144

‫اجمللة العلمية جلامعة امللك فيصل‬

The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University

‫العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬

Basic and Applied Sciences

Design of A Perfect Metamaterial ‫تصميم ممتص موجات كهرومغناطيسية باستخدام‬

Absorber for Microwave Applications
Khalid Saeed Lateef Al-Badri
‫امليتامترييال لتطبيقات ترددات املايكروويف‬
Physics Department, College of Education, University of Samarra, Samarra, Iraq
‫خالد سعيد لطيف البدري‬
‫ العراق‬،‫ سامراء‬،‫ جامعة سامراء‬،‫ كلية التربية‬،‫قسم الفيزياء‬
LINK RECEIVED ACCEPTED PUBLISHED ONLINE ASSIGNED TO AN ISSUE
‫الرابط‬ ‫االستقبال‬ ‫القبول‬ ‫النشر اإللكرتوني‬ ‫اإلحالة لعدد‬
https://doi.org/10.37575/b/sci/0050 08/11/2020 29/01/2021 29/01/2021 01/06/2021
NO. OF WORDS NO. OF PAGES YEAR VOLUME ISSUE
‫عدد الكلمات‬ ‫عدد الصفحات‬ ‫سنة العدد‬ ‫رقم اجمللد‬ ‫رقم العدد‬
3779 4 2021 22 1

ABSTRACT ‫امللخص‬
In this manuscript, a multi-band and low-profile metamaterial absorber with polarisation ‫) الذي يتكون من خاليا‬metamaterial( ‫صمم النموذج املقترح من املواد الخارقة‬
independence from 00 to 450 is presented. The proposed metamaterial structure is composed of a ‫ تتكون كل واحدة منها من حلقة نحاسية‬،‫ ملم‬1.5× ‫ ملم‬250× ‫ ملم‬150 ‫متراصفة بحجم‬
single ring with a rectangular patch, consisting of periodic unit cells with a size of 150mm × 250mm ‫ لدراسة مدى تأثر النموذج املعرض للموجة الكهرومغناطيسية‬.‫و قطعة مستطيلة‬
× 1.5mm. The structure exhibits three absorption peaks under normal incidence, which cover the X- ‫ أوضحت نتائج‬.X ‫الساقطة عموديا على مستوى التصميم التي تغطي حزمة التردد‬
band. According to the results, the desired material can excellently absorb the electromagnetic wave ‫ إذ يفوق‬450 ‫ إلى‬00 ‫التجربة ظهور ثالث قمم امتصاص غير حساسة لالستقطاب من‬
signal, with an outstanding absorption rate of about 95% at the microwave x-band frequency. The ً
proposed structure shows three absorption bands where two of them exceed 90% absorption level. ‫ الذي‬Q ‫ فضال عن ذلك تقدم النتائج عامل جودة‬.%90 ‫اثنان منهما مستوى امتصاص‬
The results displayed a high Q-factor of 103.5 at a resonance frequency of 8.58 GHz and the figure 98.4 ‫ الذي يبلغ‬FOM ‫ جيجاهرتز ومعامل الجدارة‬8.58 ‫ عند تردد الرنين‬103.5 ‫يبلغ‬
ِّ
of merit (FOM) is 98.4, which can be used to enhance the sensor sensing, narrowband band filter ‫الذي يمكن استخدامه لتحسين أداء املستشعر ومرشح النطاق الضيق واستشعار‬
ً
and image sensing. The proposed structure is fabricated, and experiments are carried out to validate ‫ فضال عن ذلك أجريت دراسة بارامترية إلظهار قابلية التعديل امليكانيكي‬.‫الصورة‬
the design principle. Strong agreements are observed between the measured and the corresponding ‫تصنيع ًالنموذج املقترح ثم أجريت التجارب املختبرية للتحقق من نتائجه‬ ً ‫ وتم‬.‫للتصميم‬
simulated results. .‫التي أظهرت تطابقا جيدا بين املقاسة واملحاكاة‬
KEYWORDS
‫الكلمات املفتاحية‬
Absorber, high Q-factor , metamaterials, microwave, multi-band, sensor
َ ‫ ُم‬،‫ مستشعرات‬،‫ متعدد الحزم‬،‫ مايكروويف‬،‫مرتفعا‬
ِّ ‫مت‬
‫ص‬ ً Q ‫ عامل جودة‬،)‫املواد الخارقة (امليتامتيريال‬
CITATION
‫اإلحالة‬
Al-Badri, K.S.L. 2021. Tasmim mumtas mathali lilmawadi alfawqiat litatbiqat almykrwwyf ’Design of a perfect metamaetiral absorber for microwave applications’. The Scientific
Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied Sciences, 22(1), 144–7. DOI: 10.37575/b/sci/0050
‫ العلوم األساسية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ تصميم ممتص موجات كهرومغناطيسية باستخدام امليتامتيريال لتطبيقات ترددات املايكروويف‬.)2021( .‫ خالد سعيد لطيف‬،‫البدري‬
.147-144 ،)1(22 ،‫والتطبيقية‬
of interest in science and technology. In principle, metamaterial
1. Introduction absorption develops from the E-field and/or the H-field resonance,
METAMATERIAL (MTM) are materials that are not directly found in which may lead to a narrow bandwidth absorption band.
nature and exhibit unusual electromagnetic properties. In 1967– Consequently, to satisfy the practical requirements of the rapid
1968, the metamaterial was first proposed by Veselago (1968) but development of sensors nowadays, it is necessary to enhance sensor
has not received much interest from scientists for many years. Pendry sensitivity. A lot of metamaterial structures have led to a broken
et al., (2001) theoretically proposed that metamaterial can be done structure symmetry (Abdulkarim et al. 2020; Ksl et al. 2018).
experimentally. In the following years, many studies were carried out In this study, the signal absorption of metamaterial was discussed. As
on this subject. Today, metamaterial has a wide range of applications the electromagnetic signal is applied to the material, it is expected
such as medical (Smith et al. 2004), imaging (Papaioannou et al. that the incoming signal will not be transmitted and absorbed in the
2017), signal absorption (Shawkat et al. 2020; Al-badri 2020), resonance frequency range so that the signal is absorbed by the
invisibility cloak (Kanté et al. 2009; Al-Badri 2019), absorption tuning material. Since there will not be a 100% absorption, this value is
(Hameed et al. 2020; Ekmekci et al. 2016), antenna (Luo et al. 2019), supposed to be at least 90% after the losses are released. Such can
sensor (Abdulkarim et al. 2020; Ksl et al. 2018), etc. However, also be referred to as materials that produce excellent signal
metamaterial with the extra-electromagnetic properties of materials absorption. For this case, the back of the material is covered with
provides an increase in electromagnetic applications (Sabah et al. metal. Thus, the transmission value S21, which is very close to zero.
2015). With the resonator design and the dielectric used, the reflection value
Landy et al. (2008) proved that metamaterial absorbers’ structure can S11 obtained can be very close to zero (Mohammed et al. 2019).
absorb radiation of incoming electromagnetic wave inside the Material structure, thickness, dielectric value, loss tangent value,
absorber. They exploited the impedance matching to get perfect structure of resonator, etc. are the parameters directly affected by the
absorption. These interesting results opened the door for a new absorption of the signal.
absorber/isolators application, which is much smaller than the There are various metamaterial signal absorption studies published
traditional ones (Abdulkarim et al., 2020). Metamaterial absorbers (Watts, et al. 2012; Cui et al. 2014; Lim et al. 2016; He et al., 2018.).
showed that absorption rate can reach the unity absorption level or The dual-band absorption, in particular, is the most frequently
99% at an overall structure thickness of 1/30 or more (Hameed et al. discussed multi-band absorption structure and has subsequently
2019). Thus, electromagnetic metamaterial absorbers became a topic been widely studied and reported. Some studies focused on the dual-
band absorption based on coplanar structural (Zhang et al. 2018;
Corresponding Author: Khalid Saeed Lateef Al-Badri [email protected] ,009647710762193 ‫ خالد سعيد لطيف البدري‬:‫املؤلف املراسل‬
 .147-144 ،)1(22 ،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ تصميم ممتص موجات كهرومغناطيسية باستخدام امليتامتيريال لتطبيقات ترددات املايكروويف‬.)2021( .‫ خالد سعيد لطيف‬،‫البدري‬ 145
Song et al. 2018), implementation using the sandwich design (Wang (FIT) is used for numerical analysis founded on the frequency domine
et al. 2019; Xing Jian, 2018), and other designs presented by circular solver. According to the result in Figure 2, the lowest obtained value
sector resonator (Luo and Chen, 2018), graphene–SiC (Qing et al. of S11 was 0.18 in the frequency of 11.07 GHz. In addition, it is seen
2019) and cylinder MoS2-dielectric array (Qiu et al. 2019). In this that the structure shows signal absorption at around 8.58 GHz and
study, the metamaterial is aimed to be absorbed in two bands in the 10.24 GHz frequency values, and S11 values are below 0.7. Even
x-band and to be an example of the recent studies by obtaining close though the frequency is absorbed by the signal at these frequency
to excellent absorption values at different bands. To achieve good values, the best, perfectly resonant frequency at which the signal is
absorption at different frequencies, the signal is absorbed by the absorbed is at 11.07 GHz. At this frequency, it can be seen that the
simulation at multiple frequencies. This work can apply to many structure performs 95.98% of signal absorption.
areas, such as medical, thermal imaging, military and so on. Fig. 2. Numerical S11, S21 and absorption spectrum for the proposed Metamaterial absorber.

2. Material and Method

The design of the material-based signal-absorbing dielectric material
is FR-4 with a layer thickness of 1.5 mm. FR-4 is made of glass fibre
reinforced laminate and is composed of epoxy structure. It can be
manufactured with double or single surface copper plating and can
be used easily at high frequencies. Regarding the FR-4 structure, the
relative dielectric permeability is 4.3 and the loss tangent value is
0.025. To keep the reflection value near zero, the back of the structure
is covered with copper having a metallic property of 5.8 𝑥107 S/m Fig. 3. Numerical absorption based on TE and TM mode for the proposed structure.
and a thickness of 0.035mm. Similarly, the resonator on the front is
made of copper. The dimensions of the given resonator structure are
as follows: a = 17 mm, a = 10 mm, b = 6.7 mm, c = 1.75 mm, d = 5.75
mm, e = 1.76 mm, g = 0.25 mm, h = 1.45 mm, w = 0.5 mm. To obtain
these values, a parametric study was performed, and the structure
was optimised. When constructing the structure, Figure 1 shows the
parameters and perspective views of the structure.
Fig. 1. Parameters values and perspective views of the designed metamaterial absorber.

4. Analysis and Discussion

Figure 3 presents the characteristic of TE-polarisation and TM-
polarisation responses. Due to the symmetry of the proposed design
at a high 450 of sensitivity, from 00 to 450 angles for the TE mode of
the dual-band absorption spectrum, the proposed absorber is
polarisation sensitive. However, it can also be gathered from the TM-
Numerical studies of a 3D electromagnetic solution have been polarisation simulated results that the absorption spectrum presents
realized for the numerical results of the designed and optimised a high degree of insensitivity under different polarisation angles from
structure. Periodic boundary conditions are used to demonstrate the 00 to 450. In some cases, the cross-sectional areas of the structure are
periodic arrangement of the proposed design, which are applied to designed for the best absorption value to be produced. It is also
the x- and y-axes, while the perfectly matched layers for absorbing adjusted depending on the frequency being kept constant at a certain
unnecessary scattered light are applied to the z-axis. The electric field band (i.e. x-band). Thus, the cross-sectional area from which the best
direction is applied along the x-direction and magnetic field is along result is obtained is determined. In other words, optimisation works
y-direction and propagation wave is along the z-axis. The reflectance are carried out to give the best result. To better understand the reason
and transmission values of the structure were first determined. The behind the results of the proposed design, a parametric analysis of the
metal plate behind the structure allows the transmission to be very b cut wire length, c cut wire width, h substrate thickness and w ring
close to zero, and the highest value of the signal absorption at the width is carried out with respect to the design variables. It can be seen
linear value is at the point where the reflection is the smallest in the that the absorption spectrum for the two high frequencies changes
signal absorption calculation. The signal absorption (Ekmekci et al. straight to high frequencies with an increase in the b cut wire length
2016) and an increase in the absorption rate. However, only the absorption
level increases when the c cut wire width increased. Moreover, the
𝐴 (𝑤) = 1 − (𝑅 (𝑤) + 𝑇 (𝑤)) (1) three absorption bands decreased in level when the h substrate
is calculated according to the formula and the results are given in thickness increased. When the width of the ring increases, the second
Figure 2 and 3. Here the 𝑅 (𝑤) = |𝑆11 |2 and 𝑇 (𝑤) = |𝑆21 |2 , absorption band shifted right until it merged with the third
where 𝐴 (𝑤) the absorption rate can be calculated from the and absorption band.
reflection coefficient ( 𝑅 (𝑤) = |𝑆11 |2 ) and the transmission
coefficient (𝑇 (𝑤) = |𝑆21 |2 ). The transmission coefficient of the
absorber with the metallic ground is zero. Therefore, 𝐴 is determined
by the reflectivity of the absorber.

3. Result
The CST Microwave Studio based on Finite Integration Technique
Al-Badri, K.S.L.. (2021). Tasmim mumtas mathali lilmawadi alfawqiat litatbiqat almykrwwyf 'Design of a perfect metamaetiral absorber for microwave applications'. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied
Sciences, 22(1), 144–7. DOI: 10.37575/b/sci/0050
 .147-144 ،)1(22 ،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ تصميم ممتص موجات كهرومغناطيسية باستخدام امليتامتيريال لتطبيقات ترددات املايكروويف‬.)2021( .‫ خالد سعيد لطيف‬،‫البدري‬ 146
Fig. 4. (colour online) Dependence of the absorption spectrum on the changes of (a) b cut wire Li et al. 2019 8.5 0.85
length, (b) c cut wire width, (c) h substrate thickness and (d) w ring width Burrow et al. 2019 15.5 17.5
Saadeldin et al. 2019 22.1 2.94
Xie et al. 2018 58 7.5
This work 103.5 98.4

Fig. 5. Experimental setup.

It is seen that outstanding absorption resulted in different frequency

values where the b value increased. When the frequency range is kept
between 8 and 12 GHz, the best absorption rate produced is 95% and
the parametrical value is 6.1 mm. Similarly, when the applied
frequency value is taken from 8 to 9 GHz, the best absorption rate
outcome is 99.03% and the b cross-sectional area is 7.3 mm. In
addition, when the frequency range falls between 10 and 12 GHz, the
best absorption rate is 99.98% and the b cross-sectional area is 6.1
mm. This result indicated that the best absorption rate that can be 5. Experimental Results
produced depends on the frequency range applied. In previous Figure 6 shows the experimental sample. It is implemented by using
studies examined in the introduction section, it was found that there the traditional circuit board etching technology. A 150X250 mm
are very few structures that provide excellent absorption at different sample was etched on cells on a 1.5 mm thick FR4 dielectric board. In
frequencies. Satisfactory results were obtained in the simulation the absorbance material reflectivity test system, there are two
studies in the medical, image processing, military fields and so on, broadband horn antennae connected to a vector network analyser by
showing that it can be applied to many areas of work. In addition, the coaxial cable, used as the source and receiver ports to test the
results of changing the c cut wire width, h substrate thickness and w proposed structure as presented in Figure 5. Figure 6 shows the
ring width show excellent absorption when the frequency range is different comparison of simulation and experimental results of the
kept between 8 and 12 GHz for all parameters. It is confirmed that the absorption rate. However, the measurement results are in strong
best absorption rate is 99.89% at c=1.5mm, while the best absorption agreement with the simulation results.
rate based on substrate thickness is seen at h=0.8mm. Finally, Fig. 6. shows the different comparison of simulation and experimental results.
w=0.25mm has shown perfect absorption compared to other w ring
width.
Figure 3 also shows a satisfactory Q-factor result of 103.5 at a
resonance frequency of 8.58 GHz. Where
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝑄𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 =
𝐹𝑊𝐻𝑀
(2)
𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑠 resonance frequency, 𝐹𝑊𝐻𝑀 is the full width at a half
maximum of the resonance peak (He et al. 2018). Additionally, the
FOM is 98.4, where:
𝐹𝑂𝑀 = 𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 × 𝑄_𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (3)
𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥 is the height amplitude of absorption at the resonance 6. Conclusion
frequency. Meanwhile, the high Q-factor and FOM can be used to
enhance the sensor sensing, narrowband band filter and image In this study, the signal absorbing material structure, which is one of
sensing (Abdulkarim et al. 2020). the metamaterial applications that has become the focus of attention
in recent years, is designed, and the numerical data analysis is carried
In this paper, a multi-band metamaterial absorber operating at x- out. To ensure the maximum absorption of the designed structure,
band frequency is presented. The absorber suggested here is the back portion is covered with a metal conductor and the results are
designed using simple structures of cut wire and split ring, which was tested with the sections on the front surface. According to the
placed on a 0.8mm FR-4 substrate. Three absorption peaks with two obtained numerical and experimental data, the b length is changed
bands near 100% absorbance were obtained. Based on this, the Q- from 6.1 mm to 7.3 mm with a stipe length of 0.3 mm in order to
factor and FOM performance of the proposed structure is discussed. achieve excellent outcomes. As a result of the values obtained in the
The first absorption peak shows a high Q-factor=103.5 and simulation results, an absorption value of 99.98% is provided in the
FOM=98.4 at a resonance frequency of 8.58 GHz, which are b length of 6.1 mm at a resonance frequency of 11.07 GHz and two
significantly higher than many existing absorbers reported at GHz other perfect absorption bands. Next, at 7.1 mm and two perfect
frequency. See Table 1. absorption bands, it demonstrates the applicability of the numerical
Table 1 Comparison of the Q-factor and FOM between the proposed structure and the other works
structure, which is designed to achieve a high Q-factor of 103.5 at a
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Al-Badri, K.S.L.. (2021). Tasmim mumtas mathali lilmawadi alfawqiat litatbiqat almykrwwyf 'Design of a perfect metamaetiral absorber for microwave applications'. The Scientific Journal of King Faisal University: Basic and Applied
Sciences, 22(1), 144–7. DOI: 10.37575/b/sci/0050
 .147-144 ،)1(22 ،‫ العلوم األساسية والتطبيقية‬:‫ املجلة العلمية لجامعة امللك فيصل‬.‫ تصميم ممتص موجات كهرومغناطيسية باستخدام امليتامتيريال لتطبيقات ترددات املايكروويف‬.)2021( .‫ خالد سعيد لطيف‬،‫البدري‬ 147
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This work is supported by the University of Samarra Research circular sector resonator structure. Journal of Electronic Materials,
47(1), 323–328.
Foundation (USRF) grants (USRF-2019-cic011912 and USRF-2019- Luo, S., Li, Y., Xia, Y., and Zhang, L. (2019). A low mutual coupling antenna array
cic012012) funded by the Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific with gain enhancement using metamaterial loading and
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Khalid Saeed Lateef Al-Badri 11.
Physics Department, College of Education, University of Samarra, Samarra, Papaioannou, M., Plum, E., and Zheludev, N. I. (2017). All-optical pattern
Iraq, 009647710762193, [email protected] recognition and image processing on a metamaterial beam splitter.
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Mr Al-Badri (from Iraq) earned a Master’s degree in Electronic and Pendry, J.B., Holden, A.J., Robbins, D.J. and Stewart, W.J. (1999). Magnetism
Communication Engineering from Süleyman Demirel University, from conduct and enhanced nonlinear phenomena. IEEE
Turkey in 2016. He is currently the Director of the Communications and transactions on microwave theory and techniques, 47(11), 2075–
Information Technology IT centre, University of Samarra, Iraq. He has 84.
written more than 25 papers that have been published in academic Qing, Y.M., Ma, H.F., Yu, S. and Cui, T.J. (2018). Tunable dual-band perfect
metamaterial absorber based on a graphene-SiC hybrid system by
journals and conferences. He has been a member of five international multiple resonance modes. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics,
conference committees in Japan, France, Iraq and Malaysia. 52(1), 15104–14. DOI: 10.1088/1361-6463/aae75f.
ORCID: 0000-0003-3678-4954. Qiu, C., Wu, J., Zhu, R., Shen, L. and Zheng, B. (2019). Dual-band near-perfect
metamaterial absorber based on cylinder MoS2-dielectric arrays for
sensors. Optics Communications, 451(n/a), 226–30.
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