Practice paper - S.N.S.

Institute
CLASS – XII
CBSE BOARD EXAMINATION 2024-25

PHYSICS
Maximum Marks: 70 Time Allowed: 3 hours

General Instructions
(1) There are 33 questions in all. All questions are compulsory.

(2) This question paper has five sections: Section A, Section B, Section C, Section D and Section E.

(3) All the sections are compulsory.

(4) Section A contains sixteen questions, twelve MCQ and four Assertion Reasoning based of 1 mark
each, Section B contains five questions of two marks each, Section C contains seven questions of
three marks each, Section D contains two case study-based questions of four marks each and
Section E contains three long answer questions of five marks each.
(5) There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided in one question in Section
B, one question in Section C, one question in each CBQ in Section D and all three questions in
Section E. You have to attempt only one of the choices in such questions.
(6) Use of calculators is not allowed.

(7) You may use the following values of physical constants where ever necessary

i. c = 3 × 108 m/s

ii. me = 9.1 ×10-31 kg

iii. mp = 1.7 ×10-27 kg

iv. e = 1.6 × 10-19 C

v. µ0 = 4π × 10-7 T m A-1

vi. h = 6.63 ×10-34 J s

vii. ε0 = 8.854 ×10-12 C2N-1m-2

viii. Avogadro’s number = 6.023 × 1023 per gram mole

Page 1 of 9
 SECTION ‘A’
01. An electric dipole is at stable equilibrium in a uniform external electric field when the angle
between 𝑝⃗⃗⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐸⃗ .

A) 900 B) 1800 C) 00 D) 2700

02. In an ac circuit at resonance the power factor is

A) 1 B) 0 C) 0.5 D) 1.414

03. Which one of the following instrument has least resistance?

A) Ammeter of range 0-1 amp
B) Voltmeter of range 0-1 volt
C) Ammeter of range 0-10 amp
D) Voltmeter of range 0-10 volt

04.

1
The Coulomb force versus 𝑟 2 graphs for two pair of charges (𝑞1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞2 ) and (𝑞2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑞3 ) are
shown. The charge 𝑞2 is positive and has least magnitude then, magnitude of chares related
as:
A) 𝑞1 > 𝑞2 > 𝑞3 B) 𝑞1 > 𝑞3 > 𝑞2
C) 𝑞3 > 𝑞2 > 𝑞1 D) 𝑞3 > 𝑞1 > 𝑞2
05. The minimum distance between an object and its real image formed by a convex lens of focal
length ‘f’ is :
A) f B) 6f C) 2f D) 4f

06. When a plane wave front is refracted by a convex lens of focal length ‘f” , the refracted wave
front is a
A) Spherical wave front with radius f
C) Spherical wave front with radius f/2
B) Spherical wave front with radius 2f
D) Spherical wave front with radius 4f

Page 2 of 9
07. The ratio of nuclear radii of two nuclei of mass number 27 and 64 is
A) 9 B) 27 C) 3 D)
3
289 64 4 √
17

08. Which one of the following diodes is conducting

A) B)

C) D)

09. Approximate energy released in a complete fusion of uranium 235 is:

A) 200 MeV B) 400 MeV C) 200 KeV D) 100 MeV

10. Which of the following graphs represents the variation of momentum of a particle with the
de-Broglie wavelength associated with it

A) B)

C) D)

11. A convex lens of focal length 30cm is in contact with a concave lens of focal length 20cm?
Then this act as a
A) Converging lens of focal length 60 cm
B) Diverging lens of focal length 60 cm
C) Converging lens of focal length 12 cm
D) Diverging lens of focal length 12 cm
12. At the centre of the dipole
A) Electric field = 0 and potential = 0
B) Electric field≠ 0 and potential = 0
C) Electric field ≠ 0 and potential ≠ 0
D) Electric field = 0 and potential ≠ 0

Page 3 of 9
 Assertion and Reason type questions
For Questions 13 to 16, two statements are given –one labelled Assertion (A) and other
labelled Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from the options as given
below.
A. If both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of
Assertion.
B. If both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of
Assertion.
C. If Assertion is true but Reason is false.
D. If both Assertion and Reason are false.

13. Assertion (A) Magnetic field lines form closed loops.

Reason (R) Source of magnetism is electric current.
14. Assertion (A) Electric potential energy is negative
Reason (R) Work is done in the direction of the electric field
15. Assertion (A) Isotones have identical chemical behavior.
Reason (R) They have same electronic structure.
16. Assertion (A) Gamma rays have very high penetrative power.
Reason (R) The speed of gamma rays in free space is 3 × 108 𝑚/𝑠

SECTION ‘B’
17. A short bar magnet of magnetic moment m = 0.32 JT–1 is placed in a uniform magnetic field of
0.15 T. If the bar is free to rotate in the plane of the field, which orientation would correspond
to its (a) stable, and (b) unstable equilibrium? What is the potential energy of the magnet in
each case?
18. A charge of 6 μC is given to a hollow metallic sphere of radius 0.2 m. Find the potential at
(i) the surface and (ii) the centre of the sphere.
19. I The radius of the innermost electron orbit of a hydrogen atom is 5.3× 10–11 m. What is
the De-Broglie’s wavelength corresponds to the third level of the hydrogen atom?
[OR]
II a) Draw the energy level diagram of a hydrogen atom for levels 1 to 4.
b) Calculate the potential and kinetic energy of the electron in the ground state of a
hydrogen atom.
20. a) Draw the cross sectional view of varying electric field and magnetic field between the
plates of a parallel plate capacitor connected to an alternating source of emf.
b) State the generalised Ampere circuital law called as Ampere-Maxwell law.
21. In this V-I graph dashed line represents the
linear Ohm’s law. The solid line is the
voltage V versus current I for a good
conductor. This graphs shows Ohm’s law is
violated at high current region. Why?

Page 4 of 9
 SECTION ‘C’

22. Four identical cells, each of emf 2 V, are joined in parallel providing supply of current to
external circuit of resistance 7.5Ω The terminal voltage of the cells, as read by an ideal
voltmeter is 1.6 volt. Calculate the internal resistance of each cell by drawing a correct circuit
diagram of the arrangement.

23. a) Prove Snell’s law using Huygens principle.

b) A ray of monochromatic light propagating in air, is incident on the surface of water and
partially reflected and partially refracted. Which characteristic of the wave is same for both
reflected and refracted waves?

24. a) Draw the V-I characteristics of a p-n junction diode for forward and reverse biased
conditions.
b) What do you mean by cut-in voltage?
c) Why the reverse current is very small and saturated within the limit of breakdown voltage?

25. a) Draw the graph showing the binding energy per nucleon as a function of mass number.
16
b) If the mass defect of 8𝑂 is 0.13691u calculate it’s binding energy per nucleon in MeV.

26. I a) Derive an expression for self-inductance of a solenoid. Write the expression for
the self-inductance of the solenoid if it’s interior is a material of relative
permeability μr.
b) Why work has to be done to vary current in a solenoid?
[OR]
II a) You are given three circuit elements X, Y and Z. They are connected one by one
across a given ac source. It is found that V and I are in phase for element ‘X’, V
leads I by (π/2) for the element ‘Y’ while I leads V by (π/2) for the element. Identify
elements X, Y and Z.
b) Establish the expression for impedance of circuit when elements X, Y and Z are
connected in series with an ac source.

27. In the experimental set up for study of photoelectric effect, the cathode is coated with cesium
of threshold frequency 5.16×1014 Hz. Frequency of incident radiation on the cathode is 6.6×
1014 Hz and number photons incident per second is 5× 1015.
a) For this data draw the graph for the variation of photoelectric current with collector
plate potential.
b) If the threshold frequency of calcium is 7.7×1014 Hz, draw a graph showing Variation
of stopping potential V0 with frequency n of incident radiation for cesium and calcium.

28. With a circuit diagram explain the working of half wave rectifier and draw the input and output
waveforms.

Page 5 of 9
 SECTION ‘D’
Case Study Based Question
29. Aurora Boriolis
In Polar Regions like Alaska and Northern Canada, a splendid display of colours is seen
in the sky. The appearance of dancing green pink lights is fascinating, and equally puzzling.
This phenomenon is called Aurora Boriolis in physics. An explanation of this natural
phenomenon is now found in physics, in terms motion of charges in a magnetic field.
Consider a charged particle of mass m and charge q, entering a region of magnetic field
⃗ with an initial velocity 𝑣. When 𝑣 is inclined to 𝐵
𝐵 ⃗ the velocity have a component 𝑣𝑝 parallel
to the magnetic field and a component 𝑣𝑛 normal to it. There is no force on a charged particle
in the direction of the field. Hence the particle continues to travel with the velocity 𝑣𝑝 parallel
to the field. The normal component 𝑣𝑛 of the particle results in a Lorentz force (𝑣𝑛 × 𝐵 ⃗ ) which
is perpendicular to both 𝑣𝑛 and 𝐵 ⃗ . Hence the particle thus has a tendency to perform a circular
motion in a plane perpendicular to the magnetic field. When this is coupled with the velocity
parallel to the field, the resulting trajectory will be a helix along the magnetic field line. Even
if the field line bends, the helically moving particle is trapped and guided to move around the
field line. Since the Lorentz force is normal to the velocity of each point, the field does no work
on the particle and the magnitude of velocity remains the same.
⃗ , answer the following questions
If 𝜃 is the angle between 𝑣 and 𝐵
I. The ratio of pitch of the helix to it’s radius is
A) 2𝜋 /tan 𝜃 B) 2𝜋 tan 𝜃
C) 2𝜋 cos 𝜃 D) 2𝜋 sin 𝜃
II. Which one of the following is independent of 𝜃, when the charges particle is executing helical
motion
A) Pitch B) Radius
C) Frequency D) None of the above
III. A charged particle with a velocity 𝑣𝑖̂ enters a region with uniform magnetic field 𝐵𝑗̂ then the
particle will undergo
A) Helical motion in x-z plane B) Circular motion in x-y plane
C) Circular motion in y-z plane D) Circular motion in x-z plane
IV. i) If ‘R’ is the radius of a proton executing uniform circular motion in a uniform magnetic
field. What will be the radius of an alpha particle projected in to the same field under the
same condition?
A) R/4 B) R/2 C) 2R D) 4R

[OR]
ii) If the proton is moving parallel to uniform magnetic field with constant velocity 𝑣, the
force acting on the proton is

Page 6 of 9
 A) Be/v B) Bev C) B/ev D) Zero

30. Lenses and lens maker’s formula

A lens is a transparent optical medium bounded by two surfaces; at least one of which
should be spherical. There are different types of lenses, double convex lens, double concave
lens, plano-convex lens, plano-concave lens and concavo convex lens. Lens makers formula is
applicable to all these lenses. It is useful to design lenses of desired focal length using surfaces
of suitable radii of curvature and medium of suitable refractive index. For concavo-convex one
surface is convex and the other surface is concave, the nature of the lens depends on the radius
of curvature of these surfaces when other factors remain the same.
I. Is it possible to have two lenses of same radius of curvature (equi-convex or equi-concave) can
have different focal length when kept in the same medium.
A) No they should have different radius of curvature.
B) Yes they should have different refractive index.
C) Yes they should have same refractive index.
D) No the surrounding medium should be different.
II. Concavo-convex lenses are used to make
A) spectacles with power
B) spectacles without power
C) spectacles with protection from various hazards like uv radiation etc.
D) all the above
III. When a plano-convex lens of made of a material of refractive index 1.47 disappears when
immersed in a liquid
A) then the refractive index of the liquid is equal to 1.47
B) then the refractive index of the liquid is greater than 1.47
C) then the refractive index of the liquid is less than 1.47
D) then the refractive index of the liquid must be 1.
IV i. Two double convex lenses (both spherical has same
radius of curvature) of focal length ‘f’ is made-up of
transparent medium of refractive index 𝑛2 kept in a
medium of refractive index 𝑛1 . The lenses are cut in
to two equal halves as shown. What will happen to
the focal length and the brightness of the image
formed by the pieces of these lenses marked as ‘1’ and
‘2’? (neglect the thickness of the lens)
Options For the piece ‘1’ For the piece ‘2’
Focal length Brightness Focal length Brightness
A) Doubles Same Same Same
B) Same Becomes half Becomes half Becomes half
C) Doubles Same Same Becomes half
D) Doubles Becomes half Doubles Becomes half

Page 7 of 9
 [OR]
IV. ii. Focal length of double convex lens in air is ‘f’. What will happen to the focal length of
this lens when it is immersed in water of refractive index 1.33, the refractive index of glass
is 1.5.
A) no change
B) 3.9 f
C) f becomes infinity
D) f / 3.9
SECTION ‘E’
31 I a) Using Gauss law drive the expression for electric field due to charged conducting
sphere of radius ‘R’ on a point with a position vector 𝑟 with respect to the centre
of the sphere when r > R and r < R.
b) A charge of +q coulomb is kept between two
uniformly charged infinite parallel plane
sheets of surface charge density + σ and – σ.
Find the magnitude and direction of the force
acting on the charge q.
What will happen to the electric field outside
the plates when the space between the plates
is filled with a dielectric material with a
dielectric constant ‘K’.

[OR]
II a) Derive an expression for the capacitance of a capacitor when dielectric slab of
dielectric constant ‘K’ inserted between the plates of the capacitor fully occupying
the intervening region.

b) Two slabs of dielectric constants 2K

and K fill the space between the
plates of a parallel plate capacitor of
plate area ‘A’ and plate separation ‘d’
as shown in figure. Find an
expression for capacitance of the
system.
32 I a) i. Trace the path of a ray of light showing refraction through a triangular prism and
hence obtain an expression for angle of deviation ( 𝛿) in terms of A, i and e,
where symbols have their usual meanings.
ii. Draw a graph showing the variation of angle of deviation with the angle of
incidence.
b) Complete the ray diagram if the
refractive index of the material of the
prism is √2 . Explain what happens
to the ray of light whenever it under
goes refraction at different interfaces.

Page 8 of 9
 [OR]
II a) Derive an expression for resultant amplitude due to interference of two light waves
of amplitude ‘a’ and angular frequency ‘ω’ with a phase difference Φ
If I0 is the intensity of the interfering waves what is the intensity of the resultant if
i) Φ is constant and ii) Φ is varying with time
b) Why two identical independent ordinary light sources like sodium lamp never be
coherent.
c) In Young’s double-slit experiment using monochromatic light of wavelength λ, the
intensity of light at a point on the screen where path difference is λ, is K units.
What is the intensity of light at a point where path difference is λ/3?
33 I a) With a labelled diagram of an ac generator briefly explain the working of the
generator and derive the expressions for instantaneous emf.

b) A circular coil of radius 8.0 cm and 20 turns is rotated about its vertical diameter
with an angular speed of 50 rad s–1 in a uniform horizontal magnetic field of
magnitude 3.0 × 10–2 T. Obtain the maximum and average emf induced in the coil.
If the coil forms a closed loop of resistance 10 Ω, calculate imax and irms.
[OR]
II a) With a labelled diagram of a transformer briefly explain the working of the
transformer and derive an expression for transformer ratio.

b) A small town with a demand of 800 kW of electric power at 220 V is situated 15

km away from an electric plant generating power at 440 V. The resistance of the
two wire line carrying power is 0.5 Ω per km. The town gets power from the line
through a 4000-220 V step-down transformer at a sub-station in the town. If the
town gets power from the line through 40,000-220 V step down transformer, how
much power could be saved?

Page 9 of 9
 CLASS – XII

PHYSICS Maximum Marks: 70

Marking Scheme.

01 C) 00 1
02 A) 1 1
03 C) Ammeter of range 0 -10 amp 1
04 D) 𝑞3 > 𝑞1 > 𝑞2 1
05 D) 4f 1
06 A) Spherical wave front with radius f 1
07 C) 3/4 1
08 B) 1

09 A) 200 MeV 1
10 A) 1

11 B) Diverging lens of focal length 60 cm 1

12 B) Electric field≠ 0 and potential= 0 1
13 A) Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. 1
14 C) Assertion is true but Reason is false 1
15 D) Both Assertion and Reason are false. 1
16 B) Both Assertion and Reason are true but Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion 1
SECTION ‘C’
17 Stable equilibrium when 𝑚 ⃗
⃗⃗ is parallel to 𝐵 ½ 2
Corresponding potential energy 𝑈 = −𝑚𝐵 = −4.8 × 10−2 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 ½
Stable equilibrium when 𝑚 ⃗
⃗⃗ is anti-parallel to 𝐵 ½
Corresponding potential energy 𝑈 = +𝑚𝐵 = +4.8 × 10−2 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 ½

18 Electrical potential on the surface of the spherical shell 2

1 𝑞 ½
𝑉=
4𝜇𝜀0 𝑟
9 × 10 × 6 × 10−6
9 ½
𝑉= = 2.7 × 105 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡
0.2
Since electric field inside the hollow sphere is zero, hence V remains constant ½
throughout the volume.
Potential at the centre of the sphere is 2.7 × 105 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 ½

Page 1 of 12
19 I i. 𝑟𝑛 = 𝑛2 𝑟1 = 32 × 5.3 × 10−11 ½ 2

2𝜋𝑟𝑛 = 𝑛𝜆𝑛
2𝜋𝑟𝑛
𝜆𝑛 = 𝑛

2𝜋𝑛2 𝑟1
𝜆𝑛 = = 2𝜋𝑛𝑟1 ½
𝑛
½
2 × 3.14 × 32 × 5.3 × 10−11
𝜆3 =
4
½
= 37.44 × 10−11 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
[OR]
II a)

E= -13.6 eV
½
U=2E = -27.2 eV
½
K=-E=13.6eV
20 a) 2
1

1
𝑑𝛷𝐸
⃗⃗⃗ = 𝜇0 𝑖𝑐 + 𝜇0 𝜀0
⃗ . 𝑑𝑙
Correct Statement or ∫ 𝐵 𝑑𝑡

21 2
In the low current region, the current generate less amount of heat which is dissipated to 1
surrounding and the conductor is at thermal equilibrium with the surrounding so there is
no rise in temperature hence the resistivity of the material is not changing.
1
At high current region heat generated is more than the heat dissipated. The heat retained
by the conductor increases the temperature of the wire hence the resistivity increases in
high current region.

Page 2 of 12
 SECTION ‘C’
22 I 3

Let 𝑟 ′ be the net internal resistance of the group of four cells then
𝜀−𝑉 ½
𝑟′ = 𝑅 ( )
𝑉
2 − 1.6 15
= 7.5 ( )= 𝛺 ½
1.6 8
As ‘r’ is the internal resistance of each cell
½
1 4
=
𝑟′ 𝑟
∴ 𝑟 = 4 × 𝑟′
15 ½
=4× = 7.5𝛺
8

23 a) 3
1

In the right angled triangle ABC

𝐵𝐶 𝜏𝑣1 ½
sin 𝑖 = =
𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶
In the right angled triangle ACE
𝐴𝐸 𝜏𝑣2 ½
sin 𝑟 = =
𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶
sin 𝑖 𝜏𝑣1 𝑣1 𝑛2
= = = = 𝑛21
sin 𝑟 𝜏𝑣2 𝑣2 𝑛1 ½

b) frequency ½
Page 3 of 12
24 3
1

In forward biased condition, the current first increases very slowly, almost negligibly, till 1
the voltage across the diode crosses a certain value. After the characteristic voltage, the
diode current increases significantly. This voltage is called the threshold voltage or cut-in
½
voltage.
Reverse current is due to the minority carriers of both sides of the diode. ½
Very small reverse voltage is sufficient to sweep all the minority carriers from one side of
the junction to the other side of the junction.
25 3

1½

𝐸𝑏 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑚𝑢 × 931.5 𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑐 2 ½

𝐸𝑏 ½
𝐸𝑏𝑛=
𝐴
0.13691 × 931.5 127.5
𝐸𝑏𝑛= = = 7.96 𝑀𝑒𝑉/𝑐 2 ½.
16 16
26 I a) Flux linkage through a solenoid of N turns is proportional to the current through the ½ 3
solenoid
𝑁𝛷𝐵 𝛼 𝐼
½
𝑁𝛷𝐵 = 𝐿 𝐼, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐿 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑑
Consider a solenoid of cross sectional area A and length l, having n turns per unit
length.
The magnetic field due to a current I flowing in the solenoid is B = μ0 n I ½
The total flux linked with the solenoid is
𝑁𝛷𝐵 = (𝑛𝑙)(𝜇0 𝑛𝑙)(𝐴)
𝑁𝛷𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛2 𝐴𝑙𝐼
𝐿𝐼 = 𝜇0 𝑛2 𝐴𝑙𝐼
𝐿 = 𝜇0 𝑛2 𝐴𝑙
½
Page 4 of 12
 𝐿 = 𝜇0 𝜇𝑟 𝑛2 𝐴𝑙 ½
b) The self-induced emf opposes any change in the current in the circuit
½
(OR) consequence of Lenz’s law.

[OR]
II X - Resistor ½
Y - Inductor ½
Z - Capacitor ½

From the phasor diagram

2 2
𝑣𝑚 = 𝑣𝑅𝑚 + (𝑣𝐶𝑚 + 𝑣𝐿𝑚 )2

𝑆𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑅𝑚 , 𝑣𝐶𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑣𝐿𝑚

2
𝑣𝑚 = (𝑖𝑚 𝑅)2 + (𝑖𝑚 𝑋𝑐 + 𝑖𝑚 𝑋𝐿 )2
𝑣𝑚
𝑖𝑚 = 1
(𝑅 2 + [𝑋𝑐 − 𝑋𝐿 ])2 ½

By analogy to the resistance in a circuit, we introduce the impedance Z in an ac

circuit
𝑣𝑚
𝑖𝑚 =
𝑍
1
2
𝑍 = (𝑅 + [𝑋𝑐 − 𝑋𝐿 ])2 ½

27 a) 3
Stopping potential for cesium
𝑒𝑉0 = ℎ𝜗 − ℎ𝜗0 ½

6.63 × 10−34 (6.6 − 5.16) × 1014

𝑉0 = = 0.59 𝑣𝑜𝑙 ½
1.6 × 10−19
Saturation current
𝐼 = 𝑁 × 𝑒 = 50 × 1015 × 1.6 × 10−19 = 8 𝑚𝐴 ½

Page 5 of 12
 ½

b)

½
+
½

28 1 3

If an alternating voltage is applied across a diode in series with a load, a pulsating

voltage will appear across the load only during the half cycles of the ac input during
which the diode is forward biased. 1

SECTION ‘D’
29 I A) 2𝜋/ tan 𝜃 1 4
II C) Frequency 1
II B) Circular motion in x-y plane 1
IV i. C) 2R 1

Page 6 of 12
 [OR]
ii. D) Zero
30. I B) Yes they should have different refractive index. 1 4

II D) all the above 1

II A) then the refractive index of the liquid is equal to 1.47 1
IV i C) Doubles Same Same Becomes half 1
[OR]
ii. B) 3.9 f
SECTION ‘E’
31 I a) When r > R ½ 5

The electric field at each point of the Gaussian surface, therefore, has the same
magnitude
E and is along the radius vector at each point. Thus, 𝐸⃗ and ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑠 at every point
are parallel and the flux through each element is Eds.
Summing over all ds, the flux through the Gaussian surface is 𝐸 × 4 𝜋 𝑟 2 . ½
The charge enclosed is 𝜎 × 4 𝜋 𝑅 2
𝜎 × 4 𝜋 𝑅2
By Gauss’s law flux through the Gaussian surface is
𝜀0
𝜎 × 4𝜋𝑅 2 ½
2
∴𝐸 × 4𝜋𝑟 =
𝜀0
2
𝜎𝑅 𝑞 ½
𝐸 = =
𝜀0 𝑟 2 4 𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2

When r < R

Gaussian surface does not enclose any charge so field inside the charged ½
surface is zero

Page 7 of 12
 b) 𝐹 = 𝐸𝑞
𝜎
𝐸=
𝜀0
𝜎 ½
𝐹 = 𝑞 𝑛𝑒𝑤𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝜀0
𝐷𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ½
𝑂𝑢𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑧𝑒𝑟𝑜 𝑠𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑛𝑜 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑡 ½
𝐵𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 𝐾 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑠. ½

[OR]
II a) Consider a dielectric inserted between the plates fully occupying the 5
intervening region.
The dielectric is polarised by the field and the effect is equivalent to two
charged sheets with surface charge densities σp and – σp.
The electric field in the dielectric then corresponds to the case when the net
surface charge density on the plates is ± ( σ– σp).
½
So the new field between the plates of the
𝜎−𝜎𝑝
∴𝐸= 𝜀0
½
so that the potential difference across the plates is
𝜎−𝜎𝑝
𝑉 = 𝐸𝑑 = 𝜀 𝑑
0 ½
For linear dielectrics 𝜎𝑝 is proportional to E0
𝜎
𝜎 − 𝜎𝑝 =
𝐾 ½
Where K is a constant characteristic of the dielectric. Clearly, K > 1.
𝜎𝑑
𝑉 ∴= 𝐾𝜀
0
𝑄
𝑊𝑒 know 𝜎 = 𝐴
𝑄𝑑
𝑉 = 𝐴𝐾𝜀
0
Then the capacitance C, with dielectric between the plates, is ½
𝑄
𝐶= 𝑉
𝜀0 𝐴
𝐶=𝐾 𝑑
𝐴
𝐴𝑠 𝐶0 = 𝜀0 𝑑
½
𝐶 = 𝐾𝐶0

b) 6𝐾𝜀0 𝐴 ½
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶1 =
𝑑
3𝐾𝜀0 𝐴 ½
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶2 =
2𝑑
As the capacitors are in series
1 𝑑 2𝑑 5𝑑
= + = ½
𝐶𝑒𝑞𝑖 6𝐾𝜀0 𝐴 3𝐾𝜀0 𝐴 6𝐾𝜀0 𝐴
6𝐾𝜀0 𝐴 ½
∴ 𝐶𝑒𝑞𝑖 =
5𝑑

Page 8 of 12
32 I a) i. 5

In the quadrilateral AQNR ∠𝐴 + ∠𝑄𝑁𝑅 = 1800 ½

In the triangle QNR 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 = ∠𝐴 ½
𝛿 is the exterior angle of the triangle MQR 𝛿 = 𝑒 − 𝑟2 + 𝑖 − 𝑟1 ½
𝛿 =𝑒+𝑖−𝐴
ii.
1

b)

The incident ray makes normal incident on the first interface AB and travel
un-deviated parallel to the base. ½
The angle of incident on the second interface AC is 600
1
sin 𝑖𝑐 =
√2
𝑖𝑐 = 450 ½
At the second interface the light undergoes total internal reflection.
The reflected ray makes normal incidence on the base of the prism travels
back to the first medium with a deviation of 900. ½

[OR]
II a) 𝑌1 = 𝑎 cos 𝜔𝑡
𝑌2 = 𝑎 cos(𝜔𝑡 + ∅)
𝑌 = 𝑎 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝑎 cos(𝜔𝑡 + ∅)
∅ ∅
𝑌 = 2𝑎 cos cos (𝜔𝑡 + ) ½
2 2

Page 9 of 12
 ∅
𝑌 = 𝐴 cos (𝜔𝑡 + ) ½
2
∅
𝐴 = 2𝑎 cos , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 ½
2
2∅
i. 𝐼 = 4𝐼0 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 ½
1
ii. 𝐼 = 4𝐼0 2 = 2𝐼0

b) Light waves coming out from two independent sources of light will not have 1
any fixed phase relationship and would be incoherent
c) When the path difference = λ and 𝐼0 is the intensity of the each interfering 1
waves then the intensity of light at a point on the screen is 𝑘 = 4𝐼0 ½

When path difference = λ/3’ phase difference is 1200

½
Hence the intensity of light at a point where path difference λ/3 is
120
𝐼 = 𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠 2
2 ½
𝑘
𝐼 = 𝑘𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 60 =
4 ½
33 I a) 5
1

Working:- ½
The coil is mechanically rotated in the uniform magnetic field by some external
means. The rotation of the coil causes the magnetic flux through it to change, so an
emf is induced in the coil. The ends of the coil are connected to an external circuit
by means of slip rings and brushes.
The coil is mechanically rotated in the uniform magnetic field by some external
means. The rotation of the coil causes the magnetic flux through it to change, so an
emf is induced in the coil. The ends of the coil are connected to an external circuit ½
by means of slip rings and brushes.

When the coil is rotated with a constant angular speed ω, the angle θ between the
½
⃗ and the area vector 𝐴 of the coil at any instant t is θ = ω t.
magnetic field vector 𝐵
As a result, the effective area of the coil exposed to the magnetic field lines
changes with time.
The flux linked with the coil of N turns at any given time is ½
𝛷𝐵 = 𝑁𝐴𝐵 cos 𝜔𝑡
Differentiating both sides with respect to time and using Faradays laws
𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑒𝑚𝑓 𝜀 = 𝑁𝐴𝐵𝜔 sin 𝜔𝑡
𝜀 = 𝜀0 sin 𝜔𝑡

Page 10 of 12
 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑒𝑚𝑓 𝜀0 = 𝑁𝐴𝐵𝜔
b) 𝜀0 = 20 × 𝜋 × (8 × 10−2 )2 × 3 × 10−2 × 50 = 0.603 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡 ½
𝜀𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 0 ½
𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 0.0603 𝑎𝑚𝑝 ½
0.0603 ½
𝑖𝑟𝑚𝑠 = = 0.426 𝑎𝑚𝑝
√2

[OR]
II a) 1 5

b) Let ∅ be the flux in each turn in the core at time ‘t’ due to current in
the primary when a voltage vp is applied to it. ½
Total flux linked with the secondary is NS∅. ( Mutual inductance)
Total flux linked with the primary is Np∅. ( Self-inductance)
Then the induced emf εs in the secondary is
𝑑
𝜀𝑠 = − (𝑁𝑠 ∅)
𝑑𝑡
When the secondary is open, no current is drawn from the
secondary ½
𝑑 𝑑
𝑣𝑠 = 𝜀𝑠 = − (𝑁𝑠 ∅) = −𝑁𝑠 ∅
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
The alternating flux ∅ also induces an emf, called back emf in the
primary.
𝑑
𝜀𝑃 = − (𝑁𝑃 ∅)
𝑑𝑡
But 𝜀𝑃 = 𝑣𝑃 , If this were not so, the primary current would be
infinite since the primary has zero resistance(as assumed). ½
𝑑 𝑑
𝑣𝑃 = 𝜀𝑃 = − (𝑁𝑃 ∅) = −𝑁𝑃 ∅
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
The ration of 𝑣𝑃 𝑡𝑜 𝑣𝑠 is given as ½
𝑣𝑃 𝑁𝑃
=
𝑣𝑠 𝑁𝑠

b) Resistance of the wire R=15 Ω ½

For 4000-220 V step-down transformer
Current in the line =800000/4000 = 200 A
½
Power loss = I2R = 200 ×200×15=1400 KW
For 40,000-220 V step down transformer
Current in the line =800000/40000 = 20 A
Power loss = I2R = 20 ×20×15=14 KW ½
The power could be saved is 1386 KW
½
Page 11 of 12