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Cell Structure.

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Badejo Anthony
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5 views

Cell Structure.

notes

Uploaded by

Badejo Anthony
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Organization and maintenance of the organism

Cell Structure

What are cells?

Cells are the basic, fundamental, structural and functional unit of life.

What are the parts of a cell & their function?

The parts of a cell are called organelle, which means little organ in a cell.

Do Now: Analyse the diagram between an animal cell & plant cell.

The cell is the basic unit of life. In other words, a cell is the smallest thing that is still considered to be
a living thing. Anything smaller is not a living thing.

- All living things are made of cells.

- There are many types of cells and they each have specific jobs.

- All cells come from other cells.

- Organelles found in both plant and animal cells:

- Cytoplasm: the region between the cell membrane and the nucleus. It is mostly made of water.

- Nucleus: a cell structure that contains genetic material (DNA), the chemical instructions that direct
all the cell’s activities. It can be considered to be the “headquarters” of the cell.

- Cell membrane: a thin, tough band of protein that that controls which substances can enter or leave
the cell

- Vacuole: a water filled sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area. Vacuoles are usually much larger
in plant cells than they are in animal cells.

- Organelles Found Only Plant Cells:

- Cell wall: a rigid (hard) layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other
organisms; the cell wall is always outside the cell membrane. Cell walls give plant cells strength and
support.

- Chloroplast: a structure found in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy
from sunlight and uses it to produce food in a process called photosynthesis.

- Chloroplasts contain chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is the chemical which gives plants their green
colour and allows photosynthesis (plants making their own food from sunlight and water and
carbon dioxide) to occur.
Make two columns, one for animal cell parts & the other for plant cell parts; write down a list of the different
parts for the two types of cells. Use a T-chart.

List of cell organelles and functions

Nucleus - control centre of the cell; where chromosomes are located.

Nucleolus - small circular structure(s) within the nucleus; manufactures ribosomes.

Chromosomes – contains genes which are hereditary genetic material (DNA) found in the nucleus.

Mitochondria - where cellular respiration occurs by using glucose (carbohydrate) to produce a


chemical energy called ATP.

Ribosomes - use for peptide molecule synthesis (are made); ribosomes are either free or attached to
endoplasmic reticulum.

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum – This is where ribosomes are attached to the endoplasmic reticulum to
assemble or synthesize peptide molecules using amino acids. These peptide molecules are transported in vast
canals or tunnels by the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi complex to assemble protein in the cell.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum - synthesis (to make) of fatty acids and steroids.

Golgi complex or apparatus - sorting and “packaging centre” for peptide molecules to form
proteins in vesicles to be exported from the cell or use within the cell.

Lysosome - vesicle filled with digestive enzymes to break things down or destroy things.

Centrosome & centriole – gives mitotic (= cell division) spindle fibres for attachment to chromatin
(=DNA) during nucleus cell division.

The plasma membrane or cell membrane is the covering of the cell. It also plays a vital role in getting
nutrients into the cell and sending waste products out.

Chloroplast contains chlorophyll (= green pigment) to capture sunlight energy to be used in


photosynthesis. 6CO2 + 6H2O --à C6H12O6 + 6O2
The cell wall covers the cell membrane and offers rigidity to the cell. The cell wall is made of cellulose,
the same thing that paper is made of.
Vacuoles - are enclosed membrane compartments which are filled with water in plant cells.

Vesicles – are enclosed membrane compartments which can be filled with water, protein, and
nutrients.

The cytoplasm is the cell fluid that surrounds all the other organelles of the cell, and cell particulars
(minerals, vitamins, peptide molecules, and proteins float in the cell.

Organisms are made from organizations of smaller structures. You need to know the following
hierarchy of structures.

Multicellular plants and animals contain many different types of cell. Each type of
cell is designed for a particular function.

Here are examples of cells and their functions in tissues

1. Ciliated cells in respiratory tract

Features: tiny hairs called cilia which can move mucus.

Function: waft mucus with bacteria and dust away from the lungs.

Features: cells merge together to form fibres that can contract.

Function: cause movement

2. Red blood cells


Features: have no nucleus, contain haemoglobin
Function: transport oxygen around the body

3. Root hair cell (plants)

Features: the hair gives a large surface area

Function: absorb water and mineral ions; anchor the plant firmly in the soil

4. Xylem cells

Features: long, thin cells arranged end-to-end to form vessels (tubes). The cells lack
end wall and cell contents such as cytoplasm and nucleus. The walls become
lignified (woody).

Function: conduction (transport water and mineral ions from roots to


leaves) support (Lignin provides strength for the stem).

Common misconceptions: Xylem and phloem tissue are often confused. Xylem carries water and
mineral salts, while Phloem transports sugars and amino acids.

In a vascular bundle in a stem, Phloem is on the outside and Xylem is on the inside.
Example of annotation

Action of phagocyte

Tissues, Organs and organ Systems

Cells are organized to form tissue, organs, and organ systems. In a healthy organism,
all the systems work together.

SPECIALIZED CELLS

• A specialized cell is designed to do a particular job.


• Nerve cells have long fibres to carry massages.
• Muscle cells can contract and relax.
• White blood cells attacks bacteria. · Platelets help clotting.

TISSUES

• Large numbers of specialized cells make up tissue.


• Muscles, blood and nerves are all tissues.
• Blood tissue contains red cells for carrying oxygen, white cells for
destroying harmful bacteria, and platelets to cause clotting in cuts

ORGANS

• Various tissues together make up an organ.


• Each organ has its own specific job.
• The heart, the stomach and the brain are all organs.
• The heart has to pump blood around the body. It is made up of
muscle tissue, blood vessels and nerves.
• Arteries and veins are usually thought of as organ as they consist
of several tissue layers.
ORGAN SYSTEMS: Various organs together make up an organ system. E.g. the circulatory system
carries blood to all parts of the body. It is made up of the heart, arteries, veins, capillaries and blood.

ORGANISM: Various organ systems together make up an organism. A human


organism has:

• Respiratory system
• Digestive system
• Circulatory system
• Nervous system
• Endocrine system

Levels of organisations

Key definitions

• Organelles: a structure within a cell (e.g. nucleus, vacuole,


cytoplasm and chloroplast are all organelles of a plant cell).
• Tissue: a group of cells with similar structures, working together
to perform a shared function.
• Organ: a structure made up of a group of tissues, working
together to perform specific functions.
• Organ system: a group of organs with related functions, working
together to perform body functions.

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