“HUMAN BEHAVIOR” B.

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR – actions against the

normal behavior; criminal behavior to be specific.
→ anything an individual does that involves self-
initiated action and/or reaction to a given situation. GUIDELINES FOR JUDGING ABNORMAL
BEHAVIOR:
→the sum total of man's reaction to his
environment or the way human beings act. 1. APPROPRIATENESS → assessment of not only the
behavior itself but also the situation in which it is
HUMAN BEINGS happening.
Human beings are intelligent social animals with the 2. FLEXIBILITY → normal behavior tends to be
mental capacity to comprehend, infer and think in flexible as a sign of healthy behavior.
rational ways.
3. IMPULSIVITY → normal behavior is more likely to
VIEWS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR be a result of a consideration of its consequences
1. NEUROLOGICAL VIEW – deals with human with important decisions being given careful
actions in relation to events taking place inside the thought before implementation.
body such as the brain and the nervous system. Two Basic Types of Behavior
2. BEHAVIORAL VIEW – emphasizes on external 1. INHERITED (INBORN) BEHAVIOR – refers to any
functions of the human being that can be observed behavioral reactions or reflexes exhibited by people
and measured. because of their inherited capabilities or the process
3. COGNITIVE VIEW – it is concerned with the way of natural selection.
the brain processes and transforms information into 2. LEARNED (OPERANT) BEHAVIOR – involves knowing
various ways. or adaptation that enhances human beings’ ability
4. PSYCHOANALYTICAL VIEW – it emphasizes to cope with changes in the environment in ways
unconscious motives that originate from aggressive which improve the chances of survival. Learned
impulses in childhood. behavior

5. HUMANISTIC VIEW – It focuses on the subject’s may be acquired through environment or training.
experience, freedom of choice and motivation Classifications of Human Behavior
toward self-actualization.
❑HABITUAL – refers to motorized behavior usually
It can be classified as either: manifested in language and emotion.
A. OVERT BEHAVIOR – an action which can be seen ❑INSTINCTIVE – are generally unlearned and simply
or observed by other people. comes out of man’s instinct which can be seen
B. COVERT BEHAVIOR – an action which cannot be among instinct-instinct survival behaviors.
directly observed but can be concluded from ❑SYMBOLIC – are behaviors that are usually carried
internal actions such as thoughts, feelings, and out by means of unsaid words and shown through
other emotional expressions. symbols or body signs.
The Common Seen Behavior: ❑COMPLEX – are those behaviors that combine
A. NORMAL/ACCEPTED BEHAVIOR – actions in two or more of the classified ones.
accordance with the law and norms.
 physical or psychological, for meeting the
demands of family satisfaction.
Causes of Human Behavior
➢ANTI-SOCIAL FAMILY - those that
1. SENSATION – is the feeling or impression created
espouses unacceptable values as a result of
by a given stimulus or causes that leads to a
influence of parents to their children.
particular reaction or behavior.
➢DISCORDANT/DISTURBED FAMILY -
Human Senses:
characterized by dissatisfaction of one or
a. Visual – sight both parents from the relationship that may
express feelings of frustration.
b. Olfactory – smell
➢DISRUPTED FAMILY - characterized by
c. Cutaneous – touch incompleteness whether as a result of
d. Auditory – hearing death, divorce, separated or some other
circumstances.
e. Gustatory – taste
3. LEARNING – is the process by which an
2. PERCEPTION – refers to the person’s knowledge individual’s behavior changes as a result of
of a given stimulus which largely help to determine experience or practice.
the actual behavioral response in a given situation.

3. AWARENESS – refers to the psychological activity

based on interpretation of past experiences with a THEORIES OF BEHAVIOR
given stimulus or object. 1. INSTINCT THEORY - An instinct is an innate
Factors that Affect Human Behavior biological force, which commands the organism to
behave in a particular way.
1. HEREDITY/BIOLOGICAL (NATURE) – it is the
passing of traits to offspring (from its parents or  The main advocate of the instinct theory
ancestors). This is the process by which an offspring was psychologist McDougall.
cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed  He hypothesized that all thinking and
to the characteristics of its parent cell or organism. behavior is the result of instincts, which are
fixed from birth, but which can be adjusted
2. ENVIRONMENT (NURTURE) – refers to the by learning and experience.
surroundings of an object. It consists of conditions
and factors that surround and influence behavioral 2. DRIVE THEORY - A driving force originates from a
patterns. natural need, like thirst. Such a situation stimulates
the organism to comply with the need.
Some environmental factors are:
 The main advocate of this theory was Clark
a. The family Hull.
b. The influences of child trauma 3. MECHANISTIC VIEW - Some of our actions are the
c. Pathogenic family structure: result of internal or external forces, which are not
under voluntary control. Hobbes, for example,
➢INADEQUATE FAMILY - characterized by claimed that underlying reasons for behavior are
inability to cope with the ordinary problems the avoidance of pain and the quest for pleasure.
of the family living. It lacks the resources,
 2. Frequently seeks Gets people
EXTRAVERSIO stimulation, in trouble,
ATTRIBUTES OR CHARACTERISTICS OF BEHAVIOR: N excitement, and has the
1. CONSCIOUS BEHAVIOR → characterizes a thrills greatest role
reaction of which the individual is aware. in crime and
delinquency
2. UNCONSCIOUS BEHAVIOR → characterizes a 3. NEUROTICS Intensely reacts to Enhances
behavior of which the individual is not aware and stress, generally habits and
does not know the reason or motive for it. moody, touchy, influences
sensitive, to the
3. OVERT BEHAVIOR → consists of responses which slights and individual to
are publicly observable. anxious behave in
or nervous ways
4. COVERT BEHAVIOR → refers to responses which that are
cannot be directly observed. considered
5. SIMPLE BEHAVIOR → involves only few neurons. anti-social

6. COMPLEX BEHAVIOR → involves more neurons.

ASPECTS OF BEHAVIOR
7. RATIONAL BEHAVIOR → is a behavior influenced
or guided by reason rather than emotion. 1. INTELLECTUAL ASPECT – this aspect of behavior
pertains to our way of thinking, reasoning, solving,
8. IRRATIONAL BEHAVIOR → is a behavior done problem, processing info and coping with the
without sanity, reason or logic. environment.
9. VOLUNTARY BEHAVIOR → pertains to 2. EMOTIONAL ASPECT – this pertains to our
psychological or muscular processes which are feelings, moods, temper, and strong motivational
under the direct control of the cerebral cortex. This force.
is an act which is done with full volition or will.
3. SOCIAL ASPECT – this pertains to how we interact
10. INVOLUNTARY BEHAVIOR → refers to actions or relate with other people
which are made without intent. These are the
processes within our body that can go on even while 4. MORAL ASPECT – this refers to our conscience
we are asleep or awake. and concept on what is good or bad.

PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS THAT AFFECT HUMAN 5. PSYCHOSEXUAL ASPECT - this pertains to our
BEHAVIOR (P-E-N MODEL OF PERSONALITY BY being a man or a woman and the expression of love.
HANS EYSENCK) 6. POLITICAL ASPECT – this pertains to our ideology
towards society/government.
TYPES CHARACTERISTICS EFFECTS
1. Cold, cruel, social Impulse 7. VALUE/ATTITUDE – this pertains to our interest
PSYCHOTICISM insensitivity, aggressive towards something, our likes and dislikes.
disregard for individual
danger, without
troublesome appreciable
behavior, dislike conscience
of others, or sense of
attraction towards morals
the unusual
 How People Interact:

People intermingle by three psychological positions

or behavioral patterns called “ego state”.

1. PARENT EGO STATE → characterized as

protective, idealistic, evaluative, righteous, refers to
laws, rules, and standards.

2. ADULT EGO STATE → centers more upon reason,

factual, flexible, views as co-equal, worthy and
reasonable human being.

3. CHILD EGO STATE → described as dependent, DEVELOPMENT FOLLOWS A DEFINITE AND

rebellious, selfish, demanding, impatient, and PREDICTABLE PATTERN
emotional. According to previous works, there are patterns of
physical, motor, speech and intellectual
development, and such development follows a
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT pattern similar for everyone.
Is a process in which a progressive series of changes ALL INDIVIDUALS ARE DIFFERENT
occurs as a result of maturation and experience.
No two individuals can be 100% biologically and
 According to Newman (2015), human genetically similar, even in the case of identical
development emphasizes the patterns of twins. Such difference increases as children develop
“constancy and change across the life span” from childhood, move on to adolescence and
and identifies the processes that account for eventually to old age.
such patterns. They argue that development
implies a process that happens over time EACH PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT HAS A
and has a specific direction. CHARACTERISTIC BEHAVIOR

SIGNIFICANT FACTS ABOUT DEVELOPMENT This means that every stage of development
includes a set of behaviors that can only be
EARLY FOUNDATIONS ARE CRITICAL observed in a particular stage.
Essentially, attitudes, habits, and patterns of EACH PHASE OF DEVELOPMENT HAS HAZARDS
behavior that have been established in the early
years of one’s life largely determine the success of Each stage in the life span of an individual can be
individuals in adjusting to life as they grow older. associated with specific developmental hazards.

ROLES OF MATURATION AND LEARNING IN DEVELOPMENT IS AIDED BY STIMULATION

DEVELOPMENT This can be achieved by stimulating development by
MATURATION refers to the process by which an directly encouraging an individual to utilize an
individual’s inherent traits are developed. ability, which is in the process of development.

LEARNING is the product of the exercise and effort

spent by an individual to achieve development.
DEVELOPMENT IS AFFECTED BY CULTURAL 1. ID – this stand for instinctual drives. It is
CHANGES governed by the “pleasure principle”. The id
impulses are not social and must be
An individual’s development often conforms to
repressed or adapted so that they may
cultural standards; hence changes in these
become socially acceptable.
standards can also affect one’s developmental
pattern 2. EGO – this is considered to be the
sensible and responsible part of an
THERE ARE SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS FOR EVERY STAGE
individual’s personality and is governed by
OF DEVELOPMENT
the “reality principle”. It is developed early
All cultural groups expect their members to in life and compensate for the demands of
familiarize themselves with essentials skills and the id by helping the individual guide his
acquire certain approved behavioral patterns at actions to remain within the boundaries of
various age during one’s lifetime accepted social behavior; it is the objective,
rational part of the personality.
THERE ARE COMMON TRADITIONAL BELIEFS ABOUT
PEOPLE OF ALL AGES 3. SUPEREGO – serves as the moral
conscience of an individual. It is structured
Beliefs concerning physical and psychological by what values were taught by the parents,
characteristics do affect the judgement of others the school and the community as well as
and their subsequent self-evaluation belief in God. It is largely responsible for
making a person follow the moral codes of
society.
PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES ON HUMAN
DEVELOPMENT 2. FREUD’S THEORY OF PSYCHOSEXUAL
DEVELOPMENT
1. PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORIES
STAGE 1: ORAL STAGE (BIRTH TO 18
As one of the most popular theories of MONTHS)
development, Psychoanalytic theory originated with
the work of SIGMUND FREUD who argued that During this stage, an infant source main
childhood experiences and unconscious desires source of interaction occurs through the
ultimately influence our behaviors as adults. mouth, and as such, rooting and sucking are
especially important in this stage.
SIGMUND FREUD
 The infant may develop a sense of
▪ He is recognized as the FATHER OF trust and comfort with an adult who
PSYCHOANALYSIS. is providing this kind of oral
▪ He is known for his psychoanalytic theory. stimulation
 Conflict occurs during the weaning
▪ According to him, criminality is caused by the process, and at this point, the child
imbalance of the three (3) components of must less become dependent upon
personality: the id, the ego, and the superego. his/her caretakers; otherwise,
fixation may occur.
According to him there are three parts of
personality: FIXATION – is the tendency to stay at a
particular stage: The individuals troubled by
the conflict that characterizes the stage and STAGE 4: LATENCY STAGE (5 OR 6 YEARS TO
seeing to reduce it by means of the PUBERTY)
behavior characteristics of that stage.
This development stage begins around the
 If this fixation is not resolved, then same time when children enter school, and
the child may grow up with issues becomes more focused on their peer
concerning binge eating, drinking, relationships.
nail biting or smoking. The
 This is a period of exploration and
individual may also have problems
place an important role in the
related to dependency and
development of confidence as well
aggression. (Cherry 2015)
as social and communication skills.
STAGE 2: ANAL STAGE (18 MONTHS TO 3
STAGE 5: GENITAL STAGE (PUBERTY TO
YEARS)
ADULTHOOD)
During this stage, a child becomes aware of
During this period, a child undergoes the
correct bowel control and experiences
psychological maturation of systems of
pleasure in eliminating or retaining feces.
sexual functioning and associated hormonal
 Some parents praise and reward systems, thus leading to intensified drives
children who show correct behavior and impulses.
in this sense. These children
 The main objective of this phase is
eventually grow up to become
the eventual separation from one’s
productive and confident.
attachment to his/her parents and
ANAL RETENTIVE – if the child can control the achievements of mature
and eliminate feces. Becomes obsessed with relationships as well as adults’ roles
perfection, order, cleanliness and control as and duties.
an adults
3. ERIKSON’S THEORY OF PSYCHOSOCIAL
ANAL EXPULSIVE – extremely disorganized DEVELOPMENT
and chaotic.
It describes the influence of social experience on
STAGE 3: PHALLIC STAGE (3 TO 6 YEARS) our development across the whole human lifespan.

This stage is mainly characterized by a STAGES IN THE HUMAN LIFESPAN

child’s focus on sexual interests, stimulation,
1. PRE-NATAL PERIOD
and excitement in relation to genital area.
▪This period begins at conception and ends at birth.
 It lays down the foundation of one’s ▪It occurs within about 270 to 280 days or 9
gender identity. The patterns of calendar months.
identification arising from the ▪Ovum period (first 2 weeks); Embryo period (2nd
phallic stage primarily determine week to 2nd month); Fetus period (2nd month to
the development of human birth)
character. (McLeod, 2008) 2. INFANCY
▪ From birth to 2 weeks.
OEDIPUS COMPLEX (MOMMY’S BOY)

ELECTRA COMPLEX (DADDY’S GIRL)

▪ It is the shortest of all developmental periods and
is considered a time of extreme adjustments, thus
making it a hazardous period.

3. BABYHOOD
DEVELOPMENT TASKPURPOSE:
▪ 2 weeks to 2 years
▪ period of the true foundation of age and marks the Serve as guidelines that enable individuals to know
beginning of socialization and creativity. what society expects of them at any given age.
4. EARLY CHILDHOOD
▪ From 2 to 6 years 1. BABYHOOD AND EARLY CHILDHOOD
▪ A problematic or troublesome age ▪ learning to take solid foods
▪ Preschool age ▪ learning to walk and talk
5. LATE CHILDHOOD ▪ Learning to control the elimination of body waste
▪6 to 10 or 12 years ▪ learning sex differences and sexual modesty
▪the so-called elementary years ▪ getting ready to read
▪This is the “gang age” ▪ learning to distinguish between right and wrong
and beginning to develop a conscience.
6. PUBERTY OR PREADOLESCENCE
2. LATE CHIDLHOOD
▪12 to 13 or 14 years
▪ Learning physical skills that are necessary for
▪Short overlapping period
ordinary games
▪Period of rapid growth and change
▪ building a wholesome attitude toward one’s self as
7. ADOLESCENCE
a growing individual
▪ 13 or 14 to 18 years
▪ learning to get along with peers with the same age
▪ A problem or dreaded age
▪ beginning to develop appropriate social roles
▪ The child searches for his/her identity
depending on one’s gender
▪ About to cross over into adulthood
▪ developing fundamentals skills in reading, writing
8. EARLY ADULTHOOD
and calculating
▪ 18 to 40 years
▪ developing concepts and skills that are necessary
▪ The productive age
for everyday living
▪ Period of dependency
▪ developing a conscience, a sense of morality, and a
▪ Time of commitment
scale of values
9. MIDDLE AGE
▪ developing attitudes toward social groups and
▪ 40 to 60 years old
institutions
▪ Time of stress and transition
▪ achieving personal independence
▪ Others may feel bored with their lives
10. OLD AGE OR SENESCENCE 3. ADOLESCENCE
▪ 60 years to death ▪ achieving new and more mature relations with
▪ Period of decline peers from both sexes
▪ May feel that they are part of minority ▪ achieving masculine or feminine social roles
▪ accepting one’s physique and using one’s body
effectively
▪ desiring, accepting, and achieving socially
responsible behaviors
▪ achieving emotional independence from parents
and other adults
▪ Preparing for an economic career
▪ Preparing for marriage and family life
▪ acquiring a set of values and an ethical system as a
guide to one’s behavior
THE NEEDS THEORY OF HUMAN MOTIVATION
▪ acquiring beliefs and a set of ideologies
This theory states that throughout one’s life,
4. EARLY ADULTHOOD
▪ getting started in an occupation desires, wishes, and drives that are collectively
▪ selecting a partner called “needs”, motivate every individual. When not
▪ learning to live with a marriage partner fulfilled, these needs places an individual under
▪ starting a family stress. Thus, to relieve the tensions created, one has
▪ rearing children to strive for appropriate satisfaction of these needs.
▪ managing a home
▪ taking on civic responsibilities
▪ finding a social group with whom one shares the
same interests
5. MIDDLE AGE
▪ achieving adult civic and social responsibilities
▪ assisting teenage children to become responsible
and happy adults
▪ developing adult leisure-time activities
▪ relating one’s self to one’s spouse as a person
▪ accepting and adjusting to physiological changes of
middle age
▪ reaching and maintain a satisfactory performance
in one’s occupation and career
▪ adjusting to aging parents FRUSTRATION IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR
6. OLD AGE Frustration refers to the unpleasant feelings that
▪ Adjusting to decreasing physical health result from the blocking of motive satisfaction. It is a
▪ adjusting to retirement and reduced income form of stress, which results in tension. It is a feeling
▪ adjusting to the death of a spouse that is experienced when something interferes with
▪ establishing an explicit affiliation with members of our hopes, wishes, plans and expectations.
one’s peer group (Coleman, 1980)
▪ establishing a satisfactory and safe physical living FRUSTRATION TOLERANCE
arrangement It is the ability to withstand frustration without
▪ adopting to changing or reduced social roles in a developing inadequate modes of response such as
flexible way. being emotionally depressed or irritated, becoming
neurotic or becoming aggressive.

BROAD REACTIONS TO FRUSTRATION:

1. FIGHT – It is manifested by fighting the problem diminishing self-confidence until the time
in a constructive and direct way by means of when inferiority complex sets in.
breaking down the obstacles preventing the person 6. AGGRESSION - It is a negative outcome of a
reaching his goals. person's inability to handle frustration
2. FLIGHT – It can be manifested by sulking, rightly. Manifestation in physical behavior
retreating, becoming indifferent and giving up. can be observed in one's negative attitudes
COPING MECHANISM towards life both in the personal and
It is defined as the way people react to frustration. professional aspect.
People differ in the way they react to frustration. 7. USE OF DEFENSE MECHANISM – It is the
This could be attributed to individual differences most tolerated way of handling frustration.
and the way people prepared in the developmental It is a man’s last result when a person
task they faced during the early stages of their life. attempts to overcome fear from an
anticipated situation or event.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF REACTION TO FRUSTRATION
1. DIRECT APPROACH – It can be seen among
people who handle their problems in a very
objective way. They identify first the
problem, look for the most practical and
handy way to solve it and proceed with the
constructive manner of utilizing the solution
which will produce the best results.
2. DETOUR - When an individual realizes that
in finding for the right solution of the
problem, he always ends up with a negative
outcome or result. Thus, he tries to make a
detour or change direction first and find out
if the solution or remedy is there.
3. SUBSTITUTION - Most of time resulted to in
handling frustration when an original plan
intended to solve the problem did not
produce the intended result. Thus, the most
practical way to face the problem is to look
for most possible or alternative means.
4. WITHDRAWAL OR RETREAT - It is
corresponding to running away from the
problem or flight which to some is the safest
way.
5. DEVELOPING FEELING OF INFERIORITY – It
comes when a person is unable to hold on
to any solution which gives a positive result.
Being discouraged to go on working for a
way to handle a frustration could result to
 he is able to keep his urges and impulses
under control.
6. DENIAL – When a person uses this, he
refuses to recognize and deal with reality
DEFENSE MECHANISM – It is an unconscious because of strong inner needs. is simply
psychological process that serves as safety valve refusing to acknowledge that an event has
that provides relief from emotional conflict and occurred.
anxiety. 7. REPRESSION – It is an unconscious process
TYPES OF DEFENSE MECHANISM whereby unacceptable urges or painful
1. DISPLACEMENT – A strong emotion, such as traumatic experiences are completely
anger is displaced onto another person or prevented from entering consciousness.
object as the recipient of said emotion 8. SUPPRESSION – It is sometimes confused
(anger) rather than being focused on the with that of repression. It is a conscious
person or object which originally was the activity by which an individual attempts to
cause of said emotion. forget emotionally disturbing thoughts and
2. RATIONALIZATION – It is the defense experiences by pushing them out of his
mechanism that enables individuals to mind.
justify their behavior to themselves and 9. IDENTIFICATION - An individual seeks to
others by making excuses or formulating overcome his own feelings of inadequacy,
fictitious, socially approved arguments to loneliness or inferiority by taking on the
convince themselves and others that their characteristics of someone who is important
behavior is logical and acceptable. to him. An example is a child who identifies
3. COMPENSATION – It is the psychological with his parents who are seen as models of
defense mechanism through which people intelligence, strength and competence.
attempt to overcome the anxiety associated 10. SUBSTITUTION - Through this defense
with feelings of inferiority and inadequacy mechanism, the individual seeks to
in one is of personality or body image by overcome feelings of frustration and anxiety
concentrating on another area where they by achieving alternate goals and
can excel. gratifications.
4. PROJECTION – It manifests feelings and 11. FANTASY – this is resulted to whenever
ideas which are unacceptable to the ego or unfulfilled ambitions and unconscious drives
the superego and are projected onto others do not materialize. When we cannot
so that they seem to have these feelings or achieve or do something that we want, we
ideas which free the individual from the channel the energy created by the desire
guilt and anxiety associated with them. into fantastic imaginings.
5. REACTION FORMATION – It is defined as 12. REGRESSION – A person reverts to a pattern
the development of a trait or traits which of feeling, thinking or behavior which was
are the opposite of tendencies that we do appropriate to an earlier stage of
not want to recognize. The person is development.
motivated to act in a certain way but 13. SUBLIMATION – It is the process by which
behaves in the opposite way. Consequently, instinctual drives which consciously
unacceptable are diverted into personally
 and socially accepted channels. It is a 9. HELP-REJECTING COMPLAINING – when
positive and constructive mechanism for helpful suggestions or other comfort is
defending against own unacceptable offered, however, they reject this and return
impulses and needs. to their complaint.
10. INTELLECTUALIZTION – refers to ‘flight into
reason’ where the person avoids
uncomfortable emotions by focusing on
OTHER DEFENSE MECHANISM facts and logic.
1. ACTING OUT – this means literally acting 11. INTROJECTION – occurs when we take on
out the desires that are forbidden by the attributes of other people who seem better
superego and yet desired by the ID. A able to cope with the situation than we do.
person who is acting out desires may do it in 12. PASSIVE AGRESSION – attacking others
spite of their conscience or may do it with through passive means.
relatively little thought. 13. SELF-HARMING – the person physically
2. AIM INHIBITION – We lower our sights, deliberately hurts himself/herself in some
reducing our goals to something that we way or otherwise puts themselves at high
believe is actually more possible or realistic. risk of harm.
3. ALTRUISM – Avoid your own pains by 14. SOMATIZATION – psychological problems
concentrating on the pain of others. turn into physical and subconscious mind.
4. ATTACK – “The best form of defense is Examples are skin rashes, heart problems
attack” is a common saying and is also a etc.
common action, and when we feel 15. TRIVIALIZING – one way of trivialize is to
threatened or attacked, we will attack back. make something a joke, laughing it off.
5. AVOIDANCE – we simply find ways of 16. UNDOING – performance of an act to
avoiding having to face uncomfortable ‘undo’ a previous unacceptable act or
situation, things or activities. thought.
6. CONVERSION – tensions manifest
themselves in physical symptoms. Extreme
symptoms may include paralysis, seizure
while lesser symptoms include tiredness,
headaches etc.
7. EMOTIONALITY – when we become
stressed or tension is caused, a number of
negative emotions may start to build,
including anger, frustration, fear, jealousy
and so on. When we display these emotions
it can affect others around us, arousing
similar or polar feelings.
8. FIGHT OR FLIGHT REACTION – our bodies
get ready either for a fight or a desperate
flight from a certain defeat.
 Example; Mr. Zhacmapus Sy doesn't want to
attend lectures as she finds them boring but
she also doesn't want to appear on the
attendance defaulter list.
3. APPROACH-AVOIDANCE CONFLICT – a
person faces situation having both a
desirable and undesirable feature. It is
sometimes called “dilemma”, because some
negative and some positive features must
CONFLICT be accepted regardless which course of
Conflict refers to the simultaneous arousal of two or action is chosen. Example; Ms. Sachma
more incompatible motives resulting to unpleasant Dhick wants to take up a job as the salary is
emotions. It is a source of frustration because it is a excellent but the post doesn't have job
threat to normal behavior. (Berstein, et al, 1991) security.
4. MULTIPLE APPROACH-AVOIDANCE
TYPES OF CONFLICTS CONFLICT – a situation in which a choice
1. PSYCHOLOGICAL CONFLICT (INTERNAL must be made between two or more
CONFLICT) - could be going inside the person and no alternatives each has both positive and
one would know. Freud would say unconscious ID negative features. It is the most difficult to
battling superego and further claimed that our resolve because the features of each
personalities are always in conflict. portion are often difficult to compare.
2. SOCIAL CONFLICT Example; Sir Pazzu Bo wants to become a
A. INTERPERSONAL CONFLICT – two pilot but the cost is prohibiting. She can also
individuals, me against you become a beautician but it is a low paying,
B. INTERGROUP STRUGGLES – us against non-glamorous job.
them
C. INDIVIDUAL OPPOSING A GROUP – me
against them, them against me
D. INTRA-GROUP CONFLICT – members of
group all against each other on a task
3. BASIC FORMS OF CONFLICT
1. APPROACH - APPROACH CONFLICT –
there are usually two desirable things
wanted, but only one option can be chosen.
Example; Ms. Kathy P. Pimo has to choose
between going for a school trip or for a
vacation with his family during summer
vacation.
2. AVOIDANCE - AVOIDANCE CONFLICT –
involves two undesirable or unattractive
alternatives where a person has to decide of
choosing one of the undesirable things.
STRESS DEPRESSION
Refers to the consequence of the failure of an Depression causes feelings of sadness and/or a loss
organism - human or animal – to respond of interest in activities you once enjoyed. Is an
appropriately to emotional or physical threats, illness that causes a person to feel sad and hopeless
whether actual or imagined. much of the time.
Stress can think of as any event that strains or
exceeds an individual’s ability to cope. DIFFERENT FORMS OF DEPRESSION
1. MAJOR DEPRESSIVE DISORDER – a combination
STRESSOR of symptoms that interfere with a person’s ability to
It is an event or situation that causes stress. Is work, sleep, study, eat, and enjoy once pleasurable
anything, may it be physical or psychological, that activities. Disabling and prevents a person from
produces stress. functioning normally.
2. DYSTHYMIC DISORDER (DYSTHYMIA) – described
2 TYPES OF STRESS as having persistent but less severe depressive
EUSTRESS - moderate or normal psychological stress symptoms than major depression.
interpreted as being beneficial for the experiencer. 3. PSYCHOTIC DEPRESSION – occurs when a severe
DISTRESS - unable to completely adapt to stressors depressive illness is accompanied by some form of
and their resulting stress and shows maladaptive psychosis, such as a break with reality,
behaviors. hallucinations and delusions.
4. POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION – a major depressive
COMMON TYPES OF STRESS episode that occurs after having a baby.
1. ACUTE STRESS – is the most widely experienced 5. SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER – characterized
stress and is the result of the daily pressures and by the onset of a depressive illness during the
demands we all face. Acute stress only lasts for a winter months, when there is less natural sunlight
short period of time. and generally lifts during spring and summer.
2. EPISODIC STRESS – is so called because it is used 6. BIPOLAR DISORDER – also called manic-
to describe when an acute stress is experienced too depressive illness, is not common as major
frequently. depression or dysthymia. It is characterized by
3. CHRONIC STRESS – can result when a person is cyclical mood changes from extreme highs.
subjected to persistent stress over a long period of 7. ENDOGENOUS DEPRESSION – endogenous
time. means from within the body. This type of
depression is defined as feeling depressed for no → This suggests that people feel emotions first then
apparent reason. act upon them. This is a theory that emotion and
8. SITUATIONAL DEPRESSION OR REACTIVE psychological reaction occur simultaneously. These
DEPRESSION – develops in response to a specific actions include changes in muscular tension,
stressful situation or event. Depression symptoms perspiration etc.
cause significant distress or impairs usual
functioning and do not meet the criteria for major
depressive disorder.
9. AGITATED DEPRESSION – characterized by
agitation such as physical and emotional
restlessness, irritability and insomnia which is the
opposite of many depressed individuals.
EMOTIONS
Refers to feelings affective responses as a result of
physiological arousal, thoughts and beliefs, 3. TWO FACTORY THEORY (SCHACHTER AND
subjective evaluation and bodily expression. It is SINGER)
characterized by facial expressions, gestures, →Emotions is the cognitive interpretation of a
postures and subjective feelings. physiological response.

THEORIES OF EMOTION

1. JAMES-LANGE THEORY BY WILLIAM JAMES AND

CARL LANGE
→ States that emotion results from physiological
states triggered by stimuli in the environment:
emotion occurs after physiological reactions. This
theory and its derivatives states that a changed
situation leads to a changed bodily state.

2. CANON-BARD THEORY BY PHILIP BARD AND

WALTER CANNON
 Trait theories attempt to learn and explain the traits
that make up personality, the differences between
people in terms of their personal characteristics.

CLASSIFICATION OF TRAITS (Gordon Allport)

CARDINAL TRAITS
These are the dominant traits of one’s personality.
They stand at the top of Allport’s trait hierarchy.
These traits are the master controller of one’s
personality. These traits may dominate one’s
personality to such an extent that the person
becomes known for those traits only. Such as
PERSONALITY Mother Teresa for altruism and M.K. Gandhi for his
Refers to the sum total of typing ways of acting, honesty.
thinking and feeling that makes each person unique.
Personality is defined as a pattern of habits, KINDS OF TRAIT BY GOLDBERG (BIG FIVE OR FIVE
attitudes and trials that defines an individual’s FACTORY THEORY)
characteristics, 1. OPENNESS
behavior and qualities. Openness (also referred to as openness to
experience) emphasizes imagination and insight the
6 APPROACHES TO PERSONALITY most out of all five personality traits. People who
are high in openness tend to have a broad range of
1. PSYCHOANALYTIC APPROACHTHE STRUCTURE OF interests. They are curious about the world and
PERSONALITY/TRIPARTITE PERSONALITY other people and are eager to learn new things
A. ID and enjoy new experiences. People who are high in
❖Based on pleasure principle this personality trait also tend to be more
❖immediate satisfaction with no consideration adventurous and creative. Conversely, people low in
for the reality of the situation this personality trait are often much more
❖selfish, primitive, childish, pleasure-oriented traditional and may struggle with abstract thinking.
❖” true psychic reality” 2. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS
B. EGO Among each of the personality traits,
❖meet the needs of the Id whilst taking into conscientiousness is one defined by high levels of
account the constraints of reality thoughtfulness, good impulse control, and goal-
❖moderator between the id and superego which directed behaviors.
seeks compromises to pacify both. ▪Highly conscientious people tend to be
C. SUPEREGO organized and mindful of details. They plan
❖conscience of man ahead, think about how their behavior
❖strong super-ego results in a high level if guilt affects others, and are mindful of deadlines.
❖weak super-ego allows the id more expression ▪Someone scoring lower in this primary
resulting in a low level of guilt personality trait is less structured and less
2. TRAIT APPROACH organized. They may procrastinate to get
 things done, sometimes missing deadlines 1. MELANCHOLIC – sad, gloomy
completely. 2. CHOLERIC – hot-tempered, irritable
3. EXTRAVERSION 3. PHLEGMATIC – sluggish, calm
Extraversion (or extroversion) is a personality trait 4. SANGUINE – cheerful, hopeful
characterized by excitability, sociability,
talkativeness, assertiveness, and high amounts of 3. BIOLOGICAL APPROACH → Inherited
emotional expressiveness. predisposition. Role of biological processes and
▪People high in extraversion are outgoing heredity.
and tend to gain energy in social situations. 4. HUMANISTIC APPROACH → Focus on how
Being around others helps them feel human evolved and adapted behaviors required for
energized and excited. survival against various environmental pressures.
▪People who are low in this personality trait 5. BEHAVIORAL/SOCIAL LEARNING APPROACH →
or introverted tend to be more reserved. Role of environment in shaping behavior.
They have less energy to expend in social 6. COGNITIVE APPROACH → Role of mental
settings and social events can feel draining. processes that underlie behavior.
Introverts often require a period of solitude
and quiet in order to "recharge.
4. AGREEABLENESS
This personality trait includes attributes such as
trust, altruism, kindness, affection, and other
prosocial behaviors.
People who are high in agreeableness tend to be
more cooperative while those low in this personality
trait tend to be more competitive and sometimes
even manipulative.

5. NEUROTICISM
Neuroticism is a personality trait characterized by
sadness, moodiness, and emotional instability.
Individuals who are high in neuroticism tend to
experience mood swings, anxiety, irritability, and
sadness.
Those low in this personality trait tend to be more
stable and emotionally resilient.

PERSONALITY TRAIT BY EYSENCK

1. EXTROVERT – sociable, outgoing, and active
2. INTROVERT – withdrawn, quiet, and introspective
3. EMOTIONALLY UNSTABLE – being anxious,
excitable and easily disturbed

FOUR BASIC TYPES OF TEMPERAMENT

 a. NON-TOXIC – illness, cerebral
hemorrhage, trauma on the skull that
affects brain
b. TOXIC – excessive formation of waste
products, infections, excessive use of drugs.

MENTAL DISORDERS
Refers to the significant impairment in psychological
conditioning. Also called a mental illness or
psychiatric disorder, is a behavioral or mental
pattern that causes significant distress or
impairment of personal functioning.

 SOCIOLOGICAL VIEW is the persistent

inability to adapt oneself to the ordinary
environment.
 MEDICAL VIEW is the prolonged departure
of the individual from his natural mental
state arising from illnesses.

FACTORS THAT AFFECT MENTAL DISORDERS

1. HEREDITARY – most frequent with family
histories revealing mental illness
2. INCESTUOUS MARRIAGES – blood
incompatibility
3. IMPAIRED VITALITY – mental worry, grief,
physical, strain, unhygienic surroundings
4. MORAL VALUES TRAINING AND BREEDING –
improper breeding and poor moral values
training particularly those affecting free will and
self-control
5. EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCES – love, hatred,
passion, frustration and Disappointment
6. PHYSICAL FACTORS
 3. LEARNING FACTOR – criminal behavior is learned
A. DAT by Sutherland
B. Imitation Theory by Tarde
C. Identification Theory by Classer

PATTERNS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

1. NEUROTIC PATTERN
2. PSYCHOPATHIC PATTERN
3. PSYCHOTIC PATTERN
4. ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORAL PATTERN
5. SEXUAL DYSFUNCTIONAL PATTERN
1. NEUROTIC PATTERN
Are groups of mild functional personality disorders
in which there is no gross personality
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR disorganization,
Refers to anti-social acts that place the actor at risk the individual does not lose contact with reality, and
of becoming a focus of the attention of criminal and hospitalization is not required.
juvenile justice professionals. It refers to acts that 1. Anxiety Disorders
are injurious, acts prohibited under the law and that 2. Somatoform Disorders
render the actor subject to intervention by justice 3. Dissociative Disorders
professionals. 4. Mood Disorders (Affective Disorders)
3 ELEMENTS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR 1. ANXIETY DISORDERS
▪LEGALLY, the criminal act should be Anxiety disorders are commonly known as
prohibited by law. “Neurotic fear”. When it is occasional but
▪MATERIALLY, the criminal act should be intense, it is called “panic”. When it is mild
executed or realized. but continuous, it is called “worry” which is
▪SPIRITUALLY, the criminal act should be usually accompanied by physiological
accompanied by criminal intention or guilt. symptoms such as sustained muscular
These three must be present. tension, increased blood pressure,
insomnia, etc. They are considered as the
ORIGINS OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR central feature of all neurotic patterns.
1. BIOLOGICAL FACTORS –hereditary, genetic These disorders are characterized by mild
predisposition depressions, fear and tensions, and mild
A. Born criminal by Lombroso stresses.
B. Lombroso’s Anthropology 1. GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER – involves
C. Duke and Kalikkak Study by Dugdale and excessive, unrealistic worry and tension
Goddard 2. SOCIAL ANXIETY DISORDER – this is also called
D. Eysenck’s theory of personality and crime SOCIAL PHOBIA. The worry often centers on a fear
2. PERSONALITY DISORDER FACTORS – disregard for of being judged by others, or behaving in a way that
and violation of the rights of others that begins in might cause embarrassment or lead to ridicule.
childhood or early adolescence and continues to
adulthood.
3. PANIC DISORDER – feelings of terror that strike due to the patient’s psychological response to
suddenly and repeatedly with no warning. stress.
Symptoms are sweating, chest pain, palpitations. 2. HYPOCHONDRIASIS - preoccupied with their
4. POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER – can health and are convinced that they have some
develop following a traumatic and/or terrifying serious disorder despite reassurance from doctors
event such as sexual or physical assault. to the contrary.
5. ASTHENIC DISORDERS (NEURASTHENIA) - An 3. SOMATIZATION DISORDER (BRIQUET’S
anxiety disorder characterized by chronic mental DISORDER) – chronically and persistently complain
and physical fatigue and various aches and pains. of varied physical symptoms that have no
Symptoms include spending too much sleep to identifiable physical origin.
avoid fatigue but to no avail, even feel worse upon 4. PAIN DISORDER – patient experiences chronic
awake, headaches, indigestion, back pains, and pain in one or more areas, and is thought to be
dizziness. caused by psychological stress. The pain is often so
6. PSYCHASTHENIA – A psychoneurotic condition severe that it disables the patient from proper
that is accompanied by a vast range of mental and functioning.
emotional symptoms that cannot be controlled. 5. BODY DYSMORPHIC DISORDER
 PHOBIC DISORDERS - These refer to the (DYSMORPHOPHOBIA) – referred to as body
persistent fear on some objects or situation dysmorphia or dysmorphic. It is a (psychological)
that present no actual danger to the person. somatoform disorder in which the affected person is
Examples of Phobia: Acrophobia - fear of excessively concerned about and preoccupied by a
high places. perceived defect in his or her physical features
 OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDERS - (body image).
Obsessions usually centered on fear that
one will submit to an uncontrollable 3. DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
impulse to do something wrong. A response to obvious stress characterized by
Compulsion on the other hand resulted amnesia, multiple personality, and
from repetitive acts (Wicks, 1974). depersonalization. Loss of integration of
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) consciousness, identity and memories of important
features a pattern of unwanted thoughts personal events.
and fears (obsessions) that lead you to do 1. AMNESIA - The partial or total inability to recall
repetitive behaviors (compulsions). or identify past experiences following a traumatic
incident.
2. SOMATOFORM DISORDERS  BRAIN PATHOLOGY AMNESIA – total loss of
Complaints of bodily symptoms that suggest the memory and it cannot be retrieved by
presence of physical problem but no organic simple means. It requires long period of
basis can be found. The individual is pre- medication.
occupied with his state of health or diseases.  PSYCHOGENIC AMNESIA – failure to recall
1. CONVERSION DISORDER (HYSTERIA) -displays stored information and still they are
neurological symptoms such as numbness, paralysis, beneath the level of consciousness but
or fits, even though no neurological explanation is “forgotten material.”
found and it is determined that the symptoms are
 SUB-CATEGORIES OF PSYCHOGENIC depressed mood have a loss of energy and
AMNESIA interest, feeling of guilt, difficulty in
A. LOCALIZED → most common, unable to recall the concentrating, loss of appetite, and
details of a usually traumatic event. thoughts of death or suicide, they are not
B. SELECTIVE → Person can remember certain affected with manic episodes.
general occurrences of the traumatic situation, but  DYSTHYMIC DISORDER → a mild form of
not the specific parts which make it so. major depressive disorder.
C. GENERALIZED → forgets the details of an entire  BIPOLAR DISORDERS → those experienced
lifetime. by patients with both manic and depressive
ANTEROGRADE AMNESIA episodes.
When a person is unable to store and retain new  CYCLOTHYMIC DISORDER → a less severe
information but is able to recall data and events that form of bipolar disorder
happened previously, it’s known as anterograde
amnesia.
RETROGRADE AMNESIA
Retrograde amnesia occurs when a person is unable
to access memories of events that happened in the
past, prior to the precipitating injury or disease that
caused the loss.

2. MULTIPLE PERSONALITY - It is also called “dual

personalities.” The reason manifests two or more 2. PSYCHOPATHIC PATTERNS
symptoms of personality usually dramatically Group of abnormal behaviors, which typically
different. stemmed from immature and distorted personality
3. DEPERSONALIZATION - The loss of sense of self development, resulting in persistent maladaptive
or the so-called out of body experience. There is a ways of perceiving and thinking. They are generally
feeling of detachment from one’s mental processes called “personality or character disorders”.
or body or being in a dream state. Cases of
somnambulism (sleep walking) may fall under this
disorder. PERSONALITY DISORDERS
4. PSYCHOGENIC FUGUE - presents as sudden, 1. PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER - It is
unexpected travel away from one's home with an characterized by suspicious, rigidity, envy,
inability to recall some or all of one's past. hypersensitivity, excessive self-importance,
4. MOOD DISORDERS (AFFECTIVE argumentativeness and tendency to blame others of
DISORDERS) one’s own mistakes.
Often referred to as affective disorders however the 2. SCHIZOID PERSONALITY DISORDER - This is
critical pathology in these disorders is one of mood characterized by the inability to form social
which is the internal state of a person, and not of relationship and lack of interest in doing so. The
affect, the external expression of emotional content person seems to express their feelings, they lack
(Manual of Mental Disorder). social skills. They are the so-called “loners”.
 DEPRESSIVE DISORDERS (MAJOR 3. SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER - It is
DEPRESSIVE DISORDER) Patients with characterized by reclusiveness, over sensitivity,
avoidance of communication and superstitious 11. ANTI-SOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER - It is
thinking is common. characterized by continuing violation of the rights of
4. HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY DISORDER - It is others through aggressive, anti-social behavior
characterized by immaturity, excitability, emotional without remorse or loyalty to anyone.
instability and self-dramatization.
5. NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY DISORDER - It is 3. PSYCHOTIC PATTERNS
characterized by an exaggerated sense of self- Are group of disorders involving gross structural
importance and pre-occupation with receiving defects in the brain tissue, severe disorientation of
attention. The person usually expects and demands the mind thus it involves loss of contact with reality.
special treatment from others and disregarding the 1. ORGANIC MENTAL DISORDERS
rights and feeling of others. 2. ACUTE BRAIN DISORDER
6. BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER - It is 3. CHRONIC BRAIN DISORDER
characterized by instability reflected in drastic mood 4. DISORDERS INVOLVING BRAIN TUMOR
shifts and behavior problems. The person usually 5. DISORDERS INVOLVING HEAD INJURY
displays intense anger outburst with little 6. SENILE AND PRESENILE DEMENTIA
provocation and he is impulsive, unpredictable, and 7. MENTAL RETARDATION
periodically unstable. 8. SCHIZOPHRENIA
7. AVOIDANT PERSONALITY DISORDER - It is 9. PARANOIA
characterized by hypersensitivity to rejection and 1. ORGANIC MENTAL DISORDERS
apprehensive alertness to any sign of social A diagnosis of organic mental disorder is associated
derogation. Person is reluctant to enter into social with a specific, identified organic cause, such as
interaction. abnormalities of the brain structure. These are
8. DEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER - It is mental disorder that occurs when the normal brain
characterized by extreme dependence on other has been damage resulted from any interference of
people – there is acute discomfort and even panic to the functioning of the brain.
be alone. The person lacks confidence and feels
helpless. GROUPS OF ORGANIC MENTAL DISORDERS
9. PASSIVE-AGGRESSIVE PERSONALITY DISORDER -  DELIRIUM – the severe impairment of
It is characterized by being hostile expressed in information processing in the brain affecting
indirect and non- violent ways. They are so called the basic process of attention, perception,
“stubborn”. The individual with this personality memory and thinking.
disorder is usually found to have overindulged in  DEMENTIA – deterioration in intellectual
many things during the early years to the extent functioning after completing brain
that the person comes to anticipate that his needs maturation. The defect in the process of
will always be met and gratified. acquiring knowledge or skill, problem
10. COMPULSIVE PERSONALITY DISORDER - It is solving, and judgement.
characterized by excessive concern with rules, order,  AMNESTIC SYNDROME – the inability to
and efficiency that everyone does things their way remember on going events more than a few
and an ability to express warm feeling. The person is minutes after they have taken place.
over conscientious, serious, and with difficulty in  HALLUCINOSIS – the persistent occurrence
doing things for relaxation. of hallucinations, the false perception that
 arise in full wakefulness state. This includes onset before 65 years of age. Senile dementia
hallucinations on visual and hearing or both. has an onset after 65 years of age.
 ORGANIC DELUSIONAL SYNDROME – the 7. MENTAL RETARDATION - Metal retardation is
false belief arising in a setting of known or a mental disorder characterized by sub-average
suspected brain damage. general functioning existing concurrency with
 ORGANIC AFFECTIVE SYNDROME – the deficits in adaptive behavior. It is a common
extreme/severe manic or depressive state mental disorder before the age of 18. The
with the impairment of the cerebral person is suffering from low I.Q., difficulty in
function. focusing attention and deficiency in fast
 ORGANIC PERSONALITY SYNDROME – the learning.
general personality changes following brain 8. SCHIZOPHRENIA
damage. Refers to the group of psychotic disorders
 GENERAL PARESIS – also called “dementia characterized by gross distortions of reality,
paralytica”, a syphilitic infection of the brain withdrawal of social interaction, disorganization
and involving impairment of the CNS. and fragmentation of perception, thoughts and
2. ACUTE BRAIN DISORDER emotion.
Caused by a diffuse impairment of the brain It also refers to terms such as “mental
function. Its symptoms range from mild mood deterioration”, “dementia praecox”, or “split
changes to acute delirium. (Temporary) mind”. It was formerly called dementia praecox
by Emil Kreaplin, a German psychiatrist.
The term schizophrenia was given by Eugene
3. CHRONIC BRAIN DISORDER Bleuler which literally means “splitting of
The brain disorder that results from injuries, minds”.
diseases, drugs, and a variety of other
conditions. Its symptoms include impairment of TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
orientation (time, place and person),  SIMPLE SCHIZOPHRENIA – It is
impairment of memory, learning, characterized by a gradual decline of
comprehension and judgement, emotion and interest and ambition. The person
self-control. (Permanent) withdraws from social contacts as well
4. DISORDERS INVOLVING BRAIN TUMOR - A as irritable and inattentive.
tumor is a new growth involving abnormal  PARANOID SCHIZOPHRENIA – It is
enlargement of body tissue. Brain tumor can characterized principally by delusions of
cause a variety of personality alterations, and it persecutions and/or grandeur.
may lead to any neurotic behavior and Hallucinations, usually auditory, are
consequently psychotic behavior. most of the time present.
5. DISORDERS INVOLVING HEAD INJURY - Injury  HEBEPHRENIC SCHIZOPHRENIA – It
to the head as a result of falls, blows and manifests severe integration of
accidents causing sensory and motor disorders. personality and can be observed
6. SENILE AND PRESENILE DEMENTIA - through inappropriate giggling and
Traditionally, dementia was divided into smiling without apparent reasons which
'presenile' or 'senile'. Presenile dementia has an to an untrained observer may only be
childish playfulness.
  CATATONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA – It as someone with great power or
manifests extreme violence and shown importance, usually reformer or
with excessive motor activity, grimacing, religious crusader.
talkativeness and unpredictable  JEALOUS PARANOIA – The state of
emotional outburst. having extreme and irrational jealousy
 SOMATIC DELUSION – focuses on
SCHIZOPHRENIC HALLUCINATIONS delusional physical abnormality or
1. TACTILE/CUTANEOUS (touch) → crawling disorder
across their skin  GUILT DELUSION – believes they have
2. VISIONARY (sight) → see things that are not done something terribly wrong. One
really there extremely rare instance if this disease is
3. AUDITORY (hearing) → this is the most called FOLIE A DEUX
common type. Hear voices and sounds that
others cannot hear
4. OLFACTORY (smell) → smell things (usually
foul-smelling things)
5. COMMAND (hearing) → when a voice
commands the person to do something he/she
would not ordinarily do.

9. PARANOIA – it is a psychosis characterized by

a systemized delusional system. A type of
psychotic reaction, the main symptom of which HALLUCINATION, ILLUSION AND DELUSION
is characterized by suspicion. (aka DELUSIONAL ❖HALLUNICATION - is a perception in the absence
DISORDER) of external stimuli (false perception)
❖ILLUSION - is a distortion of the senses, revealing
TYPES OF PARANOIA how the human brain normally organizes and
 PERSECUTORY PARANOIA – this refers interprets sensory stimulation (false interpretation)
to having delusions of persecution. The ❖DELUSION -false system of beliefs that persists
person believes that some people are despite evidence to the contrary (false belief)
plotting to harm him/her in some way.
 LITIGIOUS PARANOIA – This refers to 4. ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORAL PATTERNS
having delusions of both persecution Psychoactive substance-use disorders such as
and grandeur; a person may go to great alcoholism affects millions of people. Addiction and
lengths to bring alleged persecutors to psychological dependence on these substances
court. create disastrous personal and social problems
 EROTIC PARANOIA – Also called (Bernstein, 1991).
amorous paranoia, this refers to having
delusions that a certain person is in love 5. SEXUAL DYSFUCNTIONAL PATTERNS
with him/her Sexual deviations to the impairment to either the
 EXALTED PARANOIA – Having grandiose desire for sexual gratification or in the ability to
delusions and believes himself/herself achieve it.
 THOSE AFFECTING MALES PEDOPHILIA – a sexual perversion where a person
 ERECTILE INSUFFICIENCY (IMPOTENCY) – it has the compulsive desire to have sexual intercourse
is a sexual disorder characterized by the with a child of either sex.
inability to achieve or maintain erection for BESTIALITY – the sexual gratification is attained by
successful intercourse. having sexual intercourse with animals.
 PRE-MATURE EJACULATION – it is the AUTO-SEXUAL
unsatisfactory brief period of sexual (SELF-GRATIFICATION/MASTURBATION) – it is also
stimulation that result to the failure of the called “self-abuse”, sexual satisfaction is carried out
female partner to achieve satisfaction. without the cooperation of another.
 RETARDED EJACULATION – it is the inability GERONTOPHILIA – is a sexual desire with an elder
to ejaculate during intercourse person.
NECROPHILIA – an erotic desire or actual
THOSE AFFECTING WOMEN intercourse with a corpse.
 AROUSAL INSUFFICIENCY (FRIGIDITY) – a INCEST – a sexual relation between person who, by
sexual disorder characterized by partial or reason of blood relationship cannot legally marry.
complete failure to attain the lubrication or
swelling response of sexual excitement by As to Sexual Urge:
the female partner. SATYRIASIS – an excessive (sexual urge) desire of
 ORGASMIC DYSFUNCTION – a sexual men to have sexual intercourse
disorder characterized by the difficulty in NYMPHOMANIA – a strong sexual feeling of women
achieving orgasm. with an excessive sexual urge.
 VAGINISMUS – the involuntary spasm of the
muscles at the entrance to the vagina that As Mode of Sexual Expression:
prevent penetration of the male sex organ. ORALISM – it is the use of mouth or the tongue as a
 DYSPAREUNIA – it is called painful way of sexual satisfaction.
coitus/painful sexual acts in women. FELLATIO – male sex organ to the mouth of the
women coupled with the act of sucking that initiates
SEXUAL BEHAVIORS LEADING TO SEX CRIMES orgasm.
As to Sexual Reversals: CUNNILINGUS – sexual gratification is attained by
HOMOSEXUALITY – it is a sexual behavior directed licking the external female genitalia.
towards the same sex. It is also called ANILISM (ANILLINGUS) – licking the anus of the
“lesbianism/tribadism” for female relationship. sexual partner
TRANSVESTISM – refers to the achievement of SADO-MASOCHISM (ALGOLAGNIA) – pain/cruelty
sexual excitation by dressing as a member of the for sexual gratification.
opposite sex such a man who wears female apparel. SADISM – achievement of sexual stimulation and
FETISHISM – sexual gratification is obtained by gratification through the infliction of physical pain
looking at some body parts, underwear of the on the sexual partner. It may also be associated with
opposite sex or other objects associated with the animals or objects instead of human beings.
opposite sex. MASOCHISM – infliction of pain to oneself to
achieve sexual pleasure.
As to the Choice of Partner:
As to Part of the Body:
SODOMY – is a sexual act through the anus of the The persistent inability of the individual through
sexual partner. mental cause to adapt himself to his ordinary
URANISM – sexual gratification is attained through environment.
fingering, holding the breast of licking parts of the 2. MENTAL DEFFICIENCY
body. Is the condition of arrested or incomplete
FROTTAGE – the act of rubbing the sex organ against development of the mind existing before the age of
body parts of another person. 18 years old, whether arising from inherent causes
PARTIALISM – it refers to the sexual libido on any induced by disease or injury.
part of the body of a sexual partner.
CLASSES OF MENTAL DEFICIENCY
As To Visual Stimulus:
VOYEURISM – the person is commonly called “the A. IDIOTS – person whose case there exist
peeping Tom”, an achievement of sexual pleasures mental defectiveness of such a degree that
through clandestine peeping such as peeping to they are unable
dressing room, couples’ room, toilets, etc. and to guard themselves against common
frequently the person masturbate during the physical dangers. Their mentality is
peeping activity. compared to a two years old person.
SCOPTOPHILIA – the intentional act of watching B. IMBECILES – persons in whose case there
people undress or during sexual intimacies. exist mental defectiveness which thought
not amounting to idiocy, is yet so
pronounced that they are incapable of
As to Number of Participants in the Sexual managing themselves or their affairs. Their
Act: mentality is like a child of 2 to 7 years old.
TROILISM – three persons participate in sex orgy C. FEEBLE-MINDED PERSONS – those in
such as two women versus on man or vice versa. whose case there exist mental defectiveness
PLURALISM – group of persons in sexual orgies such which thought not amounting to imbecility,
as couple to couple sexual relations. It is also called is yet so pronounced that they require care,
“sexual festival”. supervision and control for their own or for
Other Sexual Abnormalities: the protection of others, or in the case of
EXHIBITIONISM – it is called “indecent exposure”, children, they appear to be permanently
intentional exposure of genitals to members of the incapable by reason of such defectiveness
opposite sex under inappropriate conditions. or receiving proper benefit from the
COPROLALIA – the use of obscene language to intrusion in ordinary schools.
achieve sexual satisfaction. D. MORAL DEFECTIVENESS – person
DON JUANISM – the act of seducing women as a wherein defect exists coupled with strong
career without permanency of sexual partner or vicious or criminal propensities, and who
companion. require care and supervision, and control
for their own or for the protection of others.
DISTURBANCE OF MENTALITY
1. INSANITY RULE ON INTELLIGENCE IN CRIMINAL CASE
 MCNAUGHTON (M’NAGHTEN) RULE – the
defendant to be acquitted must be:
 ✓not know what he was doing at the time at Offender is under 9 years of age at the time of the
the time commission of the crime. There is absolute criminal
✓not know that his actions were wrong. irresponsibility in the case of a minor under 9 years
 DURHAM RULE – “an accused is not of age.
criminally responsible if his unlawful act is NOTE: Under R.A. 9344 or the Juvenile Justice and
the product of mental disease or mental Welfare Act a minor 15 years and below is exempt
defect. (“irresistible impulse”) from criminal liability.
✓Lacks the ability to understand of their act.
✓Cannot control their impulse III. PERSON OVER 9 AND UNDER 15 ACTING
WITHOUT DISCERNMENT
EXEMPTING CIRCUMSTANCES NOTE: Such minor must have acted without
Grounds for exemption from punishment because discernment to be exempt. If with discernment, he
there is wanting in the agent of the crime any of the is criminally liable.
conditions which make the act voluntary or PRESUMPTION: The minor committed the crime
negligent. without discernment.
BASIS: The exemption from punishment is based on
the complete absence of intelligence, freedom of
action, or intent, or on the absence of negligence on
the part of the accused.
BURDEN OF PROOF: Any of the circumstances is a
matter of defense and must be proved by the
defendant to the satisfaction of the court.
I. IMBECILITY OR INSANITY
IMBECILE – one while advanced in age has a mental
development comparable to that of children POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER
between 2 and 7 years old. He is exempt in all cases Under Republic Act 9262 (Anti-Violence Against
from criminal liability. Women and Their Children Act of 2004), victim-
INSANE – one who acts with complete deprivation survivors who are found by the Courts to be
of intelligence/reason or without the least suffering from BATTERED WOMAN SYNDROME
discernment or with total deprivation of freedom of (BWS) (PEOPLE VS. GENOSA) do not incur any
will. Mere abnormality of the mental faculties will criminal or civil liability despite absence of the
not exclude imputability. necessary elements for the justifying circumstance
GENERAL RULE: Exempt from criminal liability of self-defense in the RPC. BWS is a scientifically
EXCEPTION: The act was done during a lucid defined pattern of psychological and behavioral
interval. symptoms found in women living in battering
NOTE: Defense must prove that the accused was relationships as a result of cumulative abuse.
insane at the time of the commission of the crime
because the In order to be classified as battered woman, the
presumption is always in favor of sanity. couple must go through the battering cycle AT LEAST
TWICE.
II. UNDER NINE YEARS OF AGEREQUISITE THREE PHASES OF BWS:
1. THE TENSION-BUILD UP PHASE
 2. ACUTE BATTERING INCIDENT of crime often becomes the FORGOTTEN
3. TRANQUIL, LOVING (NON-VIOLENT) PERSON of the criminal justice system while
PHASE the criminal is the celebrity. Victims are only
valued for their capacity to report crimes
and to appear in court as witnesses.
VICTIMOLOGY THEORY
✓The original meaning was rooted in the idea of
sacrifice or scapegoat
✓The execution or casting out of a person or animal
to satisfy a deity or hierarchy.
✓The word victim came to have additional
meanings. During the founding of victimology in the
1940s, victimologists Mendelson, Hentig and
Wolfgang defined victims as hapless dupes who
instigated their own victimizations (VICTIM
PRECIPITATION).
✓Over the years, ideas about victim precipitation
have come to be perceived as a negative thing;
‘victim blaming’ it is called.
✓Research into ways in which victim ‘contribute’ to
their own victimization is considered by victims and
victim
advocates as both UNACCEPTABLE AND
DESTRUCTIVE.
“VICTIMOLOGY”
VICTIMOLOGY (VICTIMA – “FEAR”) is the study NOTE: Today, the concept of victim includes any
about victims of crime. Itis a branch of criminology person who experiences injury, loss or hardship due
that deals to any cause.
victimization and the contributory role of the
victims in the commission of crimes. KINDS OF CRIME VICTIM
 Victimology, being the study of “crime
targets”, showed that a person becomes a 1. DIRECT OR PRIMARY CRIME VICTIM →
victim of crime consciously (knowingly) and Directly suffers the harm or injury which is
unconsciously (unknowingly). A person physical, psychological, and economic
could become a victim due to his own losses.
action or fault. He somehow contributes to 2. INDIRECT OR SECONDARY CRIME VICTIM
the commission of crime because of his own → Experience the harm second hand, such
making. as intimate partners or significant others of
 Criminal victims could be key actors in the rape victims or children of a battered
criminal justice process, but more often woman.
they are kept at the discussion. The victim 3. TERTIARY CRIME VICTIM → Victims who
experience the harm vicariously such as
 through media accounts the scared public
or community due to watching news 5. MOST GUILTY VICTIM → victimized during
regarding crime incidents. perpetration of a crime or as a result of a crime
6. SIMULATING OR IMAGINARY VICTIM →
HISTORY OF VICTIMOLOGY fabricates a victimization effect.
The scientific study of victimology can be traced
back to the 1940s and 1950s. NOTE: The first type, the INNOCENT, portrayed
 Two criminologists MENDELSON AND VON as just being in the wrong place at the wrong
HENTIG, began to explore the field of time.
victimology by creating “typologies”. The other 5 types all contributed somehow to
 They are considered the “Fathers of the their own injury, and represented VICTIM
study of Victimology”. PRECIPITATION.

BENJAMIN MENDELSOHN VON HENTIG

- Is generally credited as the initiator of the DEPRESSIVE TYPE
word VICTIMOLOGY as well as the concept A victim who lacks ordinary prudence, and
of PENAL COUPLE. discretion. It is an easy target, careless, and
PENAL COUPLE – is a term that describes unsuspecting. They are submissive by virtue of
the relationship between the victim and the emotional condition.
criminal. GREEDY OF GAIN OR ACQUISITIVE TYPE
- He also coined the term VICTIMAL to A victim who lacks all normal inhibitions and
describe the victim counterpart of criminal well-founded suspicions. The victim is easily
and the word VICTIMITY which signified the duped because his or her motivation for easy
opposite of criminality. gain lowers his or her natural tendency to be
- Another class of victim is the LOSER or one suspicious.
who is initially the attacker but later, the WANTON OR OVERLY SENSUAL TYPE
situation is reversed. An example could be A victim where female faults play a role. The
the case of a bully who ends up injured or a victim is particularly vulnerable to stresses that
swindler becomes swindled. occur at a given period of time in the life cycle,
such as juvenile victims. Further, this victim is
HE CREATED A TYPOLOGY OF 6 TYPES OF ruled by passion and thoughtless seeking
VICTIMS. pleasure.
1. COMPLETELY INNOCENT VICTIM → bears no TORMENTOR TYPE
responsibility at all for victimization (e.g. child) The victim of an attack forms the target of his or
2. VICTIMS WITH MINOR GUILT → victimized her abuse, such as with battered women. The
due to ignorance most primitive way of solving a personal conflict
3. VICTIM AS GUILTY AS is to annihilate physically the cause of trouble.
OFFENDER/VOLUNTARY VICTIM → bear as
much as responsibility as the offender (suicide TAXONOMY OF MURDER VICTIMS (HANS
pact) VON HENTIG)
4. VICTIM MORE GUILTY THAN OFFENDER →
instigates or provokes his/her own victimization
 ❖LONESOME TYPE - This is the same with  INTENSE STRESS REACTIONS – victims
the acquisitive type of victim, by virtue of breathing, blood pressure, and heart rate
wanting companionship or affection. may increase, and their muscles may
❖HEARTBROKEN TYPE - The victim is tighten. They may feel exhausted but unable
emotionally disturbed by virtue of to sleep, and they may have headaches,
heartaches and pain. increased or decreased appetites, or
❖THE YOUNG – weak, by virtue of age and digestive problems
immaturity EMOTIONAL TRAUMA
❖THE FEMALE – physically less powerful  SHOCK OR NUMBNESS – they may feel
and is easily dominated by male “frozen” and cut off from their own
❖THE OLD – incapable of physical defense emotions.
and the common object of illegal scheme  DENIAL, DISBELIEF, AND ANGER – victims
❖THE MENTALLY DEFECTIVE – unable to may experience “denial”, an unconscious
think clearly defense against painful or unbearable
❖THE IMMIGRANT – unsure of the rules of memories and feelings about the crime.
conduct in the surrounding society They may feel intense anger and a desire to
❖THE MINORITIES – racial prejudice may get even with the offender.
lead to victimization or unequal treatment  ACUTE STRESS DISORDER – some crime
by the agency of justice. victims may experience trouble sleeping,
flashbacks, and extreme tension or anxiety,
VICTIM PRECIPITATION THEORY outburst of anger, memory problems,
It was first promulgated by Von Hentig in 1941 and trouble concentration.
applies only to violent victimization. Its basic
premise is that by acting in certain provocative B. SECONDARY INJURIES
ways, some individuals initiate a chain of events that When victims do not receive the support and help,
lead to their victimization. Also, this theory suggests they need after the crime, they may suffer
that some people may actually initiate the secondary injuries. They may be hurt by a lack of
confrontation that eventually leads to their injury or understanding from friends, family, and the
death. professionals they come into contact with –
 ACTIVE PRECIPITATION – it occurs when the particularly if others seem to blame the victim for
victims act provocatively, use threats or the crime.
fighting words, or even attacks first. C. COMMON INJURIES
 PASSIVE PRECIPITATION – it occurs when It includes bruises, cuts, scrapes, broken bones,
the victim exhibits some personal sexually transmitted disease, and a wide range of
characteristic that unknowingly either internal injuries.
threatens it encourages the attacker.
MODELS OF VICTIMIZATION
TRAUMA IN VICTIMIZATION 1. VICTIM OF CRIME MODEL (Man-made Cause)
A. PRIMARY INJURIES This model of victimization is applicable to victims of
PHYSICAL TRAUMA - serious injury or shock man- made causes like homicide, rape and others:
to the body, from a major accident. The stages are as follows:
 A. STAGE OF IMPACT AND tough legislation and other legal reforms which
DISORGANIZATION → This depicts the makes the punishment for crime more certain,
attitude or activity of the victim during and severe and swift.
immediately following the criminal event.
B. STAGE OF RECOIL → This stage occurs
during which the victim formulates
psychological defenses and deals with
conflicting emotions of guilt, anger,
acceptance, and desire of revenge.
C. REORGANIZATION STAGE → This stage
occurs during which the victim puts his/her
life back to normal daily living.
2. VICTIM OF DISASTER MODEL (Natural Cause)
This model of victimization is applicable to victims of
natural causes like earthquake, flood, volcanic
eruption and others. The stages are as follows:
A. PRE-IMPACT STAGE – state of the victim
prior to being victimized.

B. IMPACT STAGE – phase in which

victimization occurs.
C. POST-IMPACT STAGE – entails the degree
and duration of the personal and social
disorganization
following victimization.
D. BEHAVIORAL OUTCOME – describes the
victim’s adjustment to the victimization
experience.

STAGES OF CRIME PREVENTION

1. PRIMARY PREVENTION → Involves altering the PROTECTION OF VICTIMS (RA 9262)
environment in such a way that the root causes or Upon issuance of protection orders, it may include:
at least the facilitators of crime are eliminated. (a) Prohibition of the respondent from threatening
2. SECONDARY PREVENTION → Focus upon specific to commit or committing, personally or through
problems, places and times with the twin goal of another, any of the acts mentioned in Section 5 of
reducing situation-specific opportunities for crime this Act;
and increasing the risks for committing crime.
3. TERTIARY PREVENTION → Deterrence or (b) Prohibition of the respondent from harassing,
minimization of harm. Often symbolic as with get- annoying, telephoning, contacting or otherwise
communicating with the petitioner, directly or automatically remitted directly to the woman.
indirectly; Failure to remit and/or withhold or any delay in the
remittance of support to the woman and/or her
(c) Removal and exclusion of the respondent from child without justifiable cause shall render the
the residence of the petitioner, regardless of respondent or his employer liable for indirect
ownership of the residence, either temporarily for contempt of court;
the purpose of protecting the petitioner, or
permanently where no property rights are violated, (h) Prohibition of the respondent from any use or
and if respondent must remove personal effects possession of any firearm or deadly weapon and
from the residence, the court shall direct a law order him to surrender the same to the court for
enforcement agent to accompany the respondent appropriate disposition by the court, including
has gathered his things and escort respondent from revocation of license and disqualification to apply
the residence; for any license to use or possess a firearm. If the
offender is a law enforcement agent, the court shall
(d) Directing the respondent to stay away from order the offender to surrender his firearm and shall
petitioner and designated family or household direct the appropriate authority to investigate on
member at a distance specified by the court, and to the offender and take appropriate action on matter;
stay away from the residence, school, place of
employment, or any specified place frequented by (i) Restitution for actual damages caused by the
the petitioner and any designated family or violence inflicted, including, but not limited to,
household member; property damage, medical expenses, childcare
expenses and loss of income;
(e) Directing lawful possession and use by petitioner
of an automobile and other essential personal (j) Directing the DSWD or any appropriate agency to
effect, regardless of ownership, and directing the provide petitioner may need; and
appropriate law enforcement officer to accompany
the petitioner to the residence of the parties to (k) Provision of such other forms of relief as the
ensure that the petitioner is safely restored to the court deems necessary to protect and provide for
possession of the automobile and other essential the safety of the petitioner and any designated
personal effects, or to supervise the petitioner's or family or household member, provided petitioner
respondent's removal of personal belongings; and any designated family or household member
consents to such relief.
(f) Granting a temporary or permanent custody of a
child/children to the petitioner; Any of the reliefs provided under this section shall
be granted even in the absence of a decree of legal
(g) Directing the respondent to provide support to separation or annulment or declaration of absolute
the woman and/or her child if entitled to legal nullity of marriage.
support. Notwithstanding other laws to the
contrary, the court shall order an appropriate RIGHTS AND BENEFITS OF A WITNESS (RA 6981)
percentage of the income or salary of the
respondent to be withheld regularly by the (a) To have a secure housing facility until he has
respondent's employer for the same to be testified or until the threat, intimidation or
harassment disappears or is reduced to a (d) To be provided with reasonable travelling
manageable or tolerable level. When the expenses and subsistence allowance by the Program
circumstances warrant, the Witness shall be entitled in such amount as the Department may determine
to relocation and/or change of personal identity at for his attendance in the court, body or authority
the expense of the Program. This right may be where his testimony is required, as well as
extended to any member of the family of the conferences and interviews with prosecutors or
Witness within the second civil degree of investigating officers.
consanguinity or affinity. (e) To be provided with free medical treatment,
hospitalization and medicines for any injury or
(b) The Department shall, whenever practicable, illness incurred or suffered by him because of
assist the Witness in obtaining a means of witness duty in any private or public hospital, clinic,
livelihood. The Witness relocated pursuant to this or at any such institution at the expense of the
Act shall be entitled to financial assistance from the Program.
Program for his support and that of his family in
such amount and for such duration as the (f) If a Witness is killed, because of his participation
Department shall determine. in the Program, his heirs shall be entitled to a burial
benefit of not less than ten thousand pesos
(c) In no case shall the Witness be removed from or (P10,000.00) from the Program exclusive of any
demoted in work because or on account of his other similar benefits he may be entitled to under
absences due to his attendance before any judicial other existing laws.
or quasi-judicial body or investigating authority,
including legislative investigations in aid of (g) In case of death or permanent incapacity, his
legislation, in going thereto and in coming minor or dependent children shall be entitled to
therefrom: Provided, That his employer is notified free education, from primary to college level in any
through a certification issued by the Department, state, or private school, college or university as may
within a period of thirty (30) days from the date be determined by the Department, as long as they
when the Witness last reported for work: Provided, shall have qualified thereto.
further, That in the case of prolonged transfer or
permanent relocation, the employer shall have the
option to remove the Witness from employment
after securing clearance from the Department upon
the recommendation of the Department of Labor
and Employment. Any Witness who failed to report
for work because of witness duty shall be paid his
equivalent salaries or wages corresponding to the
number of days of absence occasioned by the
Program. For purposes of this Act, any fraction of a
day shall constitute a full day salary or wage. This
provision shall be applicable to both government
and private employees.