CONFIDENCE AND CRISES, 1920-1948

The Jazz Age

RESOURCE:

Life Story: Bessie Smith (1894 or 1895–1937)

Bessie Smith was born in Chattanooga, Tennessee, in 1894 or 1895. Bessie had six
siblings. Her family was extremely poor. Her father was a Baptist minister. Both of her
parents died when she was young.

Bessie and her brother Andrew made money for the family working as street
performers. Bessie sang and Andrew played the guitar. Bessie’s older sister did not
think performing was a respectable job, and often punished Bessie for singing in
public. But Bessie knew she had talent and refused to quit.

In 1912, Bessie’s brother Clarence invited her to join him as a member of a musical
troupe. New opportunities seemed to pop up each time Bessie performed. The famous
blues singer Ma Rainey heard Bessie sing and invited Bessie to join her on the road.
Ma Rainey taught Bessie how to take care of herself as a young black woman in the
male-dominated entertainment industry. Many historians believe Ma Rainey and
Bessie had a sexual or romantic relationship. Although it is generally accepted that Ma
Rainey was a lesbian, it is difficult to prove the nature of her relationship with Bessie.

Bessie was eventually offered a chorus girl part in a touring musical. Then she joined a
series of vaudeville shows. Vaudeville was a popular form of entertainment at the time
and it was deeply segregated. Bessie performed with black troupes for black
audiences. Each new job kept Bessie traveling up and down the East Coast singing and
dancing.

Fans and entertainment professionals agreed Bessie was talented. She sang the blues
like no other performer. She could hit low notes clearly and without effort. She brought

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The Jazz Age

emotional intensity to her performance. Blues songs are all about feelings—and
everyone that heard Bessie felt something deep.

By 1918, Bessie was starring in her own shows. She performed in clubs throughout the
South and East. By 1921, she was traveling with her own band. In 1920, Bessie
married Earl Love, who died unexpectedly in 1922.

In 1923, an agent at Columbia Records heard Bessie sing and invited her to New York
City for an audition. Many recording companies in this era produced “race records,”
records by black artists specifically for black listeners. The audition went well, and
Bessie signed a contract. Columbia promised Bessie $1,500 in exchange for twelve
recorded songs. Although white performers at the time had better contracts, Bessie
felt it was a good deal. Her first record was “Downhearted Blues.” It sold over 500,000
copies in the first year. As a recording artist at Columbia, Bessie recorded songs with
some of the most famous musicians of the era, including trumpeter Louis Armstrong.

Nineteen twenty-three was also the year Bessie moved to Philadelphia and married a
man named Jack Gee. Bessie met Jack when he worked as a security guard at a
nightclub where she performed. Bessie and Jack’s marriage was messy. Bessie liked to
drink and often had affairs with other people. The two divorced in 1929.

Bessie was the highest-paid black performing artist in the country. She
earned almost $2,000 per week traveling as the “Empress of the Blues.”

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Bessie’s primary source of income and fame came through endless traveling. Her
recordings were so popular that more theaters and clubs wanted to book her. Bessie
was the highest-paid black performing artist in the country. She earned almost $2,000
per week traveling as the “Empress of the Blues.” She was so successful that she
bought a custom Pullman sleeping car for the trains that carried her band and their
belongings from town to town. Her shows often sold out, and theaters requested
additional nights to accommodate more ticket sales. In the summer, she traveled to
more remote areas and performed in tents.

Although Bessie was wildly famous, she still maintained some aspects of her life back
home. She preferred homemade liquor and home cooking to fancy speakeasies and
restaurants. She sent money back to her siblings to help support them. She hired her
brother Clarence as her touring manager.

Bessie’s fame began to decline with the start of the Great Depression. The blues was
declining in popularity, and record companies were eager to cater to white audiences
who preferred jazz. Although Bessie recorded more popular jazz songs, her Southern
style was not as attractive anymore. Bessie cut back on her touring show to reflect the
times. Her costumes were less elaborate and her songs less bluesy. Sometimes she
was booked as the second artist in a show and had to work as a cigarette salesgirl in
the audience between acts.

By the mid-1930s, Bessie tried finding more consistent work in New York City. She
performed at the Apollo, the Cotton Club, the Harlem Opera House, and other
mainstays of the Harlem Renaissance. She also occasionally toured theaters in the
South. While she continued to find work, it was nothing compared to her popularity in
the 1920s.

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On September 26, 1937, Bessie was in a terrible car accident in Coahoma, Mississippi.
Her long-time companion Richard Morgan was driving and lost control when he did not
see a truck on the road. Bessie suffered severe injuries when she was thrown from the
car. She died at the hospital shortly after.

The tragic nature of Bessie’s death made national news. Some historians note she
received more attention from white audiences in death than in life.

Although thousands of fans mourned her death, her estate had few funds. Bessie was
buried in an unmarked grave in a cemetery in Sharon Hill, Pennsylvania. In 1970,
singer Janis Joplin and NAACP leader Juanita Green Smith paid to have her tombstone
erected. It reads: “The greatest blues singer in the world will never stop singing.”

Vocabulary

• blues: An African American music form that focuses on melancholy, or sadness.

Blues songs tell stories and describe deep emotions. The blues developed in the
nineteenth century and gained popularity nationally through the Great Migration.
• Great Depression: The major economic downturn in the started in 1929 and
continued through 1939.
• Harlem Renaissance: A term used to describe the intellectual, artistic, and
creative output of African Americans in Harlem in the 1920s.
• jazz: A type of music with African American origins the started in the twentieth
century. Characterized by strong, regular rhythms.
• Ma Rainey: A famous blues artist who was often described as the “Mother of the
Blues.”
• National Association of the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP): A
civil rights organization that was founded in 1909 and still exists today.

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• Pullman car: A passenger car or sleeping car on a train. The name came from
the Pullman Company, which operated many passenger trains in the nineteenth
and early twentieth centuries.
• troupe: A traveling group of performers.
• vaudeville: A popular type of entertainment in the early twentieth century that
included brief musical numbers and skits.

Discussion Questions

• Describe Bessie’s childhood. How might those early experiences have

contributed to her passion for the blues?
• Why was Bessie successful in her career? What talents or skills helped
make her so famous?
• Bessie was paid less than many white performers, but still felt her
career was a success. Why do you think she felt this way?
• Why did Bessie’s career change after the 1920s? What outside factors
contributed to her decline?
• The national media for white audiences paid more attention to Bessie’s
tragic death than her talented career in life. What might this tell us
about attitudes towards black Americans and their contributions to
wider society?

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