INTRODUCTION

In some cities and villages, sometimes street lights glow in day time without any
reason. In mining regions people face many difficulties due to absence of light in
the nights. In frontier and hilly areas, people face many problems due to damaged
street lights. For solving these problems, we create a device in which the lights
glow in night and in day time, they get switched off automatically and don't glow.
Due to use of it, we can solve above problems and can also save electricity. An
LDR circuit uses an LDR to detect changes in ambient light levels. It is made up
of an LDR, a resistor, and a load, and can be used to turn on or off a load when
the ambient light level falls below or rises above a certain threshold. LDR circuits
are easy to build and can be used in a variety of applications, such as automatic
night lights and light-sensitive alarm circuits. Lighting control systems are widely
used on both indoor and outdoor lighting of commercial, industrial, and
residential spaces. Lighting control systems are sometimes referred to under the
term smart lighting. Lighting control systems serve to provide the right amount
of light where and when it is needed.

Lighting control systems are employed to maximize the energy savings from the
lighting system, satisfy building codes, or comply with green building and energy
conservation programs. Lighting control systems may include a lighting
technology designed for energy efficiency, convenience and security. This may
include high efficiency fixtures and automated controls that make adjustments
based on conditions such as occupancy or daylight availability. The LDR has the
highest resistance in dark around 1012 Ohm and this resistance decreases with
the increase in Light.

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1. Transistor:
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electrical
signals and power. The transistor is one of the basic building blocks of modern
electronics. It is composed of semiconductor material, usually with at least three
terminals for connection to an electronic circuit.

A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals controls the
current through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power
can be higher than the controlling (input) power, a transistor can amplify a signal.
Some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded
in integrated circuits.

Austro-Hungarian physicists Julius Edgar Lilenfeld proposed the concept of a

field effect-transistor in 1926, but it was not possible to actually construct a
working device at that time .The first working device to be built was a point-
contact transistor invented in 1947 by American physicists .John baradeen and
Walter barratain while working under William shockley at Bell Labs. The three
shared the 1956 Nobel prize in physics for their achievement .The most widely
used type of transistor is the metal oxide semiconductor-effect transistor
(MOSFET), which was invented by Mohammed Atla and Dawon Kahang at Bell
Labs in 1959.Transistors revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the
way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other
things.

Most transistors are made from very pure silicon, and some from germanium,
but certain other semiconductor materials are sometimes used. A transistor may
have only one kind of charge carrier, in a field-effect transistor, or may have two
kinds of charge carriers in bipolar transistor junction devices. Compared with the
vacuum tube, transistors are generally smaller and require less power to operate.

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Certain vacuum tubes have advantages over transistors at very high operating
frequencies or high operating voltages. Many types of transistors are made to
standardized specifications by multiple manufacturers.

Emitter (E): It is the left hand side thick layer of the transistor which is heavily
doped;

Base (B): It is a central thin layer of transistor which is lightly doped;

Collector (C): It is the right hand side thick layer of the transistor which is
moderately doped;

A p-n-p junction transistor is obtained by growing a thin layer of thin layer of n-

type semi-conductor in between two relatively thick layers of p-type semi-
conductor.

A n-p-n junction transistor is obtained by growing a thin layer p-type

semiconductor in between two relatively thick layers of n-type semi-conductor.

In the project, common emitter n-p-n transistor (BC-547) is used.

N-P-N TRANSISTOR
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2. CARBON RESISTOR:

To make the resistance, a variety of metals and alloys are utilized, including
nichrome, brass, platinum, and tungsten. However, when compared to carbon
resistors, most of these metals have low electrical resistance since it is
difficult to create high resistance without making the resistor bulky.
Resistance is known to be exactly proportional to the product of the resistor’s
length and resistivity. They are made from a solid cylindrical resistor element
with embedded wire leads or metal end caps. Carbon resistors come in
different physical sizes with power dissipation limits, commonly from 1 watt
down to 1/8 watt. There are many materials used to produce resistance,
particularly metals and alloys like nichrome, brass, platinum and tungsten
alloys. However, most of these metals have low electrical resistivity, unlike
carbon resistors, which makes it difficult to produce high resistance without
becoming bulky. For most practical purposes, however, carbon resistors are
preferred. This is because they are cheap to produce, compact and can be
directly printed onto circuit boards . Compared to metal wires, which are
expensive to produce, carbon is abundantly available, making it cheap.A
carbon resistor has generally four rings or bands A, B, C and D of different
colours corresponding to the value of resistance. In project, we use carbon
resistance of 1M ohms and 330 ohms.

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3. LDR:
LDR means light dependent resistance which is used to complete the circuit. LDR
(Light Dependent Resistor) as the name states is a special type of resistor that
works on the photoconductivity principle means that resistance changes
according to the intensity of light. Its resistance decreases with an increase in the
intensity of light. The Light-dependent resistors made with photosensitive
semiconductor materials like Cadmium Sulphides (CdS), lead sulfide, lead
selenide, indium antimonide, or cadmium selenide and they are placed in a Zig-
Zag shape. Now, a transparent coating is applied on the top so that the zig-zag-
shaped photosensitive material gets protected and as the coating is transparent the
LDR will be able to capture light from the outer environment for its working. It
works on the principle of photoconductivity whenever the light falls on its
photoconductive material, it absorbs its energy and the electrons of that
photoconductive material in the valence band get excited and go to the conduction
band and thus increasing the conductivity as per the increase in light intensity.

Also, the energy in incident light should be greater than the bandgap gap energy
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so that the electrons from the valence band got excited and go to the conduction

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band.The LDR has the highest resistance in dark around 1012 Ohm and this
resistance decreases with the increase in Light

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 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

To construct an automatic night lamp using a transistor and LDR.

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 THEORY

This project is based on Light Dependent Resistance (L.D.R.). LDR is a

resistance, in which opposing power of current depends on the presence of
quantity of light present, i.e. the resistance of LDR increases or decreases,
according to quantity of light which falls on it. If LDR places in darkness, the
resistance of LDR increases and when light falls on it, the resistance of LDR
Decreases and act as a conductor. Any LDR in the presence of light and
darkness changes its resistance is depending on the different types of LDR.

The main part of this circuit is the light dependent resistor (LDR). It is a sensor
which is a particular kind of resistor whose resistance decreases when exposed
to light. Likewise it offers high resistance in dark. The resistance value changes
from few 100 ohms to mega ohm range. The LDR is placed in a potential
divider network. So voltage across LDR changes with intensity of light. Voltage
across the LDR is given to the positive terminal of a comparator. Now a
reference voltage is required to compare with the voltage across LDR. That
reference voltage is made by using the pot or preset. So this preset can be used
to adjust the sensitivity of the circuit. Next is the comparator made using
LM358 op-amp which compares the voltage levels at its two inputs and gives
output accordingly. If the voltage at positive terminal is greater, the output will
be high and if the voltage at negative terminal is greater, the output will be low.
That is if it is dark, resistance across LDR is high, so voltage drop across the
LDR is high and voltage at positive terminal will be greater than the reference
voltage. Therefore output of comparator will be high. The output of comparator
is given to a transistor wired as a switch . Since enough voltage appears across
the base emitter junction, the transistor conducts and current passes through the
relay coils. So relay switches its contact and the bulb glows. Bulb is connected
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to the NO (Normally Open) pin of relay as it should be off when the relay coils
are not energized. If the output of comparator is low, then transistor will be in
OFF stage. So no current flows through the relay and bulb remains in OFF
stage.

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MATERIALS REQUIRED

1. A n-p-n transistor

2. Breadboard

3. Resistors:330Ω , 1MΩ

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4.Connecting Wires

5. LED Lights

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6.LDR

7.A 9V Batter

8. A wirecutter

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9. Insulation tape

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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 PROCEDURE

• Take a breadboard and connect its two halves

• Connect a 9V battery on the breadboard.

• Connect an NPN transistor on the breadboard with its three legs (Emitter,
Base, Collector) inserted in three different columns of the breadboard.

• The emitter of the transistor is grounded .Connect one leg of a 1 MΩ

resistor to the base of the transistor, and its other leg to any different
column of the breadboard. Connect the corresponding column to Vcc.

• Connect an LDR between the base and emitter of the transistor.

• Connect one leg of a 330 Ω resistor to the collector of the transistor, and its
other leg to any different column of the breadboard.

• Take an LED. Connect its negative terminal to the right leg of 330 Ω
resistor, and its positive terminal to VCC.

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 OBSERVATIONS

When the circuit is exposed to light, the led remains off. When the circuit is
taken into dark, the led glows.

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 RESULT

The light glows when it is exposed to dark.

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 CONCLUSION

During the daytime when there is a light, the LDR has very low resistance and all
voltage coming through R1 dropped with the ground. This makes the voltage at
the base of the transistor very low and it will not switch ON the transistor.
Because the transistor is OFF, the current will not flow through the transistor. As
a result, LED will not turn ON.

At night when there is no light, the LDR has high resistance and very less power
dropped with the ground. This makes the voltage at the base of the transistor high
to turn the transistor ON. Because the transistor is turned ON, current flows
through the transistor. It flows from the positive battery terminal, through R2, the
LED, and the transistor down to the negative battery terminal. As a result, the
LED turns ON.

The same circuit can be used for a variety of purposes. Check out the Automatic
Street Light Control System using LDR application. Instead of LED, bulbs are
used using a relay.

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 SOURCES OF ERROR

• All the connections should be made tight.

• The experiment should be conducted in a dark room.
• The LDR may not be perpendicular to the source.

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 PRECAUTIONS

• Excess current should not be passed through LED.

• Make all the connections neat, clean and tight.

• Never exceed the ratings for the current given in the transistor manual.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

➢ Grade 12 NCERT Physics book

➢ https://electrosome.com/automatic-night-lamp/
➢ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoresistor
➢ https://www.circuits-diy.com/automatic-night-lamp-using-
light-dependent-resistor-ldr/
➢ https://www.scribd.com/document/378254285/Automatic-
Night-Lamp-Using-LDR
➢ https://www.rfwireless-world.com/
➢ https://aspiringyouths.com/
➢ https://www.ijraset.com
➢ https://www.ecstuff4u.com/
➢ https://www.electricaltechnology.org/
➢ https://tapetum.in/

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