Data Communications

Part 1

Lecture 1 Introduction

Lecture 2 Network Models

Introduction
What is data Communication
Communication means sharing of information on local or
remote, local communication occur face to face and
remote communication takes place over distance.
The term telecommunication, which includes telephone,
telegraphy and television, means communication at
distance (tele is Greek for far)
The word data refers to information presented in
whatever form agreed upon by the parties creating and
using those data
What is data Communication Cont..
It can be defined as the process of exchanging data
between two devices or more via some form of
transmission medium such as a wire cable.
It enables the movement of electronic or digital data
between two or more nodes, regardless of geographical
location, technological medium or data contents.
For data communication occur communicating devices
must be part of a communication system made up of a
 Fundamental characteristics of
effective data communication system
1. Delivery. The system must deliver data to the
correct destination. Data must be received by
intended device or user and only by that device
or user
2. Accuracy. The system must deliver the data
accurately. Data that have been altered in
transmission and left uncorrected are unusable.
3. Timeliness. The system must deliver data in
timely manner. Data delivered late are useless
4. Jitter. refers to the variation in the packet arrival
time.
Five components of data communication
 Sender: The sender is the device that sends the message (data). It can be a
computer, workstation, mobile handset or a video camera

 Receiver: The receiver is the device that receives the message . It can be a
computer, workstation, mobile handset or television

 Message: The message is the information (data) to be communicated. It can

be a text message, number, picture, sound, video or a combination of these

 Medium: The transmission medium is the physical path by which a message

travels from sender to receiver. It could be a cable (twisted pair), fiber optic
or air

 Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules that govern computer communication.

It present an agreement between communicating devices. A protocol define
what is communicate, how it is communicated and when it is communicate
Direction of Data Flow
Transmission Modes or Direction of data flow

The direction of a signal between two devices is defined by a

transmission mode. Or The transmission mode defines the
direction of a signal between two devices

 Simplex

 Half-Duplex

 Full-Duplex
  Simplex

In the simplex mode the communication is unidirectional. Only one

can send data and other can receive. No any other possibility is
available. A remote is an example of simplex mode.
 Example of Simplex Communication
 For example, in TV and radio broadcasting, information flows
only from the transmitter site to multiple receivers.
 Garage door openers
 Baby monitors
 Wireless microphones
 Surveillance cameras
 Communication between a mouse and a computer
 Radio navigation beacons and radiolocation services such as
GPS
 Printers
 Half-Duplex Transmission

Half Duplex Mode: In the Half-duplex (sometimes it is called an

alternating connection or semi-duplex) mode, the data can be
transmitted from one direction to the other. The terminals have
ability to either receives or sends out the data. However, sending
and receiving can not be done at same time. For example; FAX (it
can sends or receives letter but not in same time).
 Half-duplex
 Full-Duplex Transmission

Full Duplex Mode: In full duplex mode both devices can send and
receive data at the same time. It has two way traffic at the same time
or its like a two lane bridge on a two-lane highway. Online
communication such as MSN-hotmail, Yahoo messanger, google
talk, facebook chatt-room and Skype telephone are the one of the
examples of software, which are in full-duplex and also the
telephone network (example landline and mobile) is an example of
full duplex mode.
Network Topology
 Network Topologies

What is a topology? Topology is the physical or

logical connections of communicating devices
Mesh Topology
Star topology
Bus Topology
Ring Topology
 Categories of Networks
A network is a set of devices (nodes) connected by media links. A
node can be a computer , printer, or any other devices capable of
sending and /or receiving data generated by another node in the
network
 LAN
LAN is usually privately owned and interconnect devices in a
single office, building, or campus (see the figure below)
 MAN
MAN is designed to extend over an entire city. It may be single
network such as cable television network , or it may be a means of
connecting a number of LANs into a large network so that
resources can be shared. For example, UDSM with many
campuses mliman, kunduchi, and DUCE .
 WAN
WAN provides a long-distance transmission of data, voice, image
and video information over large geographical area that may
comprises a country, a continent , or even the whole world. For
example the internet, Tigo Network, Vodacom, and Airtel
Protocols and Standards
 Protocols
• Protocol is the set of rules that governs data communication

• Protocol defines what is communicated, how it is

communicated, and when it is communicated

The key elements of the protocol are:

 Syntax
 Semantic
 Timing
Syntax
Syntax refer refers to the structure or format of the data,
meaning the order in which they are presented. For
example, a simple protocol might expect the first eight
bits of the data to be the address of the sender , the
second 8 bit to be the address of the receiver, and the
rest of the stream to be the message itself
 Semantic

Semantic refer the meaning of each section of the bits.

How is a particular pattern to be interpreted, and what
action is to be taken regarding that interpretation? For
instance, does an address identify the route to be taken
or the final destination of the message
 Timing

Timing refers to two characteristics: When data

should be sent and how fast they should be sent
 Standards
• Standards provides a model for development that make it
possible for product to work together regardless of individual
manufacturer
• Standards are essential in creating and maintaining an open
competitive market for equipment manufacturer.
• Standards provides guidelines to manufacturers, vendors,
government agencies and other service providers
• Data communication standards fall into two categories: de-facto
(means by fact or convention) and de jure (mean by law or by
regulation)
 de jure standards are standards that have been
legislated by an officially recognized body.
 de facto standards are standards that have not been
approved by an organized body but have been adopted
through widespread use
De facto
Proprietary- they called closed systems because they close off
communication between systems produced by different vendors
Nonproprietary- they are called open standards because the open
communication between different systems
 Standards Organizations

 Standards creation committees (e.g. ISO, ITU,

ANSI and , IEEE)
 Forum (e.g. forum of wireless communication)
 Regulatory agencies (e.g. TCRA, FCC)
 Key terms (words)
 Refer all key terms for this lecture

Multiple Choice Question for Practice

Resource from the internet:
http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/0072515848/information_center_view0/index.
html

http://www.mhhe.com/engcs/compsci/forouzan/

Site for unedited slides of Fourth Edition

http://citengg.blogspot.com/p/behrouz-forouzancomputer-networks4th.html
 Key terms for Lecture 1
• Bus topology • Node
• Data communications • Physical topology
• de facto standards • Protocol
• de jure standards • Ring topology
• Full-duplex mode, or duplex • Semantics
• Half-duplex mode • Simplex mode
• Internet • Star topology
• Local Area Network (LAN) • Syntax
• Mesh topology • Timing
• Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) • Transmission medium
• Network • Wide Area Network (WAN)