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LG ACADEMY, RAU

SESSION 2024-25

CHEMISTRY INVESTIGATORY PROJECT


Class XI (B)
TOPIC:- EQUILIBRIUM

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY

Mr. Ravi Vishwakarma Vedansh Thakre


Certificate
LG ACADEMY, RAU
This is to certify that ___________________of class XI ( ) has
successfully complete investigatory Project on the Topic
__________________________________ under the guidance of
Mr. RAVI VISHWAKARMA during the year 2024-25 in the
partial fulfillment of the Chemistry practical examination
conducted by CBSE.

Signature of Internal Examiner

Institution stamp Signature of Principal


ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to sincerely and profusely thank my Chemistry teacher


Mr. RAVI VISHWAKARMA for his able guidance and support
in completing my project.

Last but not the least; I would extend my gratitude towards our
respected principal ma’am Mrs. VINITA BHATIA, all teaching
and non-teaching staff of LG Academy, RAU and towards my
friends who has supported me to complete this project.

Name:- VEDANSH THAKRE


Class:- XI-B
INDEX

S.NO. TITLE Page NO.


1 Introduction 2
2 Theory 2
3 Requirments 8
4 Procedure 8
5 Table 9
6 Observations 9
7 Precautions 10
1. INTRODUCTION

Le Chatelier’s Principle shows how concentration,


pressure, and temperature affect the
Equilibrium position for a reaction. With a constant
and given temperature, the Kc value remains the same
however the amount of reactants and products may shift
to accommodate the changes made to the reaction to
create equilibrium again. When the temperature is
changed, the Kc value changes as well and the reactants
and products shift to fit the new Kc value. Using colored
substances can help the understanding of this principle.

2. THEORY

Page 2
Let's see how chemical equilibria behave when
concentration changes.
Many chemical reactions involve a state of equilibrium.
Equilibrium is said to be dynamic when the rate of forward
reaction become equal to that of the backward reaction.
Consider a general reversible reaction;

With the passage of time, there is a depletion of the


reactants A and B and an accumulation of the products C
and D. As a result, the rate of forward reaction decreases
and that of backward reaction increases. Eventually, the
two reactions occur at the same rate and the system
reaches a state of equilibrium.

Law of Chemical Equilibrium-


Norwegian chemists Cato Maxmillian Guldberg and Peter
Waage proposed that for a chemical reaction;

Page 3
The rate of reaction in either direction is proportional to the
active mass (concentration) of the reactants.
By applying the Law of Mass Action;
The rate of forward reaction;

The rate of back wards reaction;

Where [A], [B], [C] and [D] are the equilibrium


concentrations of A, B, C and D respectively.
a, b, c, and d represents the stoichiometric coefficients of
A, B, C and D respectively.
Page 4
Kf and Kb are the rate constants of forward and backward
reaction.
However, at equilibrium,
Rate of forward reaction = Rate of backward reaction.

Or,

Or,

Where,
Kc is called the equilibrium constant expressed in terms of
molar concentrations and the above equation is known as
the Law of Chemical Equilibrium.

What does the Law of Chemical Equilibrium state?


The Law of Chemical Equilibrium is defined as, the ratio of
product of concentration of the products to the product of
concentration of the reactants, with each concentration
term is raised to the power by its coefficient in overall

Page 5
balanced chemical equation, is a constant quantity at a given
temperature and it is called chemical equilibrium.

Le Chatelier’s Principle-
If a system is subjected to a change in concentration of one
or more reactants, or a change in temperature or pressure,
the equilibrium condition of the system is altered. A net
reaction will take place in some direction until a new
equilibrium state is attained.
In 1884, a French Chemist and Engineer, Le Chatelier,
showed that in every such case, the new equilibrium state
partially reduces the effect of change that brought it about.
This principle is known as Le Chatelier’s Principle.

Page 6
The principle states that, if a system at equilibrium is
subjected to a change of pressure or temperature or
number of moles of the component, there will be a tendency
for a net reaction in the direction that reduces the effect of
this change.

Effect of concentration change


According to Le Chatelier’s principle, when the
concentration of any of the reactants or products in a
reaction at equilibrium is changed, the composition of the
equilibrium mixture changes so as to minimize the effect of
concentration changes.
To illustrate the effect of change in concentration on
equilibrium, consider the equilibrium between ferric ions
and thiocyanate ions;

The equilibrium constant for the above reaction can be


written as,

Where, [Fe (SCN) 2+], [Fe3+] and [SCN-] are the equilibrium
concentrations of the respective species and K c is the
equilibrium constant.

Page 7
[Fe (SCN) 2+]/ [Fe3+][ SCN-] is known as the reaction
quotient as is denoted by Qc. It can be expressed in the
same way as equilibrium constant Kc except that the
concentrations in Qc are not necessarily the equilibrium
values.
In this reaction, ferric chloride reacts with potassium
thiocyanate to form a deep red-colored ferric thiocyanate
complex. The intensity of the red color becomes constant
on attaining equilibrium.
When the concentration of any of these species is changed,
the equilibrium is disturbed and the reaction quotient
remains no longer equal to equilibrium value. In order to re-
establish the equilibrium, the ions interact in such a way that
the reaction quotient again becomes equal to the
equilibrium constant.

● If we add ferric chloride solution to the deep red-colored


solution containing ferric ions, thiocyanate ions and ferric
thiocyanate complex, the concentration of ferric ions
increases. As a result, more thiocyanate ions combine
with ferric ions to increase the [Fe (SCN)2+] complex and
therefore the color intensity of the red solution increases.
The increase in concentration of ferric ions shifts the
equilibrium in the forward direction.
● If we increase the concentration of thiocyanate, more
ferric ions react with thiocyanate ions to increase the
[Fe(SCN)2+] complex. As a result, the color intensity of
Page 8
the red solution increases. Thus, the increase in
concentration of thiocyanate ions shifts the equilibrium in
the forward direction.
● If we add potassium chloride to the solution, the
concentration of potassium ions increases.

It affects the equilibrium between potassium ions and


thiocyanate ions.

As the concentration of potassium ions increases, more


thiocyanate ions react with potassium ions to form more
potassium thiocyanate and the above equilibrium shift in the
backward direction occurs. As a result, the concentration of
thiocyanate ions decreases and the equilibrium 1 shifts in
the backward direction. In other words, some of the
[Fe(SCN)2+] complex dissociates to
give Fe3+ and SCN- ions.
As a result, the concentration of [Fe(SCN)2+] decreases and
therefore the intensity of red color decreases. Thus the
increase in concentration of K+ ions shifts the equilibrium in
the backward direction.
Generally we can say that;

Page 9
● An increase in the concentration of the reactants shifts
the equilibrium in the forward direction and a decrease
in the concentration of the reactants shifts the
equilibrium in the backward direction.
● Similarly, an increase in concentration of the products
shifts the equilibrium in the backward direction and a
decrease in the concentration of the products shifts the
equilibrium in the forward direction.

3. REQUIREMENTS FOR THE


INVESTIGATORY PROJECT

Distilled water, Methyl Orange (An acid-base


indicator), Test tubes, Hydrochloric acid and Sodium
hydroxide.

4. PROCEDURE

1. In one test tube, 3 mL DI H2O is taken.


2. Then 2-3 drops of In-(methyl orange: an acid-base
indicator is mixed together in a small, clean test tube.
3. Drop by drop, 1 M HCl is added to the test tube.
4. Record the observations.
Page 10
5. After the color change, the solution was swirled to
mix.
6. To the same test tube, 1 M NaOH was added
dropwise. 7. Record the observations.

5. TABLE

Additions/Changes to the Observations


system
Initial color ● Light yellow or orange

1 M HCl drops were ● Light pink or red as


added soon as HCl drops
were added
1 M NaOH drops were ● Gradually becomes
added yellow

6. OBSERVATIONS
From the devised experiment, it can be concluded that red
form of methyl orange was the protonated indicator and
the yellow form was the un-protonated indicator. When
methyl orange was in the presence of 1 M HCL, a highly
acidic substance, the solution immediately became red.

Page 11
Water is always at a neutral pH of about 7 so it did not
create the high acidity or protons in the reaction. HCl
completely or nearly completely dissociated, creating
many protons or H+. When the H+ was present, it bound
to the N of the indicator and made the solution red. The
HCl was the acid because it donated protons while the
indicator became the base or the conjugate acid because
it accepted protons. Knowing that HCl made protons which
bound with the indicators that created protonated
indicators, it was seen that the red solution contained
the protonated.

7. PRECAUTIONS
● Use test tubes of almost identical diameter.
● The intensity of color of a solution should be compared
by keeping it and the reference side by side and then
observing them from the top of the test tube.

Page 12

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