The Ciência & Engenharia - Science & Engineering Journal

ISSN: 0103-944X
Volume 11 Issue 1, 2023
pp: 1854-1863

Smart Energy Management System for Electric Vehicles

Using IoT Technology

Dr.M.Sangeetha 1, Mr.A.Antony David 2 , A.Karunakaran 3, Agneeswaran V 4, Nawin

N.R 5, Vasantha Kumar S 6
Professor 1 , EEE 1 , Surya college of Engineering 2 , UG Student 3 EEE 3 , , UG Student 4
EEE 4 , UG Student 5 EEE 5, UG Student 6 EEE 6
M. A. M. School Of Engineering, Siruganur, Trichy-621105

Abstract
As electric vehicles become more popular, it's crucial to monitor the health and performance
of their batteries to ensure optimal efficiency and longevity. In this paper, we propose an IoT-
based battery monitoring system that leverages wireless communication and cloud computing
to collect and analyze battery data in real-time. Our system consists of three main
components: battery sensors, a gateway device, and a cloud platform. The battery sensors are
placed in each battery cell to measure key parameters such as voltage, current, temperature,
and state of charge. These sensors transmit data wirelessly to the gateway device, which
aggregates and processes the data before sending it to the cloud plat form. Our system offers
several benefits, including improved battery performance, reduced maintenance costs, and
enhanced safety. By leveraging IoT and cloud technologies, we can provide real-time
monitoring and analysis of battery data, enabling more informed decision-making and
proactive maintenance. At the present time, the resources that we use for electricity are costly
and inefficient. That is why we must rely on those that are of in the least harmful to the
environment and inexpensive. photovoltaic cells are used in applications that allow the use of
taking solar energy and expanding it into electricity most of the solar systems are situated in
sparsely populated regions, large-scale agricultural communities, as well as in medium-sized
farm sites and smaller, agricultural local agricultural production facilities that have power
grids. For a machine to function, it must be operated by a human. This is a hardware- timed
sensor system that tracks various variables, like temperature, voltage, and fire and battery
percentage and reports them on the cloud so you can see exactly when everything has reached
the right value.

Introduction
Electric vehicles (EV) are playing a key role because of its zero-emission of harmful
gases and use of efficient energy. Electric vehicles are equipped by a large number of battery
cells which require an effective battery management system (BMS) while they are providing
necessary power. The battery installed in electric vehicle should not only provide long lasting
energy but also provide high power. Lead-acid, Lithium-ion, -metal hydride are the most
commonly used traction batteries, of all these traction batteries lithium-ion is most commonly
used because of its advantages and its performance. Battery management system (BMS)

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ISSN: 0103-944X
Volume 11 Issue 1, 2023
pp: 1854-1863

makes decisions based on the battery charging and cell voltage, temperature, etc. To ensure
safe operation of the battery pack, the Battery Management System (BMS) has to make sure
the cells remain in this safety window. Electric vehicles are becoming more commonplace as
the technology matures and gas prices remain higher than in previous decades. While the
internal combustion engine still dominates much of the world’s roads, electric vehicles and
hybrids (vehicles with both an internal combustion engine and some form of electric motor)
are more prevalent in urban areas than previous decades. Electric vehicles do not have any on
board power generation and rely solely on stored energy in batteries to power the electric
motors during operation. This paper outlines a scalable method of determining the voltage
across each battery in an electric vehicle charging and an eventual path for the development
of a real-time battery monitoring for use in the Department Electric Vehicle.

Block Diagramme

Circuit Diagram

Software requirements
Arduino Ide
The Arduino integrated development environment (IDE) is a cross-platform application
(for Windows, macOS, Linux) that is written in the programming language Java. It is used to
write and upload programs to Arduino board. The source code for the IDE is released under

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 The Ciência & Engenharia - Science & Engineering Journal
ISSN: 0103-944X
Volume 11 Issue 1, 2023
pp: 1854-1863

the GNU General Public License, version 2. The Arduino IDE supports the
languages C and C++ using special rules of code structuring.[4] The Arduino IDE supplies
a software library from the Wiring project, which provides many common input and output
procedures. User-written code only requires two basic functions, for starting the sketch and
the main program loop, that are compiled and linked with a program stub main() into an
executable cyclic executive program with the GNU tool chain, also included with the IDE
distribution. The Arduino IDE employs the program argued to convert the executable code
into a text file in hexadecimal encoding that is loaded into the Arduino board by a loader
program in the board's firmware. Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based on
easy-to-use hardware and software. Arduino boards are able to read inputs - light on a sensor,
a finger on a button, or a Twitter message - and turn it into an output - activating a motor,
turning on an LED, publishing something online. You can tell your board what to do by
sending a set of instructions to the microcontroller on the board

The Arduino IDE

The Arduino IDE is incredibly minimalistic, yet it provides a near-complete environment
for most Arduino-based projects. The top menu bar has the standard options, including
“File” (new, load save, etc.), “Edit” (font, copy, paste, etc.), “Sketch” (for compiling and
programming), “Tools” (useful options for testing projects), and “Help”. The middle
section of the IDE is a simple text editor that where you can enter the program code. The
bottom section of the IDE is dedicated to an output window that is used to see the status
of the compilation, how much memory has been used, any errors that were found in the
program, and various other useful messages. Projects made using the Arduino are called
sketches, and such sketches are usually written in a cut-down version of C++ (a number
of C++ features are If uploaded successfully, the LED on your board should blink on/off
once every second. Most Arduino boards have an LED prewired to pin 13. It is very
important that you do not use pins 0 or 1 while loading code. It is recommended that you do
not use those pins ever. Arduino code is loaded over a serial port to the controller. Older
models use an FTDI chip which deals with all the USB specifics. Newer models have either a
small AVR that mimics the FTDI chip or a built-in USB-to-serial port on the AVR.

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 The Ciência & Engenharia - Science & Engineering Journal
ISSN: 0103-944X
Volume 11 Issue 1, 2023
pp: 1854-1863

Hardware requirements
Power supply circuit:
Power supply is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or system that
supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is called a
power supply unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to electrical energy supplies,
less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others. Power supplies for electronic devices can
be broadly divided into linear and switching power supplies. The linear supply is a relatively
simple design that becomes increasingly bulky and heavy for high current devices; voltage
regulation in a linear supply can result in low efficiency. A switched-mode supply of the
same rating as a linear supply will be smaller, is usually more efficient, but will be more
complex.

Linear Power supply:

An AC powered linear power supply usually uses a transformer to convert the voltage
from the wall outlet (mains) to a different, usually a lower voltage. If it is used to produce
DC, a rectifier is used. A capacitor is used to smooth the pulsating current from the rectifier.
Some small periodic deviations from smooth direct current will remain, which is known as
ripple. These pulsations occur at a frequency related to the AC power frequency (for
example, a multiple of 50 or 60 Hz).

Transformer:

Transformer
Transformers convert AC electricity from one voltage to another with little loss of
power. Transformers work only with AC and this is one of the reasons why mains electricity
is AC. Step-up transformers increase voltage, step-down transformers reduce voltage. Most
power supplies use a step-down transformer to reduce the dangerously high mains voltage
(230V in UK) to a safer low voltage. The input coil is called the primary and the output coil
is called the secondary. There is no electrical connection between the two coils; instead they
are linked by an alternating magnetic field created in the soft-iron core of the transformer.
The two lines in the middle of the circuit symbol represent the core. Transformers waste very
little power so the power out is (almost) equal to the power in. Note that as voltage is stepped
down current is stepped up. The ratio of the number of turns on each coil, called the turn’s
ratio, determines the ratio of the voltages. A step-down transformer has a large number of
turns on its primary (input) coil which is connected to the high voltage mains supply, and a
small number of turns on its secondary (output) coil to give a low output voltage.

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ISSN: 0103-944X
Volume 11 Issue 1, 2023
pp: 1854-1863

Bridge rectifier:
A bridge rectifier can be made using four individual diodes, but it is also available in
special packages containing the four diodes required. It is called a full-wave rectifier because
it uses the entire AC wave (both positive and negative sections). 1.4V is used up in the bridge
rectifier because each diode uses 0.7V when conducting and there are always two diodes
conducting, as shown in the diagram below. Bridge rectifiers are rated by the maximum
current they can pass and the maximum reverse voltage they can withstand (this must be at
least three times the supply RMS voltage so the rectifier can withstand the peak voltages).
Please see the DIODES page for more details, including pictures of bridge rectifiers.

Bridge rectifier
Alternate pairs of diodes conduct, changing over the connections so the alternating
directions of AC are converted to the one direction of DC.
Output: full-wave varying DC: (using the entire AC wave):

Smoothing:
Smoothing is performed by a large value electrolytic capacitor connected across the DC
supply to act as a reservoir, supplying current to the output when the varying DC voltage
from the rectifier is falling. The diagram shows the unsmoothed varying DC (dotted line) and
the smoothed DC (solid line). The capacitor charges quickly near the peak of the varying DC,
and then discharges as it supplies current to the output.

Smoothing
Note that smoothing significantly increases the average DC voltage to almost the peak value
(1.4 × RMS value). For example, 6V RMS AC is rectified to full wave DC of about 4.6V
RMS (1.4V is lost in the bridge rectifier), with smoothing this increases to almost the peak
value giving 1.4 × 4.6 = 6.4V smooth DC.

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ISSN: 0103-944X
Volume 11 Issue 1, 2023
pp: 1854-1863

Battery Charger
The rechargeable backup battery provides power to Finger Tec terminals when the primary
source of power is unavailable. With the right backup battery, your system won’t have to be
interrupted during a power failure. 12V1.5Ah Backup Battery Access Control System: The
external Rechargeable Backup Batteries are almost always used in an access control system.
The backup battery prevents intruders from disabling the access control by turning off power
to the building, and continues locking the doors secured by the system. Time & Attendance
System: For Time and Attendance System that records clocking-in and out data for
employees, power failure might cause discrepancies in the payroll system. Thus, external
rechargeable backup batteries are often used in Time & Attendance terminals as a backup
power. A battery charger is a device used to put energy into a cell or (rechargeable) battery
by forcing an electric current through it. Lead-acid battery chargers typically have two tasks
to accomplish. The first is to restore capacity, often as quickly as practical. The second is to
maintain capacity by compensating for self discharge. In both instances optimum operation
requires accurate sensing of battery voltage. When a typical lead-acid cell is charged, lead
sulphate is converted to lead on the battery’s negative plate and lead dioxide on the positive
plate. Over-charge reactions begin when the majority of lead sulphate has been converted,
typically resulting in the generation of hydrogen and oxygen gas. At moderate charge rates,
most of the hydrogen and oxygen will recombine in sealed batteries. In unsealed batteries
however, dehydration will occur. Size This is pretty straight forward, how big are the
batteries? Lead acid batteries don't get much smaller than C-cell batteries. Coin cells don't get
much larger than a quarter. There are also standard sizes, such as AA and 9V which may be
desirable. Weight and power density This is a performance issue: higher quality (and more

Maintenance
Store in a clean and dry place; occasionally clean the case and cords with a dry cloth.

Voltage Sensor
A simple but very useful module which uses a potential divider to reduce any
input voltage by a factor of 5. This allows you to use the analogue input of a microcontroller
to monitor voltages much higher than it capable of sensing. For example, with a 0-5V
analogue input range you are able to measure a voltage up to 25V. The module also includes
convenient screw terminals for easy and secure connection of a wire.

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ISSN: 0103-944X
Volume 11 Issue 1, 2023
pp: 1854-1863

Specification:
Divider ratio: 5:1
Resistor Tolerance: 1%
Max input voltage: 25V
Resistor Value: 30K/7.5K Ohm

Fire Sensor
A fire detector is a device that senses fire, typically as an indicator of fire.
Commercial security devices issue a signal to a fire alarm control panel as part of a fire alarm
system, while household fire detectors, also known as fire alarms, generally issue a local
audible or visual alarm from the detector itself or several detectors if there are multiple fire
detectors interlinked. Fire detectors are housed in plastic enclosures, typically shaped like a
disk or square about 150 millimeters (6 in) in diameter and 25 millimeters (1 in) thick, but
shape and size vary. Fire can be detected either optically (photoelectric) or by physical
process (ionization); detectors may use either, or both, methods. Sensitive alarms can be used
to detect, and thus deter, smoking in areas where it is banned. Fire detectors in large
commercial, industrial, and residential buildings are usually powered by a central fire alarm
system, which is powered by the building power with a battery backup. Domestic fire
detectors range from individual battery-powered units, to several interlinked mains-powered
units with battery backup; with these interlinked units, if any unit detects smoke, all trigger
even if household power has gone out.

Relay
A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical
circuit. In the original form, the switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close one
or many sets of contacts. It was invented by Joseph Henry in 1835. Because a relay is able to
control an output circuit of higher power than the input circuit, it can be considered to be, in a
broad sense, a form of an electrical amplifier.

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ISSN: 0103-944X
Volume 11 Issue 1, 2023
pp: 1854-1863

Relay contact conditions:

▪ Normally Open Contact (NO) – NO contact is also called a make contact. It closes
the circuit when the relay is activated. It disconnects the circuit when the relay is inactive.

▪ Normally Closed Contact (NC) – NC contact is also known as break contact. This is
opposite to the NO contact. When the relay is activated, the circuit disconnects. When the
relay is deactivated, the circuit connects.

▪ Change-over (CO) / Double-throw (DT) Contacts – This type of contacts are used
to control two types of circuits. They are used to control a NO contact and also a NC contact
with a common terminal. According to their type they are called by the names break before
make and make before break contacts.

Test Report
Off Condition

On Condition

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 The Ciência & Engenharia - Science & Engineering Journal
ISSN: 0103-944X
Volume 11 Issue 1, 2023
pp: 1854-1863

Conclusion
In this paper, we have proposed an IoT-based battery monitoring system for electric
vehicles that leverages wireless communication and cloud computing to collect and analyze
battery data in real-time. Our system offers granular and accurate insights into battery health
and performance, real-time monitoring and analysis capabilities, cloud-based analysis, and
enhanced safety. Through our experiments and evaluations, we have demonstrated the
effectiveness and reliability of our system in detecting potential issues and providing
actionable insights to users. We have also shown that our system can be easily integrated into
existing electric vehicle infrastructure and can scale to accommodate large fleets of vehicles.
The paper described the design and development of an IoT-based battery monitoring system
for electric vehicle to ensure the battery performance degradation. We are developing the
system for battery management in electric vehicle by controlling the crucial parameters such
as voltage and temperature. It is very important that the BMS should be well maintained with
battery reliability and safety. This present paper focuses on the study of Battery Management
System and optimizes the power performances of electric vehicles. Moreover, the target of
reducing the greenhouse gases can greatly be achieved by using battery management system.

Future Enhancement
An IoT-based battery monitoring system in electric vehicles is an essential aspect of ensuring
efficient operation and prolonging the battery life of electric vehicles. IoT-based battery
monitoring systems can collect a significant amount of data related to battery usage and
performance. By applying advanced data analytics, such as machine learning and artificial
intelligence, to this data, the system can gain a deeper understanding of battery performance
and predict potential issues before they occur. Integrating IoT-based battery monitoring
systems with smart grids can enable better control and optimization of the energy flow
between the vehicle and the grid. This can help to ensure that the battery is charged
efficiently and at the optimal time. Wireless charging technology is becoming more prevalent
and can be integrated with IoT-based battery monitoring systems to provide a seamless and
effortless charging experience for electric vehicle users. Multi-modal battery management is
a system that can manage the performance of multiple batteries in an electric vehicle. By
monitoring and balancing the performance of these batteries, the system can help to optimize
battery life and improve overall vehicle performance. Blockchain technology can be used to
create a secure and transparent record of battery usage and performance. This can help to
ensure that batteries are properly maintained and replaced when necessary, reducing the risk
of battery failure and improving overall vehicle safety. Overall, the future of IoT-based
battery monitoring systems in electric vehicles is exciting, with many potential enhancements
that can improve battery performance, vehicle efficiency, and overall user experience. As
technology continues to advance, we can expect to see more innovative solutions for battery
monitoring and management in electric vehicles.

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ISSN: 0103-944X
Volume 11 Issue 1, 2023
pp: 1854-1863

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