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Factor Affecting the Decision of Homeownership in Johor Bahru

Article in International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation · February 2020

DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I4/PR201569

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International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 04, 2020
ISSN: 1475-7192

Factor Affecting the Decision of

Homeownership in Johor Bahru
1
Izzaamirah Ishak, 2Nurul Atikah Ismail, 3Muhammad Syahiran Mohamad

ABSTRACT--This paper examines the factors that may have influence to the decision of homeownership in
the area of Johor Bahru. A total of 200 working individual had participated in this research by answering a set of
questionnaire with 29 questions related to the homeownership determinant. The objectives of this research is to
identify which factor among financial factors, locational attributes and structural attributes give the most impact
towards homeownership decision. It is said that each individual has their own preferences for homeownership, so
the researcher aims to identify that through this research. The decision of homeownership is measured by the
buyers’ motivation to buy a house in the Johor Bahru area specifically. The findings of this research can create
awareness and also provide meaningful knowledge to housing developers for their business while contributed to the
public who interested on this research. Financial Factors, Homeownership, and Locational Attributes Structural
Attributes
Keywords—decision, homeownership, Johor bahru

I. INTRODUCTION

Home ownership is where the person own or buy their own house for his/her living. According to Tan[1] the
pivotal aspect of the Malaysian Dream is absolutely having a house. Unfortunately, it is not easy to achieve that
dream for the average Malaysian. This is because of the price of property in Malaysia in increasing year by year as
reported, [2]. Thus, this scenario really give a hard time for the homebuyer in order to buy a house. As the price of
the house is increasing, in order to make the buyer feel worthy buying houses, several factors of what satisfy the
homebuyers’ needs and preferences should be considered. Those factors are including the locational attributes of
housing, structural attributes and financial factors of the buyers. It is said that the probability to afford more than
one house or apartment rose significantly if the household income increases [3]. Besides, the location of the house
bought by the buyer that can be divided into three categories which are rural, sub-urban and urban area which also
depending on their financial factor. Regarding to the structural attributes of housing, it is considering the quality of
the house and also the physical conditions of the house such as the number of bedroom and bathroom [4]. As for
demographic, it include gender, age, marital status and profession of the potential buyer same like in the research
made bySaw Lip Sean[5]. Meanwhile, the location chose to make this research study is in Johor Bahru. That means

1
Department of Accounting and Finance, College of Business Management and Accounting, UNITEN Sultan Haji Ahmad Shah Campus, Pahang,
Malaysia
2
Ten & Han Trading Pte Ltd, Singapore
3
Graduated with Bachelor Degree in Finance from Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN).

DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I4/PR201569
Received: 22 Sep 2019 | Revised: 13 Oct 2019 | Accepted: 15 Jan 2020 4693
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 04, 2020
ISSN: 1475-7192

the distribution of the questionnaires will be make only in state of Johor. As we know, Johor is the second largest
population in Malaysia after Kuala Lumpur and obviously a state that rapidly develops. Johor also act as Malaysia’s
industrial and transportation hub and this is the reason why this state are chosen for this research. Moreover, the
development of Iskandar Malaysia in Johor Bahru and the location of Johor Bahru which is beside Singapore really
make Johor Bahru a suitable and perfect location to do the research about the factors affecting home ownership in
there.Nowadays, in this kind of uncertainty economy in Malaysia, the living cost is increasing year by year. The
price of almost all of the goods and services is high and this scenario is obviously gives impact towards the housing
sector too. Undeniably, the house price is also increasing every year in Malaysia. As the house price increase,
financial factors of the homebuyer’s should also be considered whether they consider about the tax rate, developer
interest and base lending rate. However, it is said that individual obviously has their own preferences for home
ownership [6] which means the structural attributes of the house, the size of the house and so on, so that the house’s
price is worth to the needs of the homebuyers. Because of that, it is concerning on how and what is the factors that
developers of housing sectors need to know in order to satisfy the homebuyers preferences of home ownership.
Consequently, an individual who have a high income will afford to buy more than one house [3] and the possibility
the location of the house in the urban area is also high. The locational attributes of the house sometimes become a
problem to the homebuyers as whether they consider about the accessibility within the house or not. Thus, this
study aims to measure and determine extensively the factors of financial, locational and structural attributes towards
the buyers’ motivation of homeownership in Johor Bahru.

II. LITERATURE REVIEW

According toGiovanni Favara[7] the analysis made by assumptions, the main determinant of housing demand is
income. This is because, most of the richer agents managed to spend more for housing and earning income makes
credit constraints relax. That are the evidences on how income can influence the demand for housing. Moreover,
there were problems rose due to land shortage has augment drastically caused by housing advancement and
commercial buildings development. Besides, there are three main factors that effects the house price which are
internal factors, external factors and capitalize factors as according to [8]. If the demand for housing in an area is
higher than the supply, so eventually the cost or house prices will increase too. Nevertheless, the cost or housing
prices cannot increase too high because it will caused the decreasing number of potential buyers, thus the possibility
of house prices fall increased making them affordable because there are no buyers who can afford to buy them [9].
Location is defined as locating a housing, facilities or a group of facilities of specific size and type in certain area.
For locational qualities, this highly relates to the site or place where the housing system is located, whether in an
urban area or rural area or even suburban areas. The main indicators for locational qualities are frequented as
accessibility to city center, workplace, hospital, shopping and also municipal services as according to [10].
However, the effect of distance to an amenity on price of a house may be quite intricate and not necessarily
monotonically. For example, it may be sensible for a house to be neither too close nor too far away from the

DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I4/PR201569
Received: 22 Sep 2019 | Revised: 13 Oct 2019 | Accepted: 15 Jan 2020 4694
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 04, 2020
ISSN: 1475-7192

workplace, hospital, shopping and also municipal services city center, etc. Besides, the commute time is perhaps
giving more information alternative of the distance to the city center [11] as well as survey of urban transportation
performance or jammed.
Structural attributes of housing is the consideration of physical features of house which consists the number of
bedroom and bathroom, the size of living room and kitchen and whether the house is an eco-friendly or not. The
researcher [1] has been done their research on structural attributes of housing and it is said that the related factors of
homeownership are the number of bedrooms and the presence of supportable living features. The number of
bedrooms is important as bedrooms are features of privacy space which the study of [12] said that the homebuyers
at Saudi Arabia are highly considered the privacy factors. This can be supported by [4] in the study of home
ownership which emphasized the importance features of a house is the number of room and bathrooms. The size of
the house would definitely influence the sale ability of the house to the buyers [5]. It clearly show that the home
developers should making the best decision in designing the house in order to sell them according to the preferences
of the buyers.
The preference for homeownership is likely not the same for each individual in every places. There are many
factors affecting the homeownership decision such as a desire to own a property and a desire for stability and of
course not simply be measured by income and age [13]. Besides, in the study by [14] in China shows that higher
homeownership rate resulting to the low social security spending as the house price rises. Meanwhile, also in China,
the homeownership give significantly positive impact to the residential satisfaction across the gender, economic
status and generation [15]. The study also said that females value homeownership more than males. While, on the
other study by [16] also states that many of the homeownership begin with the purchasing using access to credit
mostly in the develop countries such as Netherlands, Denmark, Switzerland,Belgium, France and Sweden.

III. DATA AND METHODOLOGY

All the data used in this study is primary data which is the data that have been collected through distribution of
200 conservative questionnaires to the respondents who are consider as potential homebuyers. The response rate is
100% due to the face-to-face method using by the researchers. Each respondents will be given the same exact set of
questionnaires and need to answer all the questions for about ten to fifth teen minutes time only. In this study, the
convenience sampling is used as sampling technique. The questionnaire is developed using close-ended question
with two section. Section I seeks respondent’s demographic profile, and Section II gathers data on the related
variables that may influence to the homeownership decision. To ensure the objective of this study is achieved,
Multiple Regression Analysis is conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics. Thus, the variables are illustrated in Fig 1.

DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I4/PR201569
Received: 22 Sep 2019 | Revised: 13 Oct 2019 | Accepted: 15 Jan 2020 4695
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 04, 2020
ISSN: 1475-7192

Dependent Variable:
Independent Variables:
Buyers’ motivation of
Financial factors Homeownership
Locational attributes
Structural attributes Adapted from: [5]
Adapted from: [1] and [5]

Figure 1: Independent and dependent variables

A. Hypothesis Development
H 0 : There is no impact of financial factors, locational attributes and structural attributes towards buyers’ motivation
of homeownership.
H 1 : There is an impact of financial factors, locational attributes and structural attributes towards buyers’
motivation of homeownership.

B. Measurement Of Variables
Financial factors: The variable of financial factor is measured by scale developed by [5] which consider whether
tax, interest, base lending rate and loan were important for individual in order to own a house or residential
property. In the questionnaires, the respondents need to rate the statement by tick (/) in the five labelled boxes (1 =
strongly agree, 5 = strongly disagree). One of the sample question is “I would consider the Developer Interest
Bearing Scheme (DIBS) given by developers”.
Locational Attributes: This variable was measured by scale adapted from [1] and [5]. It was designed to measure
whether locational attributes influence the individual decision on buying houses. The scale for answering the
questions were also use format, where 1 = strongly agree, 5 = strongly disagree. Sample item of locational attributes
is “I would consider the distance travelled to work from home”.
Structural Attributes: Structural attributes for independent variable is designed by [5] and [1]. This variable is
important as individual who want to own a house mostly have their own preferences of structure of the house that
they will choose to buy. One item from this variable is “I would consider the number of rooms”.
The Buyers’ Motivation of Homeownership: This dependent variable was adapted from the scale by [5]. By
understanding the buyers’ motivation for buying houses, the researchers would be able to know the factors that
matter the most for homeownership. A sample question from this variable is “I have an incentive to maintain my
dwelling unit well”.

C. Multiple Regression Analysis

Regression model for this study can be stated as follows:
M = β₀ + β 1 F + β 2 L + β 3 S + ε (1)

DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I4/PR201569
Received: 22 Sep 2019 | Revised: 13 Oct 2019 | Accepted: 15 Jan 2020 4696
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 04, 2020
ISSN: 1475-7192

where M is the value of Buyers’ motivation of homeownership, 𝛽𝛽 0 is a constant, 𝛽𝛽 i is the coefficient of variable X i
for i = 1, 2, 3 and ε is the error of the observation.
The model explains the variables that impact of financial factors, locational attributes and structural attributes
towards buyers’ motivation of homeownership.

D. Reliability Analysis
The function for the reliability test is to measure the internal consistency and stability of the multi-item scales.
The reliability analysis calculates a number of commonly used measures of scale reliability and it could also
provide information on the relationship between individual items in the scale. Cronbach’s alpha is the most
commonly used means to measure the scale reliability test and the Cronbach’s alpha can also detect if the test of the
study is accurately measuring the variable of interest. [17] stated useful Cronbach’s alpha should be at least 0.70
and preferably higher.

IV. Results and findings

A. Reliability Analysis
Table 1: Summary of Reliability Analysis
Variables Cronbach’s Alpha N of Items
Financial 0.951 8
factors
Locational 0.948 11
attributes
Structural 0.954 8
attributes
Motivation of 0.635 2
homeownership
All variables 0.971 29

According to the table summary above, the reliability of dependent variable (buyers ‘motivation of
homeownership) shows the Cronbach’s Alpha of 0.635 for the two items
(N=2). This value is more than 0.5 which is reliable value for internal consistency. Moving to the first
independent variable (financial factors), the Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient is 0.951 for the eight items (N=8), second
independent variable (locational attributes) is 0.948 for the eleven items (N=11) and the last independent variable
(structural attributes) is 0.954 for the eight items (N=8) respectively. Since all the three values of Cronbach’s Alpha

DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I4/PR201569
Received: 22 Sep 2019 | Revised: 13 Oct 2019 | Accepted: 15 Jan 2020 4697
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 04, 2020
ISSN: 1475-7192

is high above 0.8 and generally a score more than 0.7 is consider okay [18], all the variables were acceptable and
reliable for internal consistency.

B. F-Test
Table 2: Summary of ANOVA Table
Measurement Value
2
R 0.468
F-Test 57.525
p-value 0.000

The summary of ANOVA table shown in Table 2 has computed the value of R2, F-Test and also the p-value. For
this study the R square is 0.4680 meaning that 46.80% of the dependent variable (Motivation of homeownership)
can be explained by the independent variable (financial factors, locational attributes and structural attributes). The
function of the F-statistics and the p-value is to see whether the null hypothesis could be rejected or accepted. The
value of F-statistics is 57.525 and the p-value is zero showing that the data is statistically significant at 5% level.
This can lead to rejection of null hypothesis.
Hence, there is an impact of financial factors, locational attributes and structural attributes towards buyers’
motivation of homeownership.

C. Multicollinearity
Table 3: Correlation matrix
Variables Financial factors Locational attributes Structural attributes
Financial factors 0.491 0.557
Locational attributes 0.491 0.624
Structural attributes 0.557 0.624

Table 3 above shows the correlation coefficient for each independent variables. There is no multicollinearity
arises since the correlation coefficient has moderate positive relationship for each independent variables.

D. Coefficient Test
Table 4: Summary of Coefficient analysis table
Variables B Std. t- p-value
Error Statistics
Constant 0.590 0.108 5.460 0.000

Financial 0.656 0.067 9.851 0.000

DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I4/PR201569
Received: 22 Sep 2019 | Revised: 13 Oct 2019 | Accepted: 15 Jan 2020 4698
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 04, 2020
ISSN: 1475-7192

factors
Locational -0.081 0.072 -1.114 0.267
attributes
Structural 0.163 0.081 2.011 0.046
attributes

From Table 4 shows the first variable which is financial factors, the coefficient is 0.000 and significant at 0.05
significant level. Next is locational and structural attributes variable which is 0.267 and 0.046 respectively. The
regression coefficient for locational attributes is statistically not significant as it more than 5% level of significant
but it obviously significant for structural attributes because the p=value is less than 5% level of significant.Thus, the
regression model would be:
M = 0.590 + 0.656F - 0.081L + 0.163S

E. Summary of findings
Table 5: Hypothesis of F-Test
Hypothesis Acceptance
There is an impact of Accepted with fit model
financial factors,
locational attributes and
structural attributes
towards buyers’
motivation of
homeownership.

From the Table 5 above, the null hypothesis is rejected and alternate hypothesis is enough evidence to be
accepted as the best model.
Table 6: Hypothesis of coefficient test

Hypothesis Acceptance
There is a impact of Accepted with positive
financial factors towards impact
buyers’ motivation of
homeownership
There is a impact of Rejected with
locational attributes insignifance evidence
towards buyers’

DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I4/PR201569
Received: 22 Sep 2019 | Revised: 13 Oct 2019 | Accepted: 15 Jan 2020 4699
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 04, 2020
ISSN: 1475-7192

motivation of
homeownership
There is a impact of Accepted with positive
structural attributes impact
towards buyers’
motivation of
homeownership

As for Table 6 shown the factor of financial factor are statistically significant at level of 5% (p-value < 0.05) and
the financial factor has a positive influence on buyers’ motivation. So, if the financial factor increase, the buyers’
motivation would increase too. However, the locational attributes variable is not statistically significant for the
constant because the p-value is more than significant level of 5% (p-value > 0.05). Meanwhile, the structural
attributes are statistically significant at level of 5% (p-value < 0.05) and has a positive influence on buyers’
motivation. So, if the structural attributes increase, the buyers’ motivation would also increase.

V. CONCLUSION

As for conclusion to this research, the researchers can conclude that all of these three factors; financial factors,
locational attributes and structural attributes do effect and influence the buyers’ motivation of homeownership in
Johor Bahru. Among these three factors, financial factor show the highest significant impact towards the decision of
homeownership in Johor Bahru followed by structural attributes of housing and the least effect is locational
attributes. This consistent with the study made by [5]. The financial factor is clearly the key factor that a person
consider the most before making the decision to own and buy a housing property as the price of the house is very
expensive and buying a house can be consider as a long-term investment. This is much likely consistent with the
study made by [5] and [1].
The second independent variable which is locational attributes also have a highly positive significant
relationship to this research as we can see from the correlation analysis results. This is consistent with the study
made by [1] and [10]. However, based on the researchers’ regression analysis, the locational attributes do give
insignificant impact to the buyers’ motivation of homeownership. This may be could be explain by the Causal
Theory for how two variables could be unconditionally independent yet conditionally dependent.
The structural attributes is also the main consideration for buyer to buy a house. This is because the housing
characteristic is different for every each individual and the developers should be more creative and smart in order to
satisfy the potential buyers demand on housing sector. This is supported by the research made by [1], [10] and [12]

DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I4/PR201569
Received: 22 Sep 2019 | Revised: 13 Oct 2019 | Accepted: 15 Jan 2020 4700
International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation, Vol. 24, Issue 04, 2020
ISSN: 1475-7192

VI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT

This project is financially supported by Pocket Grant (RJO10436494/POCKET/2019018) from Universiti

Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN).

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Received: 22 Sep 2019 | Revised: 13 Oct 2019 | Accepted: 15 Jan 2020 4701
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ISSN: 1475-7192

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DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I4/PR201569
Received: 22 Sep 2019 | Revised: 13 Oct 2019 | Accepted: 15 Jan 2020 4702

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