GEOGRAPHY

PAPER 1

NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12

MAY/JUNE 2022
MEMORANDUM

THIS MEMORANDUM CONSISTS OF 14 PAGES

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SUBJECT SPECIFIC MARKING GUIDELINES

• All marking should be done in red pen. Internal moderation is done in black pen;
moderation by SACAI is done in green pen, while Umalusi moderates in purple pen.
• Marks should be indicated with a tick “” directly above the relevant keyword. In the case of two
marks per fact, two ticks “” should be indicated. Do NOT place the tick at the end of
the line (sentence) or paragraph. Mark wrong answers with a cross (X) or underline
wrong sentences.
• Where a sentence or paragraph is awarded a mark (as opposed to a single word or
fact) bracket off the relevant section e.g., "[ ]" and tick it.
• Where a correct point is made, but it is irrelevant to the given question, indicate it by
writing "Irr" above the sentence and/or paragraph. If a whole section is irrelevant,
bracket it off and write "Irr". If a large portion of the page is irrelevant, draw a 'squiggly'
line through the centre of the page and write "Irr" next to this line. Vague facts are
indicated with a “V”.
• Where a fact(s) is repeated within a question, write ‘'R’' to indicate repetition.
• If a candidate is penalised e.g., for listing points instead of providing an explanation in
sentence format, bracket it off and write “Q” for “question” next to it.
[These remarks – Irr / V / R / Q etc. – should be encircled].
• NO personal or corrective comments addressed to the candidate should be made.
• If the maximum number of marks is achieved before the end of an answer, draw a
straight line through the CENTRE of the page with an arrow at its tip and write ‘‘max’’
at the bottom of this line.
• Totals for a sub-question (e.g., 3.1) should be written in the RIGHT-HAND margin
where that sub-section of the question ends. OR: Total the ticks for the whole page at
the bottom of the page in the right-hand margin. (One of these two methods will be
decided on at the marking session).
• Totals for the entire question should equal the total of all the subsections and should
be entered in the LEFT-HAND margin of the script where the question number is
written.
• RULE OFF in red pen across the ENTIRE page at the end of a full question.
• Do NOT circle any marks.
• Transfer the total marks per question to the front cover of the script (or to the
appropriate block if there is one) together with the marker’s initials.

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SECTION A

QUESTION 1

1.1
1.1.1 A: Night 
B: Day 
1.1.2 1: Higher 
2: Lower 
1.1.3 3: Anabatic wind 
4: Katabatic wind 
1.1.4 5: Thermal belt 
6: Frost pocket  (8x1) [8]

1.2
1.2.1 Temperate cyclone / Frontal depression / Temperate depression 
[Any one] (1)

1.2.2 L2  (1)

1.2.3 Mid-latitude cyclones move from west to east and the most eastward system
is the oldest one  (1x2) (2)

1.2.4 - The cold front moves faster than the warm front / the cold sector behind
the cold front catches up with the warm front 
- The warm sector is forced to rise leaving only cold air at the surface  (2x2) (4)

1.2.5 - Converging warm westerlies and cold polar easterlies at polar front 
- A wave (bend) develops in polar front to form a cell of low pressure 
- cold air pushes in beneath the warm air to form a cold front 
- warm air rises over the cold air and forms a warm front 
[Any three] (3x2) (6)
[14]

1.3
1.3.1 Sub-tropical High Pressure  (1)

1.3.2 -Descending air 

-Anti-clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere 
-Diverging (outward) from the high pressure  (3x1) (3)

1.3.3 - Descending air flow causes that adiabatic heating takes place / diverging
winds prevent the influx of moist air 
- with the result that no cloud formation and rainfall is possible 
- A weak pressure gradient, that is typical of high-pressure systems, gives
rise to little wind or no wind 
[Any two] (2x2) (4)

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1.3.4 Not justified:

- December is summer with quite high temperatures 
- to replace the typical anti-cyclonic descending air flow in rising air
(convection) 
- This is supposed to weaken the base of the anti-cyclone / inversion
layer 
- to a much lower atmospheric pressure than 1020 hPa around H2
- High temperatures will more likely favours the development of a trough of
low pressure 
- This trough extends north-south from the ITCZ and contributing to
minimise the surface intensity of the anti-cyclone 
[Any four] (4x2) (8)
[16]

1.4
1.4.1 True 
1.4.2 True 
1.4.3 False 
1.4.4 False 
1.4.5 True 
1.4.6 False 
1.4.7 True  (8x1) [8]

1.5
1.5.1 A side view of a river from source to mouth to represent the gradient against
which the river flows  (1)

1.5.2 A river that achieved equilibrium between its gradient, volume and channel
shape  so that erosion rates are just in balance with deposition rates  (2x1) (2)

1.5.3 (a) Sea level 

(b) Permanent  (2x1) (2)

1.5.4 1: B
2: C
3: A (3x1) (3)

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1.5.5 Advantages:
- Flood plains are covered with extremely fertile soil 
- because of regular top soil deposits from the upper courses 
- These soils ensure high yields to support high numbers 
- Close to water for irrigation/ domestic use 
- Gentle surfaces attract settlements 
- and promote mechanisation / traffic routes 
- Rivers are normally navigable for cheap water transport 

Disadvantages:
- Torrential rainfall cause serious flooding of the flood plain 
- destroying crops / stock and threatens human life 
- Upstream pollution affect the quality of the water 
[At least ONE fact should cover either advantages or disadvantages]
[Any four] (4x2) (8)
[16]

1.6
1.6.1 River (stream) capture / River piracy  (1)

1.6.2 (a) 4
(b) 1
(c) 5
(d) 2 (4x1) (4)

1.6.3  Wind gap: Part of original valley directly downstream of elbow, now d
- Head ward erosion: River lengthens its course by cutting back
upstream 
- Misfit stream: The beheaded stream which has lost its headwaters 
- Elbow of capture: Point where capture occurred / The intercepted
stream changes direction and flows into the captor stream 
[The concept] [Any THREE] (3x1) (3)

1.6.4 B (1x2) (2)

1.6.5 -Increased discharge from captive to captor, a tributary of B 

-increases flow energy carried over to system B 
-which increases downward erosion 
[The concept] [ Any two] (2x2) (4)
[14]

TOTAL QUESTION 1: 75

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QUESTION 2

2.1
2.1.1 (Urban) heat island  (1)
2.1.2 Night  (1)
2.1.3 - Artificial surface / Built-up area 
- Pollution  (2x1) (2)
2.1.4 - Artificial heating / Lack of vegetation [Any one]  (1)
2.1.5 - No / Little wind 
- Descending air from the Kalahari anti-cyclone 
- Increased combustion of fossil fuels  [Any one] (2x1) (2)
[7]

2.2
2.2.1 - The distinctive symbol in the centre 
- Only tropical cyclones get human names such as Fiona 
- Atmospheric pressure in centre well below 1000hPa 
- Circular isobars closely spaced 
- Direction of movement from east to west 
[Any two] (2x1) (2)

2.2.2 Wind direction around the low-pressure centre as indicated by the weather
station model is clockwise for the southern hemisphere  (1x2) (2)

2.2.3

[Cross-section =  / Eye =  / Air movement = ] (4x1) (4)

2.2.4 The front left sector of the system where the worst weather regarding wind
speed and rainfall occurs . (1x2) (2)

2.2.5 - On its general east-west path the cyclone will tend to turn to left in the
Southern Hemisphere in a southerly direction 
- and finally turns to the left again to move eastward  (2x2) (4)
[14]

2.3
2.3.1 Off-shore  (1)

2.3.2 Descending (1)

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2.3.3 On its west-east movement the coastal low will turn the off-shore berg winds
into cooler onshore winds  (1x2) (2)

2.3.4 - Drying effect on soil increase drought conditions 

- Vegetation / pasture is destroyed 
- Veld fires may spread very easily 
- Heat wave conditions affect wild life 
- Heat exhaustion threatens especially babies and the elderly 
[Any two] (2x2) (4)

2.3.5 - Cover water surfaces to limit evaporation 

- Create shadow for stock between ± 11:00 and 16:00 
- Make fire breaks to protect pasture 
- Electrify farm worker’s houses to cut-out open fires for food
preparation 
- Introduce flexitime on farms 
- To allow farm workers to rest during warmest time 
[Any four] (4x2) (8)
[16]

2.4
2.4.1 False 
2.4.2 False 
2.4.3 False 
2.4.4 True 
2.4.5 True 
2.4.6 False 
2.4.7 True 
2.4.8 False  (8x1) [8]

2.5
2.5.1 The main river together with its tributaries  (1)

2.5.2 (a) PLATEAU (b) COMPARED TO …

- Gentle gradients  - steep(er) gradients 
- Lower energy/slow flowing - fast flowing / high energy 
- Large drainage basins - smaller areas drained 
- Main streams cover long - shorter main streams 
distances
- More discharge - less discharge 
[Any two compared] (2x2) (4)

2.5.3 (a) Permanent → flow throughout the year  while episodic flow
happens only after a rain shower/thunderstorm and flows for a few
hours/a day or two  (2x1) (2)

(b) Tugela: Located in the high rainfall eastern part of South Africa 
Hartbees: Low rainfall and dry earth infiltrates precipitation quickly  (2x2) (4)

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2.5.4 (a) (i) X: Permanent  (1)

(ii) Y: Periodic  (1)
(iii) Z: Episodic  (1)

(b) X  (1x2( (2)

[16]

2.6
2.6.1 (a) A: Dendritic  (1)
(b) B: Parallel  (1)

2.6.2 A: 3 
B: 1  (2x1) (2)

2.6.3 (a) The total length of the streams in an area is much shorter for a low
drainage density in comparison with a high density 
[The concept] (1x2) (2)

(b) - Dense vegetation cover allows infiltration, therefore less run-off 

- Porous surfaces allow infiltration and less surface water 
- Gentle slopes more infiltration 
- Low rainfall infiltrates almost in total and therefore less streams 
- Saturated soil allows little infiltration 
- In case of radial: streams spreading in opposite directions 
- In case of rectangular: joints and cracks are wide-spread 
[Any four] (4x2) (8)
[14]

TOTAL QUESTION 2: 75

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QUESTION 3

3.1
3.1.1 pull factor 
3.1.2 push factor 
3.1.3 dispersed 
3.1.4 nucleated 
3.1.5 uni-functional 
3.1.6 multi-functional 
3.1.7 dry-point 
3.1.8 wet-point  (8x1) [8]

3.2
3.2.1 -The province shows a mainly rural character 
-Small towns make up the majority of urban centres 
[The concept] [Any one] (1)

3.2.2 Gauteng / Western Cape [Any one] (1)

3.2.3 - Mechanisation on farms reduce the need for hand labour 

- Consolidation of uneconomical farming units make large numbers of
workers unnecessary 
- Population growth in rural areas force people to relocate in towns and
cities
- Droughts and other natural disasters destroy harvests and leave farmers
without an income 
- The deterioration of safe conditions on farms with continuing farm
attacks 
- Young people finishing school enrol at tertiary institutions and start their
careers in the cities/towns 
[Any two] (2x2) (4)

3.2.4 - The local governments of the metropoles cannot supply housing fast
enough for the migrants 
- The migrants are not employed and can’t afford formal housing 
[Any one] (1x2) (2)

3.2.5 - Expand the staff of the Dept. of Refuse removal and its infrastructure 
- Job creation so that new comers can afford formal housing 
- Create a regulated dumping site close to the squatter area in the
metropole area 
- Chemical processing of refuse to reduce the amounts to be dumped 
- Educate the people to accumulate own domestic refuse in bins 
- Collect refuse for recycling/re-use 
- Initiate research on new methods of mass refuse processing 
[Any two] (2x2) (4)

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3.2.6 - Living conditions in large cities may become very unpleasant because of
overcrowding so that people could decide to move back to the so-called
countryside provinces 
- If the concept of “work from home” get well-established, people may
move to a ‘country home’ located in rural area 
- The development of tourist attractions or holiday resorts in the country /
rural areas may create large numbers of job opportunities, from
construction and maintenance to management and service delivery 
[Allow for higher order thinking] [Any two] (2x2) (4)
[16]

3.3
3.3.1 Land-use zone is an area within an urban settlement where one particular
function is dominant.  (1)

3.3.2 The elongated shape of some of the land-uses which focus on the CBD  (1x2) (2)

3.3.3 - Low-income residential 

- A ghetto lifestyle typical of urban blight 
- Most of the people are jobless / poor 
- Occupation density of living space is high 
[Any one] (1x2) (2)

3.3.4 Residential  (1)

3.3.5 - At the outskirts of the city area on unoccupied open space 

- Isolated, not mixing with other land-uses 
- Local government can supply basic services quite easily 
- Adjacent to a low-income residential area which makes it more
compatible (acceptable) 
- Close to water/river for the residents’ daily needs 
- Next to light industries, the people close to possible unskilled job
opportunities 
- Close to a possible access route to the city centre 
[Any four] (4x2) (8)
[14]

3.4
3.4.1 F 3.4.5 C
3.4.2 H  3.4.6 D
3.4.3 G 3.4.7 B
3.4.4 A (7x1) [7]

3.5
3.5.1 -Gauteng  → 34% 
-Northern Cape  → 2%  (2x2) (4)

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3.5.2 - Overcrowding (population / traffic etc.) because of accelerated

urbanisation 
- Pressure on resources e.g., water for domestic and industrial use 
- Pollution (air, water, noise) 
- Service delivery (housing / education / health care etc.) become a critical
issue 
- Social problems (poverty / crime / unemployment etc.) 
[Any two] (2x2) (4)
3.5.3 Gauteng:
- The PWV is SA’s largest industrial region 
- Very highly urbanised with large variety of economic activities 
- Large population to pay taxes / large market 
- Tertiary sector (service sector) well expanded 
- Mining sector, although declining, still an active contributor 
- Also close to raw materials from other provinces 

Northern Cape:
- Economy based on mining sector only to supply raw minerals to be
exported/transported to industrial regions 
- No large-scale industrialisation within the province 
- Very dry region with extensive farming limits income 
- Tourism and fisheries also a low-income sector 
- Low population numbers to pay taxes / small market 
[At least ONE fact should cover Gauteng or Northern Cape]
[Any four] (4x2) (8)
[16]
3.6
3.6.1 - Also, an uneven economic development concentrated in a few core
areas 
- Southern provinces (Western & Eastern Cape) lack close-by minerals
and the economic development-based minerals 
[The concept] [Any one] (1x2) (2)
3.6.2 - Encouraged immigration which brought new technical skills to the
country
- Towns and cities developed 
- Development of physical infrastructure (roads, railways, harbours) 
- Supply raw materials to factories 
- Export of minerals generates foreign capital 
- Creates job opportunities 
- Markets developed for South African agricultural products 
[Any three] (3x2) (6)
3.6.3 - Eliminate wasting / wasteful mining techniques 
- Do not export raw minerals @ low prices 
- Refine metals to increase its value 
- Recycling of metals 
- Find substitutes for metals e.g., plastic in cars etc. 
[Any three] (3x2) (6)
[14]
TOTAL QUESTION 3: 75

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QUESTION 4

4.1
4.1.1 Urban growth 
4.1.2 Urban expansion  
4.1.3 Sphere of influence 
4.1.4 Threshold population 
4.1.5 Level of urbanisation 
4.1.6 Rate of urbanisation 
4.1.7 Central place  (7x1) [7]

4.2
4.2.1 (a) Nucleated  (1)
(b) 3rd position (after farmstead and hamlet)  (1)
4.2.2 - The inhabitants do not live in isolation / socially close together 
- As a group together, it is quite safe 
- Agricultural equipment can be shared 
[Any two] (2x2) (4)

4.2.3 (a) Land owned by the group living there  (1)

(b) The average annual income per person in a country  (1)
4.2.4 - Intervention by the private sector or government should be introduced as
a first phase 
- Commercial farmers have to assist with training and advice  - Rent out
on a commission basis their machinery 
- Divide the communal land into viable units…cultivating and pasture
land 
- Identify problem areas such as soil erosion / overgrazing etc. and take
action accordingly 
- Avoid overpopulation that exceeds the carry capacity of the land 
- Educate communities to become more and more commercialised / money
making orientated 
- Add value to existing primary products to become market orientated /
money earners 
- e.g., making jam from harvested fruits (any applicable example) 
- Improve infrastructure and quality of live …water and electricity 
[Any four] (4x2) (8)
[16]
4.3
4.3.1 Air pollution  (1)

4.3.2 Industries (Factories) Power stations  [Any one] (1)

4.3.3 -Vehicle exhaust gases  [Compulsory]

-Domestic fires  (2x1) (2)
4.3.4 - Vehicles: The use of private motor cars with continuously growing
population numbers / expanding city boundaries 
- Domestic fires: The mushrooming of informal settlements on open
spaces in and around the city where mainly wood and coal are used 
[If not ‘domestic fires’, accept a logical answer] (2x2) (4)

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4.3.5 - Relocate the factories to sites outside the city 

- Decentralise heavy industries to new growth points in rural areas 
- Filters mounted on the factory chimneys to reduce the CO2 
- Extend the chimneys upward to above the night inversion 
- Replace fossil fuels with renewable (green) energy as far as possible 
- Create smokeless zones 
- Legislation / Fines 
- Improve public transport to reduce private cars on roads / electric
cars  (3x2) (6)
[Any three]
[14]

4.4
4.4.1 E 4.4.5 H
4.4.2 I  4.4.6 A
4.4.3 G 4.4.7 D
4.4.4 C 4.4.8 B (8x1) [8]

4.5
4.5.1 Primary:
- Gold/Diamond mining –Sugar can cultivation - Forestry 
[Any one]
Secondary:
-Oil refinery –Jeweller –Sawmill -Furniture -Sugar mill 
[Any one]
Tertiary:
-Transport –Trade 
[Any one] (3x1) (3)

4.5.2 Raw material orientated Market orientated

-B  -A -C 
[Note: Both A & C for one (1) mark] (2x1) (2)

4.5.3 Light industries Heavy industries

-C  -A –B 
[Note: Both A & B for one (1) mark] (2x1) (2)

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4.5.4 (a) The difference in the value of a country’s imports and exports during one
year  (1)

(b) -All imports contribute to reduce a country’s trade income, therefor

importing crude-oil contributing to a negative balance of trade 
-All minerals of value that are exportable, contribute to a positive
balance of trade e.g. diamonds and gold 
-All processed goods which are in demand contribute to a positive
balance of trade, e.g. jewellery (diamonds/gold) 
-Positive or negative depend on the amount of money to be spend on
importing more expensive in relation to the total income from less
expensive raw materials e.g. crude oil compared to sugar/timber 
-If a country processed its raw materials locally and then export the
processed goods, it contributes more to a positive balance 
[The concept] [Any three] (3x2) (6)
[14]

4.6
4.6.1 Tertiary  (1)

4.6.2 Selling goods on the street is the performance of a service delivery  (1)
4.6.3 - No overhead costs such as rent and electricity 
- Quick access to customers 
- Food / Flowers sell easily 
- A one-man job limits expenses 
[Any one] (1x2) (2)

4.6.4 - Many unskilled labourers can only seek employment in the informal
sector 
- Combat poverty 
- Take off pressure from government funds for social grants 
- Provides opportunities for women and children 
[Any one] (1x2) (2)

4.6.5 - Wages (salaries) are uncertain 

- Working hours are long 
- Profit margins for general consumer goods are low 
- Vulnerable against crime 
[Any one] (1x2) (2)

4.6.6 - Creates fixed structures at selected points / at taxi ranks / bus stops
etc. 
- Equips these places with basic services / water & electricity 
- Provides for security against criminal elements 
- Introduces a basic fee to rent these premises 
- Checks regularly for possible illegal stuff 
- Selling food should comply to prescribed standards 
- Allows for initiative and expansion 
[Any four] (4x2) (8)
[16]
TOTAL QUESTION 4: 75
TOTAL THREE (3) QUESTIONS ANSWERED: 225

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