Q17.

The illustration shows a thermometer that uses a column of liquid

(usually mercury or ethanol) to measure air temperature. In thermal
equilibrium, this thermometer measures the temperature of

A. the column of liquid.

B. the glass that encloses the liquid.
C. the air outside the thermometer.
D. both A and B.
E. all of A, B, and C.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A17.1

The illustration shows a thermometer that uses a column of liquid

(usually mercury or ethanol) to measure air temperature. In thermal
equilibrium, this thermometer measures the temperature of

A. the column of liquid.

B. the glass that encloses the liquid.
C. the air outside the thermometer.
D. both A and B.
E. all of A, B, and C.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q17.2
A sample of a low-density gas is initially at room temperature and
has pressure p0. The gas is warmed at constant volume until the
pressure is 2p0. Compared to the initial Celsius temperature of the
gas, the final Celsius temperature is

A. greater by a factor of more than 2.

B. greater by a factor of 2.
C. greater by a factor between 1 and 2.
D. the same.
E. less.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A17.2
A sample of a low-density gas is initially at room temperature and
has pressure p0. The gas is warmed at constant volume until the
pressure is 2p0. Compared to the initial Celsius temperature of the
gas, the final Celsius temperature is

A. greater by a factor of more than 2.

B. greater by a factor of 2.
C. greater by a factor between 1 and 2.
D. the same.
E. less.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q17.3

A solid object has a hole in it. #1

Which of these illustrations
more correctly shows how the
size of the object and the hole
change as the temperature #2
increases?

A. illustration #1
B. illustration #2
C. The answer depends on the material of which the object is made.
D. The answer depends on how much the temperature increases.
E. Both C and D are correct.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A17.3

A solid object has a hole in it. #1

Which of these illustrations
more correctly shows how the
size of the object and the hole
change as the temperature #2
increases?

A. illustration #1
B. illustration #2
C. The answer depends on the material of which the object is made.
D. The answer depends on how much the temperature increases.
E. Both C and D are correct.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q17.4
When the temperature of a certain solid, rectangular object
increases by ∆T, the length of one side of the object increases by
0.010% = 1.0 10–4 of the original length. The increase in volume
of the object due to this temperature increase is

A. 0.010% = 1.0 10–4 of the original volume.

B. (0.010)3% = 0.0000010% = 1.0 10–8 of the original volume.
C. (1.0 10–4)3 = 0.00000000010% = 1.0 10–12 of the original
volume.
D. 0.030% = 3.0 10–4 of the original volume.
E. Not enough information is given to decide.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A17.4
When the temperature of a certain solid, rectangular object
increases by ∆T, the length of one side of the object increases by
0.010% = 1.0 10–4 of the original length. The increase in volume
of the object due to this temperature increase is

A. 0.010% = 1.0 10–4 of the original volume.

B. (0.010)3% = 0.0000010% = 1.0 10–8 of the original volume.
C. (1.0 10–4)3 = 0.00000000010% = 1.0 10–12 of the original
volume.
D. 0.030% = 3.0 10–4 of the original volume.
E. Not enough information is given to decide.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q17.5
You wish to increase the temperature of a 1.00-kg block of a
certain solid substance from 20°C to 25°C. (The block remains
solid as its temperature increases.) To calculate the amount of heat
required to do this, you need to know

A. the specific heat of the substance.

B. the molar heat capacity of the substance.
C. the heat of fusion of the substance.
D. the thermal conductivity of the substance.
E. more than one of the above.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A17.5
You wish to increase the temperature of a 1.00-kg block of a
certain solid substance from 20°C to 25°C. (The block remains
solid as its temperature increases.) To calculate the amount of heat
required to do this, you need to know

A. the specific heat of the substance.

B. the molar heat capacity of the substance.
C. the heat of fusion of the substance.
D. the thermal conductivity of the substance.
E. more than one of the above.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q17.6
A pitcher contains 0.50 kg of liquid water at 0°C and 0.50 kg of
ice at 0°C. You let heat flow into the pitcher until there is 0.75 kg
of liquid water and 0.25 kg of ice. During this process, the
temperature of the ice-water mixture

A. increases slightly.
B. decreases slightly.
C. first increases slightly, then decreases slightly.
D. remains the same.
E. The answer depends on the rate at which heat flows.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A17.6
A pitcher contains 0.50 kg of liquid water at 0°C and 0.50 kg of
ice at 0°C. You let heat flow into the pitcher until there is 0.75 kg
of liquid water and 0.25 kg of ice. During this process, the
temperature of the ice-water mixture

A. increases slightly.
B. decreases slightly.
C. first increases slightly, then decreases slightly.
D. remains the same.
E. The answer depends on the rate at which heat flows.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q17.7
A chair has a wooden seat but metal legs. The chair legs feel
colder to the touch than does the seat. Why is this?

A. The metal is at a lower temperature than the wood.

B. The metal has a higher specific heat than the wood.
C. The metal has a lower specific heat than the wood.
D. The metal has a higher thermal conductivity than the wood.
E. The metal has a lower thermal conductivity than the wood.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A17.7
A chair has a wooden seat but metal legs. The chair legs feel
colder to the touch than does the seat. Why is this?

A. The metal is at a lower temperature than the wood.

B. The metal has a higher specific heat than the wood.
C. The metal has a lower specific heat than the wood.
D. The metal has a higher thermal conductivity than the wood.
E. The metal has a lower thermal conductivity than the wood.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q17.8
When you first step out of a swimming pool on a warm day, you
feel cool. This is due primarily to

A. conduction.
B. convection.
C. radiation.
D. two of A, B, and C being equally important.
E. all three of A, B, and C being equally important.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A17.8
When you first step out of a swimming pool on a warm day, you
feel cool. This is due primarily to

A. conduction.
B. convection.
C. radiation.
D. two of A, B, and C being equally important.
E. all three of A, B, and C being equally important.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q-RT17.1

Rank the following temperatures from highest to lowest.

A. 20.0°F
B. 20.0°C
C. 20.0 K
D. –80.0°F
E. –80.0°C

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A-RT17.1

Rank the following temperatures from highest to lowest.

A. 20.0°F
B. 20.0°C
C. 20.0 K
D. –80.0°F Answer: BADEC
E. –80.0°C

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q18.1
A quantity of an ideal gas is contained in a balloon. Initially the gas
temperature is 27°C. You double the pressure on the balloon and
change the temperature so that the balloon shrinks to one-quarter of
its original volume. What is the new temperature of the gas?

A. 54°C
B. 27°C
C. 13.5°C
D. –123°C
E. –198°C

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A18.1
A quantity of an ideal gas is contained in a balloon. Initially the gas
temperature is 27°C. You double the pressure on the balloon and
change the temperature so that the balloon shrinks to one-quarter of
its original volume. What is the new temperature of the gas?

A. 54°C
B. 27°C
C. 13.5°C
D. –123°C
E. –198°C

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q18.2
p
This p-V diagram shows three
possible states of a certain amount
of an ideal gas. Which state is at 3
the highest temperature?
2
1
A. state #1
B. state #2 V
O
C. state #3
D. Two of these are tied for highest temperature.
E. All three of these are at the same temperature.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A18.2
p
This p-V diagram shows three
possible states of a certain amount
of an ideal gas. Which state is at 3
the highest temperature?
2
1
A. state #1
B. state #2 V
O
C. state #3
D. Two of these are tied for highest temperature.
E. All three of these are at the same temperature.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q18.3
If you increase the temperature of a given amount of an ideal gas,
what happens to the gas pressure p and the volume V of the gas?

A. p increases.
B. V increases.
C. p and V both increase.
D. Either p increases and V decreases, or p decreases and
V increases.
E. Not enough information is given to decide.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A18.3
If you increase the temperature of a given amount of an ideal gas,
what happens to the gas pressure p and the volume V of the gas?

A. p increases.
B. V increases.
C. p and V both increase.
D. Either p increases and V decreases, or p decreases and
V increases.
E. Not enough information is given to decide.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q18.4
Consider two specimens of ideal gas at the same temperature. The
molecules in specimen #1 have greater molar mass than the
molecules in specimen #2. How do the rms speed of molecules
(vrms) and the average translational kinetic energy per molecule
(KE) compare in the two specimens?

A. vrms and KE are both greater in specimen #2.

B. vrms is greater in specimen #2; KE is the same in both specimens.
C. vrms is greater in specimen #2; KE is greater in specimen #1.
D. vrms and KE are the same in both specimens.
E. None of the above is correct.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A18.4
Consider two specimens of ideal gas at the same temperature. The
molecules in specimen #1 have greater molar mass than the
molecules in specimen #2. How do the rms speed of molecules
(vrms) and the average translational kinetic energy per molecule
(KE) compare in the two specimens?

A. vrms and KE are both greater in specimen #2.

B. vrms is greater in specimen #2; KE is the same in both specimens.
C. vrms is greater in specimen #2; KE is greater in specimen #1.
D. vrms and KE are the same in both specimens.
E. None of the above is correct.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q18.5
Consider two specimens of ideal gas at the same temperature.
Specimen #1 has the same total mass as specimen #2, but the
molecules in specimen #1 have greater molar mass than the
molecules in specimen #2. In which specimen is the total
translational kinetic energy of the entire gas greater?

A. specimen #1
B. specimen #2
C. The answer depends on the particular mass of gas.
D. The answer depends on the particular molar masses.
E. Both C and D are correct.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A18.5
Consider two specimens of ideal gas at the same temperature.
Specimen #1 has the same total mass as specimen #2, but the
molecules in specimen #1 have greater molar mass than the
molecules in specimen #2. In which specimen is the total
translational kinetic energy of the entire gas greater?

A. specimen #1
B. specimen #2
C. The answer depends on the particular mass of gas.
D. The answer depends on the particular molar masses.
E. Both C and D are correct.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q18.6
You have a quantity of ideal gas in a cylinder with rigid walls
that prevent the gas from expanding or contracting. If you
double the rms speed of molecules in the gas, the gas pressure

A. increases by a factor of 16.

B. increases by a factor of 8.
C. increases by a factor of 4.
D. increases by a factor of 2.
E. increases by a factor of 21/2.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A18.6
You have a quantity of ideal gas in a cylinder with rigid walls
that prevent the gas from expanding or contracting. If you
double the rms speed of molecules in the gas, the gas pressure

A. increases by a factor of 16.

B. increases by a factor of 8.
C. increases by a factor of 4.
D. increases by a factor of 2.
E. increases by a factor of 21/2.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q18.7
You have 1.00 mol of an ideal monatomic gas and 1.00 mol of an
ideal diatomic gas whose molecules can rotate. Initially both gases
are at room temperature. If the same amount of heat flows into each
gas, which gas will undergo the greatest increase in temperature?

A. the monatomic gas

B. the diatomic gas
C. Both will undergo the same temperature change.
D. The answer depends on the molar masses of the gases.
E. The answer depends on whether or not the diatomic
molecules can also vibrate.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A18.7
You have 1.00 mol of an ideal monatomic gas and 1.00 mol of an
ideal diatomic gas whose molecules can rotate. Initially both gases
are at room temperature. If the same amount of heat flows into each
gas, which gas will undergo the greatest increase in temperature?

A. the monatomic gas

B. the diatomic gas
C. Both will undergo the same temperature change.
D. The answer depends on the molar masses of the gases.
E. The answer depends on whether or not the diatomic
molecules can also vibrate.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q18.8
The molar heat capacity at constant volume of diatomic hydrogen
gas (H2) is 5R/2 at 500 K but only 3R/2 at 50 K. Why is this?

A. At 500 K the molecules can vibrate, while at 50 K they cannot.

B. At 500 K the molecules cannot vibrate, while at 50 K they can.
C. At 500 K the molecules can rotate, while at 50 K they cannot.
D. At 500 K the molecules cannot rotate, while at 50 K they can.
E. At 500 K the molecules can both vibrate and rotate, while at
50 K they cannot.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A18.8
The molar heat capacity at constant volume of diatomic hydrogen
gas (H2) is 5R/2 at 500 K but only 3R/2 at 50 K. Why is this?

A. At 500 K the molecules can vibrate, while at 50 K they cannot.

B. At 500 K the molecules cannot vibrate, while at 50 K they can.
C. At 500 K the molecules can rotate, while at 50 K they cannot.
D. At 500 K the molecules cannot rotate, while at 50 K they can.
E. At 500 K the molecules can both vibrate and rotate, while at
50 K they cannot.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q18.10
If the pressure of the atmosphere is below the triple-point pressure
of a certain substance, that substance can exist (depending on the
temperature)

A. as a liquid or as a vapor, but not as a solid.

B. as a liquid or as a solid, but not as a vapor.
C. as a solid or as a vapor, but not as a liquid.
D. as a solid, a liquid, or a vapor.
E. Not enough information is given to decide.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A18.10
If the pressure of the atmosphere is below the triple-point pressure
of a certain substance, that substance can exist (depending on the
temperature)

A. as a liquid or as a vapor, but not as a solid.

B. as a liquid or as a solid, but not as a vapor.
C. as a solid or as a vapor, but not as a liquid.
D. as a solid, a liquid, or a vapor.
E. Not enough information is given to decide.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q-RT18.1
Rank the following ideal gases in order from greatest to least
number of moles (p = pressure, V = volume, T = temperature).

A. p = 1.00 atm, V = 1.00 L, T = 27.0°C

B. p = 1.00 atm, V = 1.00 L, T = 327.0°C
C. p = 1.00 atm, V = 2.00 L, T = 27.0°C
D. p = 2.00 atm, V = 2.00 L, T = 27.0°C
E. p = 3.00 atm, V = 1.00 L, T = 327.0°C

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A-RT18.1
Rank the following ideal gases in order from greatest to least
number of moles (p = pressure, V = volume, T = temperature).

A. p = 1.00 atm, V = 1.00 L, T = 27.0°C

B. p = 1.00 atm, V = 1.00 L, T = 327.0°C
C. p = 1.00 atm, V = 2.00 L, T = 27.0°C
D. p = 2.00 atm, V = 2.00 L, T = 27.0°C
E. p = 3.00 atm, V = 1.00 L, T = 327.0°C

Answer: DCEAB
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Q19.1
A system can be taken from state a
to state b along any of the three
paths shown in the p-V diagram. If
state b has greater internal energy
than state a, along which path is the
absolute value |Q| of the heat
transfer the greatest?

A. path 1
B. path 2
C. path 3
D. |Q| is the same for all three paths.
E. Not enough information is given to decide.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
A19.1
A system can be taken from state a
to state b along any of the three
paths shown in the p-V diagram. If
state b has greater internal energy
than state a, along which path is the
absolute value |Q| of the heat
transfer the greatest?

A. path 1
B. path 2
C. path 3
D. |Q| is the same for all three paths.
E. Not enough information is given to decide.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Q19.2
A system can be taken from state a
to state b along any of the three
paths shown in the p-V diagram. If
state b has greater internal energy
than state a, along which path is
there a net flow of heat out of the
system?

A. path 1
B. path 2
C. path 3
D. all of paths 1, 2, and 3
E. none of paths 1, 2, or 3
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
A19.2
A system can be taken from state a
to state b along any of the three
paths shown in the p-V diagram. If
state b has greater internal energy
than state a, along which path is
there a net flow of heat out of the
system?

A. path 1
B. path 2
C. path 3
D. all of paths 1, 2, and 3
E. none of paths 1, 2, or 3
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Q19.3

This p-V diagram shows two ways

to take a system from state a (at
lower left) to state c (at upper right):
• via state b (at upper left), or
• via state d (at lower right)
For which path is W > 0?

A. path abc only

B. path adc only
C. both path abc and path adc
D. neither path abc nor path adc
E. The answer depends on what the system is made of.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
A19.3

This p-V diagram shows two ways

to take a system from state a (at
lower left) to state c (at upper right):
• via state b (at upper left), or
• via state d (at lower right)
For which path is W > 0?

A. path abc only

B. path adc only
C. both path abc and path adc
D. neither path abc nor path adc
E. The answer depends on what the system is made of.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Q19.4

In an isothermal expansion of an ideal gas, the amount of heat

that flows into the gas

A. is greater than the amount of work done by the gas.

B. equals the amount of work done by the gas.
C. is less than the amount of work done by the gas, but greater
than zero.
D. is zero.
E. is negative (heat flows out of the gas).

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A19.4

In an isothermal expansion of an ideal gas, the amount of heat

that flows into the gas

A. is greater than the amount of work done by the gas.

B. equals the amount of work done by the gas.
C. is less than the amount of work done by the gas, but greater
than zero.
D. is zero.
E. is negative (heat flows out of the gas).

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q19.5
You put a flame under a piece of metal, raising the temperature of
the metal and making the metal expand. The metal is surrounded
by air. What are the signs of ∆U, Q, and W for the metal in this
process?

A. ∆U > 0, Q > 0, W > 0

B. ∆U < 0, Q > 0, W > 0
C. ∆U > 0, Q > 0, W < 0
D. ∆U < 0, Q > 0, W < 0
E. None of these

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A19.5
You put a flame under a piece of metal, raising the temperature of
the metal and making the metal expand. The metal is surrounded
by air. What are the signs of ∆U, Q, and W for the metal in this
process?

A. ∆U > 0, Q > 0, W > 0

B. ∆U < 0, Q > 0, W > 0
C. ∆U > 0, Q > 0, W < 0
D. ∆U < 0, Q > 0, W < 0
E. None of these

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q19.6
When you are exercising on a stationary bicycle or rowing
machine, what are the signs of ∆U, Q, and W for your body?

A. ∆U > 0, Q = 0, W > 0
B. ∆U < 0, Q = 0, W > 0
C. ∆U < 0, Q > 0, W > 0
D. ∆U < 0, Q < 0, W > 0
E. None of these

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A19.6
When you are exercising on a stationary bicycle or rowing
machine, what are the signs of ∆U, Q, and W for your body?

A. ∆U > 0, Q = 0, W > 0
B. ∆U < 0, Q = 0, W > 0
C. ∆U < 0, Q > 0, W > 0
D. ∆U < 0, Q < 0, W > 0
E. None of these

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q19.7

An ideal gas is taken around the

cycle shown in this p-V diagram,
from a to b to c and back to a.
Process b c is isothermal. For
this complete cycle,

A. Q > 0, W > 0, U = 0
B. Q < 0, W > 0, U = 0
C. Q = 0, W > 0, U < 0
D. Q = 0, W < 0, U > 0
E. Q > 0, W > 0, U > 0

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A19.7

An ideal gas is taken around the

cycle shown in this p-V diagram,
from a to b to c and back to a.
Process b c is isothermal. For
this complete cycle,

A. Q > 0, W > 0, U = 0
B. Q < 0, W > 0, U = 0
C. Q = 0, W > 0, U < 0
D. Q = 0, W < 0, U > 0
E. Q > 0, W > 0, U > 0

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q19.8
An ideal gas is taken around the
cycle shown in this p-V diagram,
from a to b to c and back to a.
Process b c is isothermal. For
process a b,

A. Q > 0, ∆U > 0
B. Q > 0, ∆U = 0
C. Q = 0, ∆U > 0
D. Q = 0, ∆U < 0
E. Q < 0, ∆U < 0

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A19.8
An ideal gas is taken around the
cycle shown in this p-V diagram,
from a to b to c and back to a.
Process b c is isothermal. For
process a b,

A. Q > 0, ∆U > 0
B. Q > 0, ∆U = 0
C. Q = 0, ∆U > 0
D. Q = 0, ∆U < 0
E. Q < 0, ∆U < 0

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q19.9
An ideal gas is taken around the
cycle shown in this p-V diagram,
from a to b to c and back to a.
Process b c is isothermal. For
process b c,

A. Q > 0, ∆U > 0
B. Q > 0, ∆U = 0
C. Q = 0, ∆U > 0
D. Q = 0, ∆U < 0
E. Q < 0, ∆U < 0

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A19.9
An ideal gas is taken around the
cycle shown in this p-V diagram,
from a to b to c and back to a.
Process b c is isothermal. For
process b c,

A. Q > 0, ∆U > 0
B. Q > 0, ∆U = 0
C. Q = 0, ∆U > 0
D. Q = 0, ∆U < 0
E. Q < 0, ∆U < 0

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q19.10
An ideal gas is taken around the
cycle shown in this p-V diagram,
from a to b to c and back to a.
Process b c is isothermal. For
process c a,

A. Q > 0, ∆U > 0
B. Q > 0, ∆U = 0
C. Q = 0, ∆U > 0
D. Q = 0, ∆U < 0
E. Q < 0, ∆U < 0

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A19.10
An ideal gas is taken around the
cycle shown in this p-V diagram,
from a to b to c and back to a.
Process b c is isothermal. For
process c a,

A. Q > 0, ∆U > 0
B. Q > 0, ∆U = 0
C. Q = 0, ∆U > 0
D. Q = 0, ∆U < 0
E. Q < 0, ∆U < 0

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q19.11
An ideal gas begins in a thermodynamic state a. When the
temperature of the gas is raised from T1 to a higher temperature
T2 at a constant volume, a positive amount of heat Q12 flows into
the gas. If the same gas begins in state a and has its temperature
raised from T1 to T2 at a constant pressure, the amount of heat
that flows into the gas is

A. greater than Q12.

B. equal to Q12.
C. less than Q12, but greater than zero.
D. zero.
E. negative (heat flows out of the system).

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A19.11
An ideal gas begins in a thermodynamic state a. When the
temperature of the gas is raised from T1 to a higher temperature
T2 at a constant volume, a positive amount of heat Q12 flows into
the gas. If the same gas begins in state a and has its temperature
raised from T1 to T2 at a constant pressure, the amount of heat
that flows into the gas is

A. greater than Q12.

B. equal to Q12.
C. less than Q12, but greater than zero.
D. zero.
E. negative (heat flows out of the system).

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q19.12
An ideal gas is taken around the
cycle shown in this p-V diagram,
from a to c to b and back to a.
Process c b is adiabatic. For
process c b,

A. Q > 0, W > 0, ∆U = 0
B. Q > 0, W > 0, ∆U > 0
C. Q = 0, W > 0, ∆U < 0
D. Q = 0, W < 0, ∆U > 0
E. Q < 0, W < 0, ∆U = 0

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A19.12
An ideal gas is taken around the
cycle shown in this p-V diagram,
from a to c to b and back to a.
Process c b is adiabatic. For
process c b,

A. Q > 0, W > 0, ∆U = 0
B. Q > 0, W > 0, ∆U > 0
C. Q = 0, W > 0, ∆U < 0
D. Q = 0, W < 0, ∆U > 0
E. Q < 0, W < 0, ∆U = 0

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q19.13
When an ideal gas is allowed to expand isothermally from
volume V1 to a larger volume V2, the gas does an amount of
work equal to W12. If the same ideal gas is allowed to expand
adiabatically from volume V1 to a larger volume V2, the gas
does an amount of work that is

A. less than W12.

B. greater than W12.
C. equal to W12.
D. either A or B, depending on the ratio of V2 to V1.
E. any of A, B, or C, depending on the ratio of V2 to V1.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A19.13
When an ideal gas is allowed to expand isothermally from
volume V1 to a larger volume V2, the gas does an amount of
work equal to W12. If the same ideal gas is allowed to expand
adiabatically from volume V1 to a larger volume V2, the gas
does an amount of work that is

A. less than W12.

B. greater than W12.
C. equal to W12.
D. either A or B, depending on the ratio of V2 to V1.
E. any of A, B, or C, depending on the ratio of V2 to V1.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q-RT19.1
An ideal gas is taken around the
cycle shown in this p-V diagram,
from a to b to c and back to a.
Process b c is isothermal. Rank
the following processes in order of
the value of the internal energy ∆U
of the ideal gas in the process, from
most positive to most negative.

A. a b
B. b c
C. c a

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A-RT19.1
An ideal gas is taken around the
cycle shown in this p-V diagram,
from a to b to c and back to a.
Process b c is isothermal. Rank
the following processes in order of
the value of the internal energy ∆U
of the ideal gas in the process, from
most positive to most negative.

A. a b
B. b c
Answer: ABC
C. c a

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q-RT19.2

An ideal gas is taken around the

cycle shown in this p-V diagram,
from a to b to c and back to a.
Process b c is isothermal. Rank
the following processes in order of
the value of the work W done by
the ideal gas in the process, from
most positive to most negative.

A. a b
B. b c
C. c a

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A-RT19.2

An ideal gas is taken around the

cycle shown in this p-V diagram,
from a to b to c and back to a.
Process b c is isothermal. Rank
the following processes in order of
the value of the work W done by
the ideal gas in the process, from
most positive to most negative.

A. a b
B. b c
Answer: BAC
C. c a

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q-RT19.3

An ideal gas is taken around the

cycle shown in this p-V diagram,
from a to b to c and back to a.
Process b c is isothermal. Rank
the following processes in order of
the value of the heat Q into the
ideal gas in the process, from most
positive to most negative.

A. a b
B. b c
C. c a

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A-RT19.3

An ideal gas is taken around the

cycle shown in this p-V diagram,
from a to b to c and back to a.
Process b c is isothermal. Rank
the following processes in order of
the value of the heat Q into the
ideal gas in the process, from most
positive to most negative.

A. a b
B. b c
Answer: BAC
C. c a

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q20.1 Metal box Metal box
at 0°C at 0°C
Which statement about
these two thermodynamic
processes is correct?
A. Both are reversible.
B. Both are irreversible. Ice at 0°C Liquid water at 0°C

C. The upper one is Metal box Metal box

reversible and the lower at 70°C at 40°C
one is irreversible.
D. The upper one is
irreversible and the lower
one is reversible.
Ice at 0°C Liquid water at 40°C
E. Not enough information is
given to decide.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
A20.1 Metal box Metal box
at 0°C at 0°C
Which statement about
these two thermodynamic
processes is correct?
A. Both are reversible.
B. Both are irreversible. Ice at 0°C Liquid water at 0°C

C. The upper one is Metal box Metal box

reversible and the lower at 70°C at 40°C
one is irreversible.
D. The upper one is
irreversible and the lower
one is reversible.
Ice at 0°C Liquid water at 40°C
E. Not enough information is
given to decide.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Q20.2

An ideal gas is taken around the

cycle shown in this p-V diagram,
from a to b to c and back to a.
Process b c is isothermal. Which
of the processes in this cycle could
be reversible?

A. a b
B. b c
C. c a
D. two or more of A, B, and C
E. none of A, B, or C

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A20.2

An ideal gas is taken around the

cycle shown in this p-V diagram,
from a to b to c and back to a.
Process b c is isothermal. Which
of the processes in this cycle could
be reversible?

A. a b
B. b c
C. c a
D. two or more of A, B, and C
E. none of A, B, or C

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q20.3

An ideal gas is taken around the

cycle shown in this p-V diagram,
from a to c to b and back to a.
Process c b is adiabatic. Which
of the processes in this cycle could
be reversible?

A. a c
B. c b
C. b a
D. two or more of A, B, and C
E. none of A, B, or C

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A20.3

An ideal gas is taken around the

cycle shown in this p-V diagram,
from a to c to b and back to a.
Process c b is adiabatic. Which
of the processes in this cycle could
be reversible?

A. a c
B. c b
C. b a
D. two or more of A, B, and C
E. none of A, B, or C

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q20.4
During one cycle, an automobile engine takes in 12,000 J of
heat and discards 9000 J of heat. What is the efficiency of
this engine?

A. 400%
B. 133%
C. 75%
D. 33%
E. 25%

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A20.4
During one cycle, an automobile engine takes in 12,000 J of
heat and discards 9000 J of heat. What is the efficiency of
this engine?

A. 400%
B. 133%
C. 75%
D. 33%
E. 25%

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q20.5
During one cycle, an automobile engine with an efficiency
of 20% takes in 10,000 J of heat. How much work does the
engine do per cycle?

A. 8000 J
B. 6400 J
C. 2000 J
D. 1600 J
E. 400 J

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A20.5
During one cycle, an automobile engine with an efficiency
of 20% takes in 10,000 J of heat. How much work does the
engine do per cycle?

A. 8000 J
B. 6400 J
C. 2000 J
D. 1600 J
E. 400 J

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q20.6
A copper pot at room temperature is filled with room-
temperature water. Imagine a process whereby the water
spontaneously freezes and the pot becomes hot. Why is
such a process impossible?

A. It violates the first law of thermodynamics.

B. It violates the second law of thermodynamics.
C. It violates both the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
D. It violates the law of conservation of energy.
E. none of the above

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A20.6
A copper pot at room temperature is filled with room-
temperature water. Imagine a process whereby the water
spontaneously freezes and the pot becomes hot. Why is
such a process impossible?

A. It violates the first law of thermodynamics.

B. It violates the second law of thermodynamics.
C. It violates both the first and second laws of thermodynamics.
D. It violates the law of conservation of energy.
E. none of the above

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q20.7
A Carnot engine takes heat in from a reservoir at 400 K and
discards heat to a reservoir at 300 K. If the engine does
12,000 J of work per cycle, how much heat does it take in
per cycle?

A. 48,000 J
B. 24,000 J
C. 16,000 J
D. 9000 J
E. none of the above

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A20.7
A Carnot engine takes heat in from a reservoir at 400 K and
discards heat to a reservoir at 300 K. If the engine does
12,000 J of work per cycle, how much heat does it take in
per cycle?

A. 48,000 J
B. 24,000 J
C. 16,000 J
D. 9000 J
E. none of the above

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q20.8

You put an ice cube at Metal box Metal box

0°C inside a large metal at 70°C at 40°C
box at 70°C. The ice
melts and the entropy of
the ice increases. Which
statement is correct?
Ice at 0°C Liquid water at 40°C
A. Entropy of the metal box is unchanged; total entropy increases.
B. Entropy of the metal box decreases; total entropy decreases.
C. Entropy of the metal box decreases; total entropy is unchanged.
D. Entropy of the metal box decreases; total entropy increases.
E. none of the above
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
A20.8

You put an ice cube at Metal box Metal box

0°C inside a large metal at 70°C at 40°C
box at 70°C. The ice
melts and the entropy of
the ice increases. Which
statement is correct?
Ice at 0°C Liquid water at 40°C
A. Entropy of the metal box is unchanged; total entropy increases.
B. Entropy of the metal box decreases; total entropy decreases.
C. Entropy of the metal box decreases; total entropy is unchanged.
D. Entropy of the metal box decreases; total entropy increases.
E. none of the above
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Q20.9
An ideal gas is taken around the
cycle shown in this p-V diagram,
from a to b to c and back to a.
Process b c is isothermal.
What can you conclude about the
net entropy change of the gas
during the cycle?

A. It is positive.
B. It is negative.
C. It is zero.
D. Two of A, B, and C are possible.
E. All three of A, B, and C are possible.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
A20.9
An ideal gas is taken around the
cycle shown in this p-V diagram,
from a to b to c and back to a.
Process b c is isothermal.
What can you conclude about the
net entropy change of the gas
during the cycle?

A. It is positive.
B. It is negative.
C. It is zero.
D. Two of A, B, and C are possible.
E. All three of A, B, and C are possible.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Q20.10
An ideal gas is taken around the
cycle shown in this p-V diagram,
from a to b to c and back to a.
Process b c is isothermal.
What can you conclude about the
net entropy change of the gas
and its environment during the
cycle?

A. It is positive.
B. It is negative.
C. It is zero.
D. Two of A, B, and C are possible.
E. All three of A, B, and C are possible.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
A20.10
An ideal gas is taken around the
cycle shown in this p-V diagram,
from a to b to c and back to a.
Process b c is isothermal.
What can you conclude about the
net entropy change of the gas
and its environment during the
cycle?

A. It is positive.
B. It is negative.
C. It is zero.
D. Two of A, B, and C are possible.
E. All three of A, B, and C are possible.
© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Q-RT20.1
Rank the following heat engines in order from highest to
lowest thermal efficiency.

A. An engine that in one cycle absorbs 2500 J of heat and

rejects 2250 J of heat
B. An engine that in one cycle absorbs 50,000 J of heat and
does 4000 J of work
C. An engine that in one cycle does 800 J of work and
rejects 5600 J of heat

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A-RT20.1
Rank the following heat engines in order from highest to
lowest thermal efficiency.

A. An engine that in one cycle absorbs 2500 J of heat and

rejects 2250 J of heat
B. An engine that in one cycle absorbs 50,000 J of heat and
does 4000 J of work
C. An engine that in one cycle does 800 J of work and
rejects 5600 J of heat
Answer: CAB

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q14.1
An object on the end of a spring is oscillating in simple harmonic
motion. If the amplitude of oscillation is doubled, how does this
affect the oscillation period T and the object’s maximum speed
vmax?

A. T and vmax both double.

B. T remains the same and vmax doubles.
C. T and vmax both remain the same.
D. T doubles and vmax remains the same.
E. T remains the same and vmax increases by a factor of

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A14.1
An object on the end of a spring is oscillating in simple harmonic
motion. If the amplitude of oscillation is doubled, how does this
affect the oscillation period T and the object’s maximum speed
vmax?

A. T and vmax both double.

B. T remains the same and vmax doubles.
C. T and vmax both remain the same.
D. T doubles and vmax remains the same.
E. T remains the same and vmax increases by a factor of

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q14.2
This is an x-t graph for an object in simple harmonic motion. At
which of the following times does the object have the most
negative velocity vx?

A. t = T/4
B. t = T/2
C. t = 3T/4
D. t = T
E. Two of the above are tied for most negative
velocity.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A14.2
This is an x-t graph for an object in simple harmonic motion. At
which of the following times does the object have the most
negative velocity vx?

A. t = T/4
B. t = T/2
C. t = 3T/4
D. t = T
E. Two of the above are tied for most negative
velocity.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q14.3
This is an x-t graph for an object in simple harmonic motion. At
which of the following times does the object have the most
negative acceleration ax?

A. t = T/4
B. t = T/2
C. t = 3T/4
D. t = T
E. Two of the above are tied for most negative acceleration.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A14.3
This is an x-t graph for an object in simple harmonic motion. At
which of the following times does the object have the most
negative acceleration ax?

A. t = T/4
B. t = T/2
C. t = 3T/4
D. t = T
E. Two of the above are tied for most negative acceleration.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q14.4
This is an ax-t graph for an object in simple harmonic motion. At
which of the following times does the object have the most
negative displacement x?

A. t = 0.10 s
B. t = 0.15 s
C. t = 0.20 s
D. t = 0.25 s
E. Two of the above are tied for most negative displacement.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A14.4
This is an ax-t graph for an object in simple harmonic motion. At
which of the following times does the object have the most
negative displacement x?

A. t = 0.10 s
B. t = 0.15 s
C. t = 0.20 s
D. t = 0.25 s
E. Two of the above are tied for most negative displacement.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q14.5
This is an ax-t graph for an object in simple harmonic motion. At
which of the following times does the object have the most
negative velocity vx?

A. t = 0.10 s
B. t = 0.15 s
C. t = 0.20 s
D. t = 0.25 s
E. Two of the above are tied for most negative velocity.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A14.5
This is an ax-t graph for an object in simple harmonic motion. At
which of the following times does the object have the most
negative velocity vx?

A. t = 0.10 s
B. t = 0.15 s
C. t = 0.20 s
D. t = 0.25 s
E. Two of the above are tied for most negative velocity.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q14.6
This is an x-t graph for an object connected to a spring and moving
in simple harmonic motion. At which of the following times is the
potential energy of the spring the greatest?

A. t = T/8
B. t = T/4
C. t = 3T/8
D. t = T/2
E. Two of the above are tied for greatest potential energy.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A14.6
This is an x-t graph for an object connected to a spring and moving
in simple harmonic motion. At which of the following times is the
potential energy of the spring the greatest?

A. t = T/8
B. t = T/4
C. t = 3T/8
D. t = T/2
E. Two of the above are tied for greatest potential energy.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q14.7
This is an x-t graph for an object connected to a spring and moving
in simple harmonic motion. At which of the following times is the
kinetic energy of the object the greatest?

A. t = T/8
B. t = T/4
C. t = 3T/8
D. t = T/2
E. Two of the above are tied for greatest kinetic energy.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A14.7
This is an x-t graph for an object connected to a spring and moving
in simple harmonic motion. At which of the following times is the
kinetic energy of the object the greatest?

A. t = T/8
B. t = T/4
C. t = 3T/8
D. t = T/2
E. Two of the above are tied for greatest kinetic energy.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q14.8
To double the total energy of a mass-spring system
oscillating in simple harmonic motion, the amplitude must
increase by a factor of

A. 4.
B.
C. 2.
D.
E.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A14.8
To double the total energy of a mass-spring system
oscillating in simple harmonic motion, the amplitude must
increase by a factor of

A. 4.
B.
C. 2.
D.
E.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q14.9
A simple pendulum consists of a point mass suspended by a
massless, unstretchable string. If the mass is doubled while the
length of the string remains the same, the period of the pendulum

A. becomes four times greater.

B. becomes twice as great.
C. becomes greater by a factor of
D. remains unchanged.
E. decreases.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A14.9
A simple pendulum consists of a point mass suspended by a
massless, unstretchable string. If the mass is doubled while the
length of the string remains the same, the period of the pendulum

A. becomes four times greater.

B. becomes twice as great.
C. becomes greater by a factor of
D. remains unchanged.
E. decreases.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q14.10
The force on a damped oscillator is Fx = –kx – bvx. During its
motion, the oscillator loses mechanical energy most rapidly

A. when it is at maximum positive displacement.

B. when it is at maximum negative displacement.
C. when it is passing through the equilibrium position.
D. when it is at either maximum positive or maximum
negative displacement.
E. Misleading question—the oscillator loses mechanical
energy at the same rate at all times during the motion.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A14.10
The force on a damped oscillator is Fx = –kx – bvx. During its
motion, the oscillator loses mechanical energy most rapidly

A. when it is at maximum positive displacement.

B. when it is at maximum negative displacement.
C. when it is passing through the equilibrium position.
D. when it is at either maximum positive or maximum
negative displacement.
E. Misleading question—the oscillator loses mechanical
energy at the same rate at all times during the motion.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q-RT14.1
Three identical oscillators have the same amplitude A and the
same angular frequency All three oscillate in simple harmonic
motion given by x = A cos The three oscillators have
different phase angles however. Rank the three oscillators in
order of their displacement x at t = 0, from most positive to most
negative.

A.
B.
C.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A-RT14.1
Three identical oscillators have the same amplitude A and the
same angular frequency All three oscillate in simple harmonic
motion given by x = A cos The three oscillators have
different phase angles however. Rank the three oscillators in
order of their displacement x at t = 0, from most positive to most
negative.

A.
B.
C. Answer: ABC

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Q-RT14.2
Three identical oscillators have the same amplitude A and the
same angular frequency All three oscillate in simple harmonic
motion given by x = A cos The three oscillators have
different phase angles however. Rank the three oscillators in
order of their velocity vx at t = 0, from most positive to most
negative.

A.
B.
C.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

A-RT14.2
Three identical oscillators have the same amplitude A and the
same angular frequency All three oscillate in simple harmonic
motion given by x = A cos The three oscillators have
different phase angles however. Rank the three oscillators in
order of their velocity vx at t = 0, from most positive to most
negative.

A.
B.
C. Answer: CAB

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.