vehilcle leaves and follow it
service to gain access and perform
surveillance of Fort Dix 2. Continue to observe the vehicle to collect as much
information as possible
3. Note the vehicle make, model, and license plate
number and immediately report to unit or
installation security
Government Facility Security
Fundamentals
The success of installation security protocols and
procedures depends on their consistent application. This
requires discipline, attention, and cooperation from
everyone.
By understanding security at your installation, you may
see something that dedicated security personnel are not
able to see, or you may see a problem that is not
obvious to others.
 Be aware of the current Force Protection Condition
(FPCON) and comply with security and response
protocols
 Understand the features of your installation’s security
system
Be a team player; cooperate with  Recognize non-malicious compromises in security
installation security procedures.  Recognize potentially malicious threats to security
 Report lapses in security or suspicious behavior
 Know what to do in response to an incident
 Understand your responsibility if you are detailed to
support security tasks.
Installation security is a team effort and everyone has
a security responsibility.
Recognizing Problems in Government
Facility Security
Every individual can play an important role in
identifying and reporting problems in security.
Security may be weakened in an unintentional manner
through a lack of discipline. Or, low-level behaviors
may suggest a malicious intent. Report problems you
observe:
 Inattentive guard personnel
 Weapons, identification badges, or keys managed in
a non-secure manner
 Gaps in procedures that leave unauthorized persons
unsupervised in sensitive areas
 Persons with an inappropriate curiosity in security
measures
Report suspicious behavior to the  Persons attempting to photograph security measures
appropriate personnel.  Persons attempting to conceal contents of bags or
cargo
Do not assume that dedicated security personnel can
see everything. You are the eyes and ears that
complete the security picture.
 Government Facility Incident Response
Every DOD member needs to be informed and ready
to respond appropriately to incidents on the
installation.
Consider the following:
 Be aware of emergency contact phone numbers and
procedures
 Be familiar with the location and use of fire fighting
equipment and first aid kits
 Know and rehearse evacuation and accountability
procedures for work places, quarters, and other
frequently used facilities
Be familiar with emergency response  Be aware of normal patterns of activities and respond
procedures so you can react quickly to things that are unusual
appropriately.
Each individual’s response should seek to secure their
personal safety, protection of other persons, and
preservation of DOD property.
Emergency response requires preparation and decisive
action.
 Government Facility Security Situation
You are newly assigned to a US installation in
a region without much history of terrorist
activity against US and allied interests.
You know to ask for an orientation briefing
on threats in your new area of operation and
an orientation on security procedures. What
else can you do to become a better team
member on security matters? (Choose one)
1. Ask relatives back home to send general
information on the history of the region
Observe and learn the security protocols
of your installation and help others do the 2. Learn the normal routines of the
same. installation so you can recognize
suspicious behavior
3. Try to learn enough of the local language
to pick up news from local sources
 Government Facility Security Situation -
Answer
You are newly assigned to a US installation in
a region without much history of terrorist
activity against US and allied interests.
You know to ask for an orientation briefing
on threats in your new area of operation and
an orientation on security procedures. What
else can you do to become a better team
member on security matters? (Choose one)
1. Ask relatives back home to send general
information on the history of the region
Observe and learn the security protocols
of your installation and help others do the 2. Learn the normal routines of the
same. installation so you can recognize
suspicious behavior
3. Try to learn enough of the local language
to pick up news from local sources
 Insider Threat Introduction
An Insider Threat uses authorized access, wittingly or
unwittingly, to harm national security through unauthorized
disclosure, data modification, espionage, terrorism, or kinetic
actions resulting in loss or degradation of resources or
capabilities.
Examples of attacks allegedly perpetrated by individuals
thought to be loyal to the US include:
 2010 leaking of over 500,000 documents concerning
operations in Iraq & Afghanistan
 2009 Active Shooter attack at Fort Hood
 2003 Active Shooter attack at Camp Pennsylvania
 2001 anthrax attacks against government facilities;
perpetrator possibly associated with USG
Motivations for the insider threat may include:
Suicide belts and other IEDs are common  Desire to further a political or religious agenda
weapons against US forces in deployed  Ability to exert power to influence events
areas.  Perceived injustices upon oneself or against a minority
group
 The need for excitement
 The desire to commit suicide
Individual awareness and active leadership are key defenses
to the Insider threat.
 Types of Insider Threats
Types of Insider Threats related to antiterrorism include:
Terrorism Intended to Coerce or Intimidate: Persons who plot
and execute attacks to further the agenda of an extreme
ideology
Mental Instability: Persons that have a mental illness that
impairs their judgment.
Espionage: The divulgence of classified or sensitive
information that may result in attacks or provide information
on vulnerabilities that facilitate an attack. Motivations may be
financial or ideological.
Negligence: The disregard for standard security measures
that potentially allow the collection of vulnerability-related
In October, 2010, the National Museum of information or information that could precipitate an attack.
the Marine Corps was targeted by a drive
by shooter Preconditions for the Insider Threat may include:
 An opportunity to commit the act
 A motive or need to be satisfied through the act
 An ability to overcome natural inhibitions to criminal or violent
behavior
 A trigger that sets activities in motion
Security personnel cannot recognize and defeat all threats.
You must be vigilant to a variety of potential threats.
 Recognizing Political/Religious
Extremism
Early recognition of an Insider Threat can prevent
an incident. Pre-attack indicators of terrorism
intended to coerce or to intimidate mostly in
pursuit of ideological, religious, or politicial
reasons include:
 Anti-American statements that US policy and
authority is illegitimate
 Aggression or threats toward coworkers
 Presence of unauthorized weapons
 Attempts to communicate with US enemies
 Associations with known extremist groups
 Distribution of propaganda materials in support
Humam Khalil Abu-Mulal al-Balawi of an extremist position
detonated a suicide bomb at Camp  Unfounded allegations of US persecution or
Chapman in Afghanistan killing seven CIA prejudice against a minority group or religion
operatives.  Repeated violation of policies
If you perceive an immediate violent threat, alert
security personnel or law enforcement personnel
immediately.
 Recognizing Political/Religious
Extremism
A mentally unstable person may or may not
exhibit some of the same behaviors of a
prospective terrorist. Indicators of a potentially
unstable person often include:
 Abnormal mood swings or depression,
withdrawn behavior, decrease in hygiene, and
paranoia
 Flashbacks to prior tramautic events
 Abuse of alcohol or drugs
 Repeated violation of policies
 Talk of domestic or financial problems
 Talk of suicide
Abuse of alcohol and drugs is a possible  Intense anxiety in social situations
indicator of the insider threat.
If you witness behavior that might indicate an
unstable person, you should alert your supervisor
or appropriate medical personnel immediately.
Early detection of such behavior can prevent a
violent incident and help a person get the help
they need.
 Active Shooter Introduction
An active shooter incident can occur at any
time and at almost any location. Recent
examples of active shooter incidents include:
 March 2011 shooting of Air Force
personnel at Frankfurt Airport in Germany
 November 2009 shooting at the Soldier
Readiness Center in Fort Hood, Texas
 June 2009 shooting at Holocaust Museum in
Washington, D.C.
 May 2009 shooting of soldiers outside a
military recruitment center in Arkansas
In October 2002, over 40 heavily armed  November 2008 attacks against hotels,
Chechen rebels attacked and held restaurants, and a train station in Mumbai,
hostage occupants of the Dubrovka India
Theater in Moscow, Russia
It is unlikely you will be involved in an Active
Shooter incident, but you should be
prepared for the possibility.
 Active Shooter Fundamentals
Active shooter situations are unpredictable and
can evolve quickly. Potential responses include:
 Evacuate
 Shelter in place
 Take action against the perpetrator
 Cooperate with first responders
You can also adapt your response to the type of
weapon used by an attacker:
 Ricocheting bullets tend to hug the floor;
crouching (not lying) on the floor may reduce
exposure
If you are in an exposed position, try to  Grenade shrapnel rises from the detonation;
seek cover in a room or place that can be lying on the floor reduces exposure and
sealed off or barricaded. having feet toward the blast may protect the
head
An active shooter situation may be over within 15
minutes, before law enforcement arrives. Be
mentally and physically prepared to deal with an
active shooter situation.
 Responding to an Active Shooter
If you are in the vicinity of an active shooter
situation, you have several options for
response.
Evacuate. If there is an escape path, attempt
to evacuate. Be sure to:
 Have an escape route and plan in mind
 Evacuate regardless of whether others
follow
 Leave your belongings behind
 Help others escape, if possible
In an active shooter situation, evacuate if  Prevent others from entering an area where
possible. the active shooter may be
 Keep your hands visible
 Follow the instructions of first responders
 Do not attempt to move wounded people
 Call emergency services when you are safe
Evacuations may not always be possible and
you may need to consider other options.
 Responding to an Active Shooter 2
If evacuation is not possible, consider the following.
Shelter in place: Find a place where the active shooter is less
likely to find you. Remember to silence your cell phone, remain
quiet and calm, and call emergency personnel if possible.
The place you choose should:
 Be out of the shooter’s view
 Provide protection against shots fired your way
 Not trap you
 Have locks on the door
 Have furniture to blockade the door
Take action against the active shooter: As a last resort, and
only when your life is in imminent danger, try to disrupt or
incapacitate the shooter by:
If necessary, you should be prepared to
shelter in place.  Acting aggressively
 Throwing items and improvising weapons
 Yelling
 Committing to your actions
Taking action against the active shooter may be risky, but it
may be your best chance for survival.
 Arrival of First Responders
When first responders arrive, support their efforts and
do not be a distraction:
 Remain calm and follow instructions
 Put down any items in your hands
 Raise hands and spread fingers
 Keep hands visible at all times
 Avoid quick movements
 Do not cling to emergency personnel
 Do not stop to ask first responders for help or
direction when evacuating
 Evacuate in the direction first responders are entering
Provide first responders with the following information:
Two Air Force personnel were killed and  Location and number of perpetrators
two wounded at an Active Shooter
 Number of shooters
 Physical description of shooter(s)
incident at Frankfurt International Airport  Number and type of weapons held by the shooter(s)
in March 2011  Number of potential victims
It is normal to feel helpless; however, you can support
first responder efforts.
 Residential Security Introduction
Living overseas can be an adventure. Good security can
increase your confidence and make it more enjoyable.
You may have limited choice in selecting your residence. DOD
members live in US military installations, DOD-leased
apartments, residences pre-approved by the US Embassy or
US Command, or residences of their own choice.
Terrorist attack on a private residence is less likely than theft
or home invasion. But, crime prevention measures will also
enhance your antiterrorism posture.
Follow the guidance of your housing authority. Some
considerations include:
 Location in a low crime area
Each type of residence has its own  Access to US facilities and local emergency services
security strengths and vulnerabilities.  Security measures such as apartment visitor/vendor control
and gated-community access controls
Consider the local threat when selecting  Strong crime prevention measures
your home.
A concentration of American residences could be a target for
crime or terrorism. But, an isolated location may be a target
for criminal break-in.
 Residential Security – Physical Security
Look at your residence the way a criminal might.
Physical security measures are a deterrent against
crime.
Consider these measures:
 Check for solid exterior doors, good locks, deadbolts,
slide locks, and reinforcing plates to protect locks and
door jams
 Ensure sliding doors cannot be lifted from their track
and lay a rod or dowel in the track
 Keep valuables out of sight and away from exterior
windows
 Do not hide spare keys outside
 Do not advertise your name, rank, or nationality
When in a new home, you do not have to  Use an alarm system when you are at home and away
settle for security measures in place. There  Improve exterior lighting
are many things you can do to enhance  Put gravel outside windows so a prowler will make
your home’s security. sound
Consider replacing locks since you do not know who
may have keys from previous tenants.
A home that is an easy target is also a more likely
target.
 Social Media
Social media provides many advantages. However, through
social media, users can inadvertently provide information on:
 A current operational mission
 An installation’s mission and infrastructure
 Your schedule and routines
 The identities and activities of family member
 Aspects of lifestyle that could allow blackmail/coercion
To reduce the chances of inadvertently releasing sensitive
information consider the following:
 Limit profile information and do not provide your job title,
address, phone number, family member information, etc.
 Limit “friending” to people you know; consider verifying
that other users’ profiles are who they appear to be
 Limit information viewable by users not in your networks
Information posted on social media sites  Use high profile security settings and disable GPS tracking
should be reviewed for OPSEC and facial recognition options
 Never post information or photos that describe current
considerations. duties or operational locations
 Monitor internet usage of family members
 Report suspicious inquiries or violations of internet usage
Social media is an advantageous tool, but information
provided over the internet can potentially be used to plan
and execute an attack against yourself, your family, or your
unit.
 Residential Preparation for
Emergencies
Be prepared to spend 72-hours in your home in an
emergency. Make an emergency kit with food, bottled
water, and first aid supplies. You can get an emergency
kit checklist and a draft family emergency plan on-line.
Consider what to do in the following situations:
 A utility worker says he needs to check a gas line in
your house…
 Call the utility company to confirm identity and authority
to enter
 Your children come home from school and
unexpectedly no one is there to care for them…
Emergency preparedness kits can benefit  Have an emergency contact plan and instructions to stay in
you during a security incident or natural a safe place
disaster.
 Someone breaks into your home and demands money
and valuables
 Cooperation is probably the best approach

Discuss these and other contingencies to ensure your

entire family is ready for the unexpected.
 Off-Duty Security Introduction
Off-duty time present opportunities to visit cultural
sites or other civilian establishments. In some
environments, terrorists attack these sites because
they are vulnerable targets with an exposed
population.
Keep risks in mind as you consider visiting civilian
facilities like these in your off-duty hours:
 Places of worship and religious events
 Common tourist attractions
 International hotels
 Restaurants and coffee shops
Piccadilly Circus in London is a popular  Night clubs
shopping and theater district. British  Public transportation hubs
authorities thwarted a terrorist attack  Sporting events
against this cultural site in 2007
Outside the protection of your installation or
residence, your vulnerability may be increased.
Consider your personal security during off-duty
activities.
 Off-Duty Fundamentals
Several basic measures can enhance your security
during off-duty activities. These include:
 Travel in a small group
 Do not draw attention to yourself; instead,
conceal your military affiliation and try to blend
in
 Carry emergency phone numbers
 Let someone else know where you are going.
Also, it is good to avoid:
 Places where Americans and other Westerners
are known to congregate
Using automatic weapons and knives,  Places of religious significance
terrorists attacked tourists at the Temple  Political events
of Hatshepsut in Deir el Bahri, Egypt  Going out on holidays or anniversaries that
killing 62. may temporarily increase the local threat
Follow any specific guidance from your unit or the
US Embassy’s Regional Security Officer.
 Public Transportation
Public Transportation may be an option for getting to off-duty activities. If so,
consider these protective measures:
 Select major hubs that might have better security
 Do not wait in large groups
 Change times and routes for places you visit often
 On an overnight bus or train, take food or drink only from official transit
personnel
 In a train sleeper car, lock the compartment door securely and keep an exterior
window cracked – criminals have used gas to knock victims unconscious
If taxis are used, consider these guidelines:
 Look for legitimate company markings on the taxi
 If a license is viewable, match the photo on the license to the driver
 Do not always use the same taxi company
 Select your own taxi, do not let a stranger select it for you
Public transportation in foreign countries can be confusing, intimidating, and
dangerous. But you can take steps to reduce your vulnerability.
 During Your Activity
While visiting civilian sites for off-duty activities, there are
several actions you can take to reduce your risk. These include:
 Identify exit routes to be used in case of an attack
 Pre-designate a location to meet if your party is separated in
an emergency
 Watch for suspicious behavior in others
 Notice objects that might conceal an improvised explosive
device such as abandoned backpacks or unusual items in trash
receptacles
In the event of an attack, remember the following:
 In a grenade attack shrapnel will rise from a point of
detonation; being on the floor reduces exposure and having
feet toward the blast may protect the head
 In a small arms attack ricocheting bullets tend to hug the
The four bombers responsible for the floor; crouching (not lying) on the floor may reduce
exposure
2005 attack against the London subway
system entering Luton train station on the Enjoy your off-duty activities, but remember there is a threat.
morning of 7 July 2005. If you observe any indications of a threat, leave the area
immediately and alert the appropriate US or local authorities.
 Air Travel Introduction
The attacks of 11 September 2001 demonstrated the
threat terrorism poses to air travelers. Since then,
security at airports and aboard aircraft has been
increased.
However, even with increased security, the threat
remains. Consider the following tactics and examples
since 2001:
 Midair explosion - December 2001 shoe-bomb plot on
a trans-Atlantic flight
 Surface to air attack – 2002 shoulder-fired missile
attack on a civilian aircraft in Mombasa, Kenya
 Small arms attacks – 2002 attack against the El Al
ticket counter in Los Angeles
The Flight 93 Memorial in New York  VBIED – 2007 attack against the Glasgow
honors those who died in an effort to International Airport terminal
wrestle control of their airplane from  Attacks against airport infrastructure – 2007 plot
terrorists on 11 September 2001. against John F. Kennedy airport
 Skyjacking – several incidents in Africa and the
eastern Mediterranean
Some tactics against air travelers can be thwarted
through vigilance. If you see suspicious behavior, report
it to airport security personnel immediately.
 Air Travel Fundamentals
Everyone should seek and receive guidance before traveling
internationally. Some suggestions here may or may not be
relevant to your specific travel situation.
It is generally wise to keep a low profile and not disclose your
DOD affiliation:
 Travel with a tourist passport (consult Foreign Clearance
Guide)
 Do not wear clothing with DOD or US symbols or slogans
(check with your organization about clothing guidelines)
 Do not include rank or organization on luggage tags
 Use civilian luggage instead of military duffle bag
 Seal official papers in an envelope
When planning your travel, consider the following:
Items that show your DOD or Government  Travel on US carriers or only on foreign carriers known to
affiliation should be concealed. have good security
 Avoid airports with a history of security problems such as
Athens and Istanbul
Consider your seat selection. A window seat reduces your
exposure in a skyjacking but also reduces your mobility.
You can reduce risk with careful air travel planning.
 Airport Terminal Security
Threats against air travelers occur primarily in two
places: at the airport prior to passing security and
on the aircraft.
When you arrive at an airport, pass through
security without delay since all passengers and
baggage are screened at that point. To avoid
delays, ensure your travel documents are in order
and use online check-in options.
Be vigilant for:
 Vehicles left unattended at the curbside check-in
A vehicle catches fire after terrorists ram areas
the terminal building at Glasgow  Individuals that appear nervous
International Airport.  Any activity that is out of place in an airport
environment
Report suspicious activity to airport authorities
immediately. In international or unfamiliar
airports, it is best to wait for your flight in the
gate area.
 Responding to a Skyjacking
11 September 2001 introduced a new tactic to
airline skyjacking: use of aircraft as weapons of
mass destruction. However, skyjacking is still used
to take hostages and not all skyjackers are intent
on suicide.
If your aircraft is skyjacked, you must choose your
actions carefully whether to cooperate or actively
resist. Try to understand the skyjackers’ intent. For
example:
 Are pilots left in control of the aircraft? This may
indicate a desire to land the plane safely
Threats to an aircraft come in many forms,  Have passengers or crew been physically
and each terrorist may have a different abused? This may indicate their mindset
motivation.  Are passengers singled out by nationality or
religion? This may indicate something about their
goal
More information about responding to a hostage
situation is available in the Hostage Survival
section of this application.
 Ground Travel Introduction
For many decades, US forces have
had to protect themselves against
terrorist attack while traveling in
military and civilan vehicles. Many of
these threats were concentrated in
Europe and Latin America.
Terrorist tactics included ambushes
Terrorists used hand guns to assassinate using small arms fire and roadside
Lieutenant Commander Albert
Shaufelberger in El Salvador and Captain
explosives. Attacks using improvised
George Tsantes in Greece. Both were explosive devices (IEDs) have
killed in their vehicles.
dramatically increased in the last
few years.
 Ground Travel Fundamentals
Keep several measures in mind when considering
vehicle security:
 Do not draw attention to yourself. Drive a
vehicle that is common in the area. If possible,
avoid using decals and bumper stickers that
advertise your association with DOD.
 Ensure your vehicle is well maintained. A
reliable vehicle is good for security and safety.
Keep your tires properly inflated and the fuel
tank at least half full.
 Vary routes. This makes it harder for terrorists to
A car burning after a terrorist attack in plan attacks. Do not be a predictable target.
Greece.
 Report suspicious behavior. Be alert to unusual
things, such as the absence of people in a
market place. Alert your leadership and security
officials immediately.
 Inspecting Your Vehicle
Perform vehicle inspections for tampering or sabotage
as local conditions warrant.
When you get a new vehicle, inspect it to familiarize
yourself with its normal appearance so you can identify
potential threats in the future. Then, inspect it whenever
it has been in an unsecured location.
A good vehicle inspection consists of the following:
 Visual exterior inspection: Without touching the
vehicle, look for any evidence of tampering on the
undercarriage and in the wheel wells.
 Visual interior inspection: Without touching the
The components of a vehicle you should vehicle, look though the windows for anything unusual
examine during an inspection: the exterior on the seats or floorboards.
and undercarriage, interior, the trunk, and
 Complete interior inspection: Look under the hood, in
the engine compartment. the trunk, in the glove compartment, behind the gas
cap cover, under the seats, in the interior console –
anywhere something may be hidden
You do not need to be an expert to perform a
thorough inspection. Vigilance is the key.
 Hotel Security Introduction
Hotel security is a significant concern for the
US government and host nation governments.
In addition to low-level criminal activity,
hotels have been targeted with small arms
attacks, vehicle-borne improvised explosive
devices (VBIED), and suicide backpack
bombers.
Hotels are attractive targets for terrorists.
They usually have lighter security than
military installations or government buildings.
Ruins of the Paradise Hotel in Mombasa, They often attract guests who are potential
Kenya following a 2002 VBIED attack. targets such as affluent local nationals and
Western officials and businessmen. Also,
terrorists may perceive certain hotels as
symbols of American influence or western
economic power. Finally, many hotels employ
third-country nationals for house staff and
maintenance, further complicating security.
 Selecting a Hotel
When selecting a hotel, consider the following:
 Good stand-off from the street to protect from a
VBIED
 Location in a non-violent and low-crime area
 Solid perimeter such as a steel fence, solid wall,
and vehicle barriers
 Access control for both persons and vehicles
 Protection by hotel security personnel or host
nation military
 Location near major roads for use in your daily
commute
 Facilities inside the hotel such as a restaurant
and gym to limit your need to leave during off-
Smoke pours form the Taj Mahal Hotel in
duty hours
Mumbai, India after terrorists set fires to
ensure as many casualties as possible.
 Electronic key card security to reduce
vulnerability to crime
It may be hard to find a hotel that has all the
security features you want. If so, look for security
measures that protect against tactics previously
used against hotels in the area.
 Selecting Your Hotel Room
Selecting a room can be important, though
you may not have control of your room
assignment. However, if you have the choice,
consider the following:
 3rd to 5th floor rooms are best – rooms on
the 1st and 2nd floors are easily accessible
from the outside, and rooms above the 5th
floor are difficult to reach by emergency
services
 A room away from the street can reduce
your exposure to a VBIED
Floor maps marking the locations of  Access to fire escapes and emergency
emergency exits can usually be found on evacuation routes
the back of a hotel room door.
It may be hard to find a room with all of
these characteristics. If you do not feel your
room is safe, ask for another room or
consider going to another hotel.
 Inspecting Your Hotel Room
Once in your room, inspect it for security and make
some mental preparations. Consider these things:
 Functioning locks on all doors and windows
 Risk of potential access through outside windows or a
balcony
 Location of emergency exits and escape routes
 How to barricade yourself in your room – is the door
solid, and can you move furniture around?
 Peephole to view visitors before opening the door
 A working phone
Be sure you can call the front desk and call directly to
the US Embassy or US military HQ.
Night latches are commonly found in hotel Also, when you leave your room, give it the
rooms and should be used if available. appearance of being occupied:
 Leave the radio or television set on
 Hang the “Do Not Disturb” sign on the door
 Leave a light on in the area of the door
If you have concerns about your room’s security
features, consider asking for a different room or
changing hotels.
 Hostage Survival Introduction
The threat of kidnapping is a concern
for DOD-affiliated personnel in many
parts of the world. Hostages are taken
to obtain political concessions, ransom,
and publicity. Many hostage situations
are resolved through negotiation or
rescue. In some extreme cases, hostages
are killed by their captors.
If taken hostage, your actions can
Hostages may be taken for a variety of improve your changes of survival. To
reasons and captivity may last for only a
few hours or possibly for years.
prepare for this possibility, review
“Isolated Personnel Guidance,” an
annex to CJCS Guide 5260. This is
available from your Antiterrorism
Officer.
 Initial Response to Hostage Incident
In the initial moments of a hostage taking, both the
victim and captors are in a highly reactive mindset and
prone to spontaneous actions. On one hand, an act to
resist may be seen as a threat and met with deadly
force. On the other hand, the chaos of the situation may
afford an opportunity to escape. The decision to resist
or comply is a personal choice you must make based
upon your estimate of the situation and chances of
survival.
However, if taken hostage, focus on defusing the
situation:
 Control your fear and maintain your dignity; if you
In 1996, members of an insurgent group, become excited, so will your captors
MRTA, took hundreds of dignitaries
 Follow instructions of your captors
hostage at the Japanese Ambassador’s
residence in Peru.  Avoid sudden movements that your captors may view
as hostile
The initial moments and hours of a hostage situation
can be the most dangerous. Your decisions can increase
your chance for survival.
 Time In Captivity
A hostage’s time in captivity could last days, months, or years.
During this time, you can expect sporadic to intense
questioning about your DOD activities.
If questioned, consider the following:
 Respond to your captors with respect and maintain your
dignity
 Try not to display emotion or ego
 Avoid responding to questions about sensitive military matters
 Do not lie, but do not volunteer information; if a lie is
necessary, keep it simple and be consistent.
Be prepared for a long captivity in poor conditions. It is
important to maintain your mental and physical health:
 Keep active and maintain a daily routine
The house where a US contractor, Thomas  Engage guards in conversation, but avoid topics such as
Hamill, was held captive in Iraq for 23 politics and religion
days before he escaped and was rescued  Eat the food that is provided to you even if it is poor
quality
by US Forces.  Find ways to exercise
 Get enough sleep
Personal optimism, faith, self-discipline, and keeping the mind
active are keys to enduring a difficult situation.
 Stockholm Syndrome
The “Stockholm Syndrome” is the behavior of hostages
who, over time, become sympathetic to their captors.
Experts have identified factors in the development of
Stockholm Syndrome:
 Credible threat to survival
 Perceived small kindness from the captor
 Isolation from perspectives other than the captor’s
Hostages can become attached to their captor and
begin to see the world from the captor’s perspective.
This can reduce their ability to see opportunities for
escape or increase security.
The term “Stockholm Syndrome” comes If you become a hostage, remain true to your core
from a 1973 bank robbery where values. You may develop rapport with your captor;
hostages held for six days befriended however, you should never dismiss your needs, morals,
their captor. and ideals. Remembering these principles will help you
maintain objectivity in a dangerous situation and
increase your chance of survival.
 Hostage Resolution
If taken hostage, you have to decide if your best
chance for survival is through remaining in captivity or
attempting an escape.
If you do not feel there is an immediate threat to your
life, your best option may be to remain in place and
hope your release is negotiated or a rescue attempt
made. In the event of a rescue attempt, be sure to:
 Immediately drop to the floor or dive behind a
piece of furniture for cover
 After taking cover, do not make any sudden moves –
you may be mistaken for a captor
 Do not attempt to assist rescue personnel – your
actions may be misinterpreted as a threat
Terry Anderson’s release was finally  Cooperate with rescue personnel – hostages may be
negotiated after seven years of captivity handcuffed and detained while identifications are
in Lebanon. confirmed.
If you feel there is an immediate threat to your life,
you may consider an escape attempt. Your chance for
success is greatest when security is lighter, you know
your location and which way to go for help, and you
have food and water supplies for the environment.
 CBRNE Introduction
The chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear,
and explosives (CBRNE) threat is a constant
danger to DOD personnel and assets deployed
throughout the world.
Terrorists have used Improvised Explosive Devices
(IEDs) for decades, often with devastating results.
Forms of IEDs include briefcase bombs, suicide
bombers, and vehicle bombs.
While not common, chemical and biological
attacks have also occurred. In 1995, terrorists
attacked the Tokyo subway using Sarin nerve gas.
First responders in protective gear during In 2001, anthrax-laden letters were mailed to
the 2001 anthrax attacks.
targeted individuals and places.
A nuclear or radiological attack has not yet
occurred, but terrorist organizations are seeking
new attack methods. The proliferation of nuclear
materials that could be used as a weapon of
terror greatly concerns US officials.
 Responding to CBRNE Attacks
The nature of a chemical, biological, radiological, or
nuclear attack may be hard to determine. Chemical
agents may be colorless, odorless, and difficult to
identify. And, the effects of biological agents may take
days or weeks to appear. Symptoms may resemble
common ailments and may not be properly diagnosed.
Regardless of the type of incident, you can do several
things to help protect yourself:
 Cover your body, especially your nose and mouth
 Wash any exposed part of your body with soap
and water
 Seek medical attention as soon as possible
 Obey local authorities and first responders
The anthrax laden letter mailed to
Senator Tom Daschle during the 2001 If you believe a chemical attack is underway, move
anthrax attacks and first responders in upwind into a well-ventilated area.
protective gear in front of the Hart Senate
Office Building. If you suspect a biological attack, avoid infected areas
and watch for signs of illness in yourself and others.
In case of a radiological/nuclear attack, consider
sheltering in place and tightly close doors and
windows.
 Responding to IEDs
Be alert to the IED threat, even in areas without a
history of attacks. Terrorists target symbolic sites,
military personnel and equipment, innocent civilians,
and first responders.
IEDs can be disguised as everyday items. Look for:
 Suspicious objects and packaging:
 Unattended items that could conceal a bomb (suitcase,
briefcase, flower planter, trash can, dead animal,
parked cars)
 Items with unusual batteries, wires, and strings
 Recent construction or repairs (potholes, roadside
mounds, building repairs)
 Disturbed earth or depressions in the ground
A double-decker bus bombed during the  Suspicious behavior:
July 2005 London IED attacks.
 An unexplained decrease in local activity
 Persons dressed in unseasonably warm clothing or
behaving nervously

If you suspect an IED, clear everyone from the area

and immediately alert local authorities or installation
security.