Sample Problems Chapter 6

(1) Ans. (a) 675.27 kJ/kg; (b) 0.3731 kJ/kg.K

Steam enters a turbine operating at steady state at 1.5 MPa, 240°C and exits
at 45°C with a quality of 85%. Stray heat transfer and kinetic and potential
energy effects are negligible. Determine (a) the power developed by the
turbine, in kJ per kg of steam flowing, (b) the change in specific entropy
from inlet to exit, in kJ/K per kg of steam flowing.

Analyzing Internally Reversible Processes

(2) Ans. 18.95 kJ
A 0.5 m3 tank initially contains air at 300 kPa, 350 K. Air slowly escapes
from the tank until the pressure drops to 100 kPa. The air that remains in
the tank undergoes a process described by pv1.3= constant. For a control
volume enclosing the tank, determine the heat transfer, in kJ. Assume ideal
gas behavior with constant specific heats.

(3) Ans. (a) 5000 kJ/cycle; (b) 50 %

One-fifth kg of a gas in a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes a Carnot
power cycle for which the isothermal expansion occurs at 100 K. The
change in specific entropy of the gas during the isothermal compression,
which occurs at 500 K, is -50 kJ/kg.K. Determine (a) the net work
developed per cycle, in kJ, and (b) the thermal efficiency.

(4) Ans. 575.5 kJ/kg; 131.15 kJ/kg; 0; 214.75 kJ/kg; -488.87

kJ/kg; 43.62 kJ/kg; 0; -215.65 kJ/kg; 15.05 %
Water in a piston-cylinder assembly undergoes a Carnot power cycle. At
the beginning of the isothermal expansion, the temperature is 225°C and the
quality is 75%. The isothermal expansion continues until the pressure is 1.8
MPa. The adiabatic expansion then occurs to a final temperature of 150°C.
(a) Sketch the cycle on T–s coordinates. (b) Determine the heat transfer and
work, in kJ/kg, for each process. (c) Evaluate the thermal efficiency.

(5) Ans. 0.29805 kJ/kg.K

In a system, air is contained at 298 K and 1 bar. The temperature is raised
by stirring the air with a paddle wheel adiabatically to a state where
temperature becomes 450 K. The volume of air is kept constant during the
process. Determine the amount of entropy produced in kJ/kg.K.

(6) Ans. If σ=0, W=56.20 kJ

A piston-cylinder assembly initially contains 0.04 m3 of water at 1.0 MPa,
320°C. The water expands adiabatically to a final pressure of 0.1 MPa.
Develop a plot of the work done by the water, in kJ, versus the amount of
entropy produced, in kJ/K.
(7) Ans. 0.9327 kJ/K; -0.836 kJ/K; 0.0967 kJ/K
One kg of water at 280 K is brought into contact with a heat reservoir at 350
K. Calculate the entropy change of water, the heat reservoir, and of the
universe, when the temperature of water has reached 350 K.

(8) Ans. (a) σ=9.95 kJ/K; (b) 85.13 kJ/K

An electric water heater having a 200 liter capacity employs an electric
resistor to heat water from 23 to 55°C. The outer surface of the resistor
remains at an average temperature of 80°C. Heat transfer from the outside
of the water heater is negligible and the states of the resistor and the tank
holding the water do not change significantly. Modeling the water as
incompressible, determine the amount of entropy produced, in kJ/K, for (a)
the water as the system. (b) the overall water heater including the resistor.
Compare the results of parts (a) and (b), and discuss.

(9) Ans. (a) 300 K; (b) 1.5 bar; (c) 0.0566 kJ/K
An insulated cylinder is initially divided into halves by a frictionless,
thermally conducting piston. On one side of the piston is 1 m3 of a gas at
300 K, 2 bar. On the other side is 1 m3 of the same gas at 300 K, 1 bar. The
piston is released and equilibrium is attained, with the piston experiencing
no change of state. Employing the ideal gas model for the gas, determine
(a) the final temperature, in K. (b) the final pressure, in bar. (c) the amount
of entropy produced, in kJ/kg.
(10) Ans. 0.797 kJ
The temperature of a 0.3-L can of soft drink is reduced from 25 to 6°C by a
refrigeration cycle. The cycle receives energy by heat transfer from the soft
drink and discharges energy by heat transfer at 25°C to the surroundings.
There are no other heat transfers. Determine the minimum theoretical work
input required, in kJ, assuming the soft drink is an incompressible liquid
with the properties of liquid water. Ignore the aluminum can.

(11) Ans. 0.411 kW/K

By injecting liquid water into superheated steam, the desuperheater shown
in Fig. has a saturated vapor stream at its exit. Steady-state operating data
are provided in the accompanying table. Stray heat transfer and all kinetic
and potential energy effects are negligible. (a) Locate states 1, 2, and 3 on a
sketch of the T–s diagram. (b) Determine the rate of entropy production
within the de-superheater, in kW/K.
 (12) Ans. 0.086 kW/K
By injecting liquid water into superheated vapor, the desuperheater shown
in Fig. has a saturated vapor stream at its exit. Steady-state operating data
are shown on the figure. Ignoring stray heat transfer and kinetic and
potential energy effects, determine (a) the mass flow rate of the superheated
vapor stream, in kg/min, and (b) the rate of entropy production within the
desuperheater, in kW/K.

(13) Ans. 3.17 bar

Hydrogen gas (H2) at 40°C and pressure p enters an insulated control
volume operating at steady state for which Wcv  0 . Half of the hydrogen
exits the device at 3 bar and 95°C and the other half exits at 3 bar and -15°C.
The effects of kinetic and potential energy are negligible. Employing the
ideal gas model with constant cp=14.3 kJ/kg.K, determine the minimum
possible value for the inlet pressure p, in bar.

(14) Ans. (a) 320.92 kW; (b) -0.350 kW/K

Steam enters a turbine operating at steady state at 8 MPa, 700°C with a mass
flow rate of 130 kg/min and exits as saturated vapor at 50 kPa, producing
power at a rate of 3 MW. Kinetic and potential energy effects can be
ignored. Determine (a) the rate of heat transfer, in kW, for a control volume
including the turbine and its contents, and (b) the rate of entropy production,
in kW/K, for an enlarged control volume that includes the turbine and
enough of its surroundings that heat transfer occurs at the ambient
temperature, 310 K.

(15) Ans. (c) 0.094 kJ/min K

Figure shows data for a portion of the ducting in a ventilation system
operating at steady state. The ducts are well insulated and the pressure is
very nearly 1 bar throughout. Assuming the ideal gas model for air with
cp=1 kJ/kg.K, and ignoring kinetic and potential energy effects, determine
(a) the temperature of the air at the exit, in °C, (b) the exit diameter, in m,
and (c) the rate of entropy production within the duct, in kJ/min.

(16) Ans. (a) 3758.7 kg/s; (b) 33.2 %

Figure shows a simple vapor power plant operating at steady state with
water as the working fluid. Data at key locations are given on the figure.
The mass flow rate of the water circulating through the components is 109
kg/s. Stray heat transfer and kinetic and potential energy effects can be
ignored. Determine
(a) the mass flow rate of the cooling water, in kg/s.
(b) the thermal efficiency.
(c) the rates of entropy production, each in kW/K, for the turbine,
condenser, and pump.
(d) Using the results of part (c), place the components in rank order,
beginning with the component contributing most to inefficient operation of
the overall system.
Using Isentropic Processes/Efficiencies

(17) Ans. (a) 3758.7 kg/s; (b) 33.2 %

An ideal gas with constant specific heat ratio k enters a nozzle operating at
steady state at pressure p1, temperature T1, and velocity V1. The air expands
isentropically to a pressure of p2.
(a) Develop an expression for the velocity at the exit, V2, in terms of k, R,
V1, T1, p1, and p2, only.
(b) For V1=0, T1=1000K, p2/ p1=0.1 and k=1.4, find V2, in m/s.

(18) Ans. 78.5 %

The properties of air at the inlet and exit of the compressor are given below:
At inlet, T1=300 K and p1=150 kPa.
At exit, T2=440 K and p2=450 kPa.
Neglect the effect of stray heat transfer and kinetic and potential energies.
Assume that air behaves like an ideal gas. Determine the isentropic
efficiency of the compressor.

(19) Ans. (a) 22℃; (b) 1.2 bar

Air enters an insulated diffuser operating at steady state at 1 bar, 7°C, and
200 m/s and exits with a velocity of 100 m/s. Employing the ideal gas model
and ignoring potential energy, determine
(a) the temperature of the air at the exit, in °C.
(b) the maximum attainable exit pressure, in bar.

Ans. (a) 249.8 K; (b) 30 kPa

As shown in Fig., air enters the diffuser of a jet engine at 18 kPa, 216 K
with a velocity of 265 m/s, all data corresponding to high-altitude flight.
The air flows adiabatically through the diffuser, decelerating to a velocity
of 50 m/s at the diffuser exit. Assume steady-state operation, the ideal gas
model for air, and negligible potential energy effects.
(a) Determine the temperature of the air at the exit of the diffuser, in K.
(b) If the air would undergo an isentropic process as it flows through the
diffuser, determine the pressure of the air at the diffuser exit, in kPa.
(c) If friction were present, would the pressure of the air at the diffuser exit
be greater than, less than, or equal to the value found in part (b)? Explain.

(20) Ans. 354.83 kJ

A rigid tank is filled initially with 5.0 kg of air at a pressure of 0.5 MPa and
a temperature of 500 K. The air is allowed to discharge through a turbine
into the atmosphere, developing work until the pressure in the tank has
fallen to the atmospheric level of 0.1 MPa. Employing the ideal gas model
for the air, determine the maximum theoretical amount of work that could
be developed, in kJ. Ignore heat transfer with the atmosphere and changes
in kinetic and potential energy.

Analyzing Internally Reversible Flow Processes

(21) Ans. -7.161 kW; -0.16 kW

Refrigerant 134a enters a compressor operating at steady state at 1.8 bar,
-10°C with a volumetric flow rate of 2.4×10-2 m3/s. The refrigerant is
compressed to a pressure of 9 bar in an internally reversible process
according to pv1.04=constant. Neglecting kinetic and potential energy
effects, determine
(a) the power required, in kW.
(b) the rate of heat transfer, in kW.