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Mapping Toolbox™
User's Guide

R2020a
How to Contact MathWorks

Latest news: www.mathworks.com

Sales and services: www.mathworks.com/sales_and_services

User community: www.mathworks.com/matlabcentral

Technical support: www.mathworks.com/support/contact_us

Phone: 508-647-7000

The MathWorks, Inc.

1 Apple Hill Drive
Natick, MA 01760-2098
Mapping Toolbox™ User's Guide
© COPYRIGHT 1997–2020 by The MathWorks, Inc.
The software described in this document is furnished under a license agreement. The software may be used or copied
only under the terms of the license agreement. No part of this manual may be photocopied or reproduced in any form
without prior written consent from The MathWorks, Inc.
FEDERAL ACQUISITION: This provision applies to all acquisitions of the Program and Documentation by, for, or through
the federal government of the United States. By accepting delivery of the Program or Documentation, the government
hereby agrees that this software or documentation qualifies as commercial computer software or commercial computer
software documentation as such terms are used or defined in FAR 12.212, DFARS Part 227.72, and DFARS 252.227-7014.
Accordingly, the terms and conditions of this Agreement and only those rights specified in this Agreement, shall pertain
to and govern the use, modification, reproduction, release, performance, display, and disclosure of the Program and
Documentation by the federal government (or other entity acquiring for or through the federal government) and shall
supersede any conflicting contractual terms or conditions. If this License fails to meet the government's needs or is
inconsistent in any respect with federal procurement law, the government agrees to return the Program and
Documentation, unused, to The MathWorks, Inc.
Trademarks
MATLAB and Simulink are registered trademarks of The MathWorks, Inc. See
www.mathworks.com/trademarks for a list of additional trademarks. Other product or brand names may be
trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.
Patents
MathWorks products are protected by one or more U.S. patents. Please see www.mathworks.com/patents for
more information.
Revision History
May 1997 First printing New for Version 1.0
October 1998 Second printing Version 1.1
November 2000 Third printing Version 1.2 (Release 12)
July 2002 Online only Revised for Version 1.3 (Release 13)
September 2003 Online only Revised for Version 1.3.1 (Release 13SP1)
January 2004 Online only Revised for Version 2.0 (Release 13SP1+)
April 2004 Online only Revised for Version 2.0.1 (Release 13SP1+)
June 2004 Fourth printing Revised for Version 2.0.2 (Release 14)
October 2004 Online only Revised for Version 2.0.3 (Release 14SP1)
March 2005 Fifth printing Revised for Version 2.1 (Release 14SP2)
August 2005 Sixth printing Minor revision for Version 2.1
September 2005 Online only Revised for Version 2.2 (Release 14SP3)
March 2006 Online only Revised for Version 2.3 (Release 2006a)
September 2006 Seventh printing Revised for Version 2.4 (Release 2006b)
March 2007 Online only Revised for Version 2.5 (Release 2007a)
September 2007 Eighth printing Revised for Version 2.6 (Release 2007b)
March 2008 Online only Revised for Version 2.7 (Release 2008a)
October 2008 Online only Revised for Version 2.7.1 (Release 2008b)
March 2009 Online only Revised for Version 2.7.2 (Release 2009a)
September 2009 Online only Revised for Version 3.0 (Release 2009b)
March 2010 Online only Revised for Version 3.1 (Release 2010a)
September 2010 Online only Revised for Version 3.2 (Release 2010b)
April 2011 Online only Revised for Version 3.3 (Release 2011a)
September 2011 Online only Revised for Version 3.4 (Release 2011b)
March 2012 Online only Revised for Version 3.5 (Release 2012a)
September 2012 Online only Revised for Version 3.6 (Release 2012b)
March 2013 Online only Revised for Version 3.7 (Release 2013a)
September 2013 Online only Revised for Version 4.0 (Release 2013b)
March 2014 Online only Revised for Version 4.0.1 (Release 2014a)
October 2014 Online only Revised for Version 4.0.2 (Release 2014b)
March 2015 Online only Revised for Version 4.1 (Release 2015a)
September 2015 Online only Revised for Version 4.2 (Release 2015b)
March 2016 Online only Revised for Version 4.3 (Release 2016a)
September 2016 Online only Revised for Version 4.4 (Release 2016b)
March 2017 Online only Revised for Version 4.5 (Release 2017a)
September 2017 Online only Revised for Version 4.5.1 (Release 2017b)
March 2018 Online only Revised for Version 4.6 (Release 2018a)
September 2018 Online only Revised for Version 4.7 (Release 2018b)
March 2019 Online only Revised for Version 4.8 (Release 2019a)
September 2019 Online only Revised for Version 4.9 (Release 2019b)
March 2020 Online only Revised for Version 4.10 (Release 2020a)
 Contents

Getting Started
1
Mapping Toolbox Product Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Key Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2

Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3

Create Your First World Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4

Tour Boston with the Map Viewer App . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9

Open the Map Viewer App . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-9

Getting More Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-24

Ways to Get Mapping Toolbox Help . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-24

Understanding Map Data

2
What Is a Map? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2

What Is Geospatial Data? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3

Vector Geodata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4

Inspect and Display Vector Map Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5

Raster Geodata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7

Digital Elevation Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Remotely Sensed Image Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7

Generate Shaded Relief Map using Raster Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8

Combine Vector and Raster Geodata on the Same Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11

Combining Raster Data and Vector Data on the Same Map . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11

Create and Display Polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14

Simple Polygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14
Polygons with Holes or Multiple Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-15
Polygons Using Geographic Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-17
Filled Region of Polygons Using Geographic Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19

Segments Versus Polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-22

v
 Geographic Data Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-24
Shapefiles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-24
The Contents of Geographic Data Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-24
Examining a Geographic Data Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-26
How to Construct Geographic Data Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-27
Mapping Toolbox Version 1 Display Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-31

Georeferenced Raster Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-32

Referencing Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-32
Referencing Matrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-32
Referencing Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-32

Construct a Global Data Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-34

Convert Between Geographic and Intrinsic Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-36

Precompute the Size of a Data Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-38

Geolocated Data Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-39

Define Geolocated Data Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-39

Geographic Interpretations of Geolocated Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-43

Type 1: Values Associated with the Upper Left Grid Coordinate . . . . . . . 2-43
Type 2: Values Centered Within Four Adjacent Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . 2-44
Ordering of Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-45
Transform Regular to Geolocated Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-45
Transforming Geolocated to Regular Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-45

Unprojecting a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-46

Creating a Half-Resolution Georeferenced Image . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-60

Georeferencing an Image to an Orthotile Base Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-65

Find Geospatial Data Online . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-77

Find Vector Geodata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-78

Find Geospatial Raster Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-80

Download Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-80
Use Web Map Service Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-81

Functions that Read and Write Geospatial Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-82

Export Vector Geodata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-85

Exporting Vector Data to KML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-86

Export KML Files for Viewing in Earth Browsers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-97

Generate a Single Placemark Using kmlwritepoint . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-97
Generate Placemarks from Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-98
Export Point Geostructs to Placemarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-98

vi Contents
 Select Shapefile Data to Read . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-101
Example 1: Predicate Function in Separate File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-101
Example 2: Predicate as Function Handle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-102
Example 3: Predicate as Anonymous Function . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-102
Example 4: Predicate (Anonymous Function) Defined Within Cell Array 2-103
Example 5: Parametrizing the Selector; Predicate as Nested Function . 2-103

Functions That Read and Write Files in Compressed Formats . . . . . . . 2-105

Exporting Images and Raster Grids to GeoTIFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-106

Converting Coastline Data (GSHHG) to Shapefile Format . . . . . . . . . . . 2-122

Understanding Geospatial Geometry

3
The Shape of the Earth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Ellipsoid Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Geoid Shape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2

Reference Spheroids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4

referenceSphere Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
referenceEllipsoid Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6
World Geodetic System 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Ellipsoid Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
oblateSpheroid Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10

Work with Reference Spheroids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11

Map Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
Curves and Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12
3-D Coordinate Transformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-12

Latitude and Longitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13

Plot Latitude and Longitude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-13

Relationship Between Points on Sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-15

Length and Distance Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16

Choosing Units of Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16
Converting Units of Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-16

Compute Conversion Ratio Between Units of Length . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-17

Angle Representations and Angular Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18

Radians and Degrees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-18
Default and Variable Angle Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-19
Degrees, Minutes, and Seconds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-19
Converting Angle Units that Vary at Run Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-20

Angles as Binary and Formatted Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-22

Formatting Latitudes and Longitudes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-22

vii
 Convert from Linear Measurements to Spherical Measurements . . . . . . 3-23

Distances on the Sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-24

Arc Length as an Angle in the distance and reckon Functions . . . . . . . . . 3-25
Summary: Available Distance and Angle Conversion Functions . . . . . . . . 3-25

Great Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-27

Rhumb Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-28

Azimuth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-29
Calculate Azimuth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-29

Elevation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-31

Generate Vector Data for Points Along Great Circle or Rhumb Line Tracks
......................................................... 3-32

Reckoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-34

Calculate Distance Between Two Points in Geographic Space . . . . . . . . 3-35

Small Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-36

Calculate Vector Data for Points Along a Small Circle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-37

Generate Small Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-38

Measure Area of Spherical Quadrangles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-40

Plotting a 3-D Dome as a Mesh Over a Globe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-41

Choose a 3-D Coordinate System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-47

Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-47
Geodetic Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-48
East-North-Up Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-49
North-East-Down Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-49
Azimuth-Elevation-Range Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-50
Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-51

Vectors in 3-D Coordinate Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-52

Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-53

Find Ellipsoidal Height from Orthometric Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-55

Find Ellipsoidal Height from Orthometric and Geoid Height . . . . . . . . . . 3-57

Creating and Viewing Maps

4
Introduction to Mapping Graphics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2

viii Contents
Continent, Country, Region, and State Maps Made Easy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3

Set Background Colors for Map Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4

Create Simple Maps Using worldmap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5

Create Simple Maps Using usamap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7

The Map Axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11

Tips to Working with Map Axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-11

Access and Change Map Axes Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-13

Map Limit Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-19

Specify Map Projection Origin and Frame Limits Automatically . . . . . . . 4-20
Create Cylindrical Projection Using Map Limit Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-23
Create Conic Projection Using Map Limit Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25
Create Southern Hemisphere Conic Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-26
Create North-Polar Azimuthal Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-27
Create South-Polar Azimuthal Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-29
Create Equatorial Azimuthal Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-30
Create General Azimuthal Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-31
Create Long Narrow Oblique Mercator Projection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-32

Switch Between Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-34

Change Projection Updating Meridian and Parallel Labels . . . . . . . . . . . 4-34
Change Projection Resetting Frame Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-36

Reprojection of Graphics Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-40

Auto-Reprojection of Mapped Objects and Its Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-40
Reprojectability of Maps Generated Using geoshow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-41

Create Maps Using geoshow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-43

Creating Maps Using MAPSHOW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-50

Change Map Projections Using geoshow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-68

Change Map Projection with Vector Data Using geoshow . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-68
Change Map Projection with Raster Data Using geoshow . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-69

Use Geographic and Nongeographic Objects in Map Axes . . . . . . . . . . . 4-72

The Map Frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-75

Plot Regions of Robinson Frame and Grid Using Map Limits . . . . . . . . . 4-77

Map and Frame Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-82

The Map Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-83

Control Grid Spacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-83
Layer Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-83
Limit Grid Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-83
Label Grids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-84

ix
 Summary of Polygon Display Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-86

Display Vector Data as Points and Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-87

Display Vector Maps as Lines or Patches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-91

Types of Data Grids and Raster Display Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-98

Fit Gridded Data to the Graticule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-99

Fit Gridded Data to Fine and Coarse Graticules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-99

Create 3-D Displays with Raster Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-103

Creating Map Displays with Latitude and Longitude Data . . . . . . . . . . 4-106

Creating Map Displays with Data in Projected Coordinate Reference

System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-116

Pick Locations Interactively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-124

Creating an Interactive Map for Selecting Point Features . . . . . . . . . . 4-126

Create Small Circle and Track Annotations on Maps Interactively . . . . 4-133

Interactively Display Text Annotations on a Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-135

Work with Objects by Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-136

Manipulate Displayed Map Objects By Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-136

Making Three-Dimensional Maps

5
Sources of Terrain Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Digital Terrain Elevation Data from NGA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Digital Elevation Model Files from USGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2

Determine and Visualize Visibility Across Terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3

Compute Line of Sight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3

Light a Terrain Map of a Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5

Light a Global Terrain Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-8

Surface Relief Shading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12

Create Monochrome Shaded Relief Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-12

Colored Surface Shaded Relief . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-17

Create Colored Shaded Relief Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-17

Relief Mapping with Light Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-21

Illuminate Color 3-D Relief Maps with Light Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-21

x Contents
 Drape Data on Elevation Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-29
Combine Elevation Maps with Other Kinds of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-29
Drape Data over Terrain with Different Gridding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-29

Drape Geoid Heights Over Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-30

Combine Dissimilar Grids by Converting Regular Grid to Geolocated Data

Grid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-35

Drape Geolocated Grid on Regular Data Grid via Texture Mapping . . . . 5-41

The Globe Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-44

The Globe Display Compared with the Orthographic Projection . . . . . . . 5-45

Use Opacity and Transparency in Globe Displays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-51

Over-the-Horizon 3-D Views Using Camera Positioning Functions . . . . . 5-54

Display a Rotating Globe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-62

Access Basemaps and Terrain for Geographic Globe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-67

Use Installed Basemap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-67
Download Basemaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-67
Add Custom Basemaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-67
Access Terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-67
Specify Basemaps and Terrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-68

Create Interactive Basemap Picker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-69

Customizing and Printing Maps

6
Inset Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2

Graphic Scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-9

North Arrows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-15

Thematic Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-18

Choropleth Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-18
Stem Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-19
Contour Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-19
Scatter Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-20

Create Choropleth Map of Population Density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-21

Colormaps for Terrain Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-24

Explore Colormaps for Terrain Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-24

Contour Colormaps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-27

xi
 Colormaps for Political Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-30
Explore Colormaps for Political Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-30
Labeling Colorbars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-32
Editing Colorbars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-33

Scale Maps for Printing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-34

Manipulating Geospatial Data

7
Extract and Join Polygons or Line Segments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-2

Link Line Segments with Common Endpoints into Polygons . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4

Geographic Interpolation of Vectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5

Interpolate Vertices Between Known Data Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7

Interpolate Coordinates at Specific Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8

Vector Intersections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-9

Calculate Intersections of Small Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-11

Calculate Intersection of Rhumb Line Tracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-12

Calculate Intersections of Vector Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-13

Calculate Area of Geographic Polygons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-15

Polygon Set Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-16

Overlay Polygons Using Set Logic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-17

Remove Longitude Coordinate Discontinuities at Date Line Crossings

......................................................... 7-22

Polygon Buffer Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-26

Generate Buffer Internal to Polygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-26

Trim Vectors to Preserve Polygonal Patches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-28

Filter Vector Data to Remove Unwanted Points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-31

Simplify Vector Coordinate Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-32

Simplify Polygon and Line Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-33

Convert Vector Data to Raster Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-38

Creating Data Grids from Vector Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-38

xii Contents
 Rasterize Polygons Interactively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-43

Data Grids as Logical Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-45

Determine Area Occupied by Logical Grid Variable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-46

Compute Elevation Profile Along Straight Line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-48

Compute Gradient, Slope, and Aspect from Regular Data Grid . . . . . . . . 7-51

Using Map Projections and Coordinate Systems

8
Map Projections and Distortions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
Use Inverse Projection to Recover Geographic Coordinates . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2
Projection Distortions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2

Quantitative Properties of Map Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4

The Three Main Families of Map Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5

Unwrapping the Sphere to a Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5
Cylindrical Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5
Conic Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6
Azimuthal Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-7

Projection Aspect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9

The Orientation Vector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-9
Control the Map Projection Aspect with an Orientation Vector . . . . . . . . 8-11

Projection Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-16

Projection Characteristics Maps Can Have . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-16

Visualize Spatial Error Using Tissot Indicatrices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-22

Visualize Projection Distortions using Tissot Indicatrices . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-22

Visualize Projection Distortions Using Isolines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-26

Quantify Map Distortions at Point Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-30

Use distortcalc to Determine Map Projection Geometric Distortions . . . . 8-30

Project Coordinates Without Map Axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-34

Rotational Transformations on the Globe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-36

Reorient Vector Data with rotatem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-36
Reorient Gridded Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-38

The Universal Transverse Mercator System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-40

Create a UTM Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-41

Set UTM Parameters Interactively . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-45

xiii
 Work in UTM Without a Displayed Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-48

Use the Transverse Aspect to Map Across UTM Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-51

Summary and Guide to Projections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-53

Creating Web Map Service Maps

9
Basic WMS Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2

Basic Workflow for Creating WMS Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3

Workflow Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3
Create a Map of Elevation in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3

Search the WMS Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5

Introduction to the WMS Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5
Find Temperature Data in the WMS Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5

Refine Your Search . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7

Refine Search by Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7
Refine Search by Geographic Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-7

Update Your Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-8

Retrieve Your Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10

Map Retrieval Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10
Understand Coordinate Reference System Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10
Retrieve Your Map with wmsread . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-11
Use wmsread with Optional Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12
Add a Legend to Your Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12
Retrieve Your Map with WebMapServer.getMap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-19

Modify Your Map Request . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-24

Set Map Request Geographic Limits and Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-24
Edit Web Map Request URL Manually . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-25

Overlay Multiple Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-27

Create Composite Map of Multiple Layers from One Server . . . . . . . . . . 9-27
Combine Layers from One Server with Data from Other Sources . . . . . . 9-28
Drape Orthoimagery Over DEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-29

Animate Data Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-33

Create Movie of Terra/MODIS Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-33
Create Animated GIF File of WMS Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-34
Animate Time-Lapse Radar Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-36

Display Animation of Radar Images over GOES Backdrop . . . . . . . . . . . 9-39

Retrieve Data from Web Map Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-41

Merge Elevation Data with Rasterized Vector Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-42
Display Merged Elevation and Bathymetry Layer (SRTM30 Plus) . . . . . . 9-44

xiv Contents
 Drape WMS Imagery onto Elevation Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-46

Save Your Favorite Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-49

Explore Other Layers using a Capabilities Document . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-50

Write WMS Images to a KML File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-53

Search for Layers Outside the Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-55

Troubleshoot WMS Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-56

Connection Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-56
Wrong Scale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-57
Problems with Geographic Limits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-58
Problems with Server Changing LayerName . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-58
Non-EPSG:4326 Coordinate Reference Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-58
Map Not Returned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-59
Unsupported WMS Version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-60
Other Unrecoverable Server Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-60

Troubleshoot Access to the Hosted WMS Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-61

Introduction to Web Map Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-62

Web Map Coordinate Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-64

Basic Workflow for Displaying Web Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-66

Workflow Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-66

Display a Web Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-67

Select a Base Layer Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-68

Specify a Custom Base Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-70

Specify a WMS Layer as a Base Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-72

Add an Overlay Layer to the Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-74

Add Line, Polygon, and Marker Overlay Layers to Web Maps . . . . . . . . . 9-76

Remove Overlay Layers on a Web Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-82

View Multiple Web Maps in a Browser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-86

Navigate a Web Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-89

Close a Web Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-92

Annotate a Web Map with Measurement Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-93

Compositing and Animating Web Map Service (WMS) Meteorological

Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-97

xv
 Troubleshoot Common Problems with Web Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-112
Why Does My Web Map Contain Empty Tiles? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-112
Why Does My Web Map Lose Detail When I Zoom In? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-112

Mapping Applications
10
Geographic Statistics for Point Locations on a Sphere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2
Geographic Means . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2
Geographic Standard Deviation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3

Equal-Areas in Geographic Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6

Geographic Histograms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-6
Converting to an Equal-Area Coordinate System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-7

Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9
What Is Navigation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9
Conventions for Navigational Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9

Fix Position . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11

Some Possible Situations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-11
Using navfix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-14
A Numerical Example of Using navfix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-16

Plan the Shortest Path . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-20

Display Navigational Tracks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-23

Dead Reckoning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-26

Drift Correction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-30

Time Zones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-32

Map Projections — Alphabetical List

11

xvi Contents
 1

Getting Started

This chapter provides step-by-step examples of basic Mapping Toolbox capabilities and guides you
toward examples and documentation that can help answer your questions. For an alphabetical list of
functions click on MATLAB Functions link at bottom of mainMapping Toolbox page.

• “Mapping Toolbox Product Description” on page 1-2

• “Acknowledgments” on page 1-3
• “Create Your First World Map” on page 1-4
• “Tour Boston with the Map Viewer App” on page 1-9
• “Getting More Help” on page 1-24
1 Getting Started

Mapping Toolbox Product Description

Analyze and visualize geographic information

Mapping Toolbox provides algorithms, functions, and an app for analyzing geographic data and
creating map displays in MATLAB®. You can import vector and raster data from a wide range of file
formats and web map servers. The toolbox lets you subset and customize data using trimming,
interpolation, resampling, coordinate transformations, and other techniques. Geospatial data can be
combined with base map layers from multiple sources in a single map display. You can export data in
file formats such as shapefile, GeoTIFF, and KML. By incorporating mapping functions into MATLAB
programs, you can automate frequent tasks in your geospatial workflow.

Key Features
• Vector and raster data import and export
• Custom raster map retrieval from Web Map Services (WMS) servers
• Web map display with dynamic base maps from OpenStreetMap and other sources
• 2D and 3D map display, customization, and interaction
• Digital terrain and elevation model analysis functions
• Geometric geodesy functions, including 2D and 3D coordinate transformations and more than 65
map projections

1-2
 Acknowledgments

Acknowledgments
This software was originally developed and maintained through Version 1.3 by Systems Planning and
Analysis, Inc. (SPA), of Alexandria, Virginia.

Except where noted, the information contained in example and sample data files (found in
toolbox/map/mapdata) is derived from publicly available digital data sets. These data files are
provided as a convenience to Mapping Toolbox users. MathWorks makes no claims that any of this
data is free of defects or errors, or that the representations of geographic features or names are up to
date or authoritative.

1-3
1 Getting Started

Create Your First World Map

This example shows how to use the Mapping Toolbox to create a world map. Geospatial data can be
voluminous, complex, and difficult to process. Mapping Toolbox functions handle many of the details
of loading and displaying geospatial data, and use built-in data structures that facilitate data storage.
Spatial data refers to data describing location, shape, and spatial relationships. Geospatial data is
spatial data that is in some way georeferenced, or tied to specific locations on, under, or above the
surface of a planet.

Create an empty map axes, ready to hold the data of your choice. The function worldmap
automatically selects a reasonable choice for your map projection and coordinate limits. To display a
world map, the function chose a Robinson projection centered on the prime meridian and the equator
(0° latitude, 0° longitude).

worldmap world

Import low-resolution world coastline data. The coastline data is a set of discrete vertices that, when
connected in the order given, approximate the coastlines of continents, major islands, and inland
seas. The vertex latitudes and longitudes are stored as vectors in a MAT-file. Load the MAT-file and
view the variables in the workspace.

load coastlines
whos

Name Size Bytes Class Attributes

1-4
 Create Your First World Map

coastlat 9865x1 78920 double

coastlon 9865x1 78920 double

Determine how many separate elements are in the coastline data vectors. Even though there is only
one vector of latitudes, coastlat, and one vector of longitudes, coastlon, each of these vectors
contain many distinct polygons, forming the worlds coastlines. These vectors use NaN separators and
NaN terminators to divide each vector into multiple parts.

[latcells, loncells] = polysplit(coastlat, coastlon);

numel(latcells)

ans = 241

Plot the coastline data on the map axes using the plotm function. plotm is the geographic equivalent
of the MATLAB plot function. It accepts coordinates in latitude and longitude, transforms them to x
and y via a specified map projection, and displays them in a figure axes. In this example, worldmap
uses the Robinson projection.

plotm(coastlat, coastlon)

Create a new map axes for plotting data over Europe. This time, specify a return argument for the
worldmap function to get a handle to the figure's axes. The axes object on which map data is
displayed is called a map axes. In addition to the graphics properties common to any MATLAB axes
object, a map axes object contains additional properties covering map projection type, projection
parameters, map limits, etc. The getm and setm functions and others allow you to access and modify
these properties.

1-5
1 Getting Started

h = worldmap('Europe');

Determine which map projection worldmap is using.

getm(h,'MapProjection')

ans =
'eqdconic'

Add data to the map of Europe by using the geoshow function to import and display several
shapefiles in the toolbox/map/mapdata folder. Note how the geoshow function can plot data
directly from files onto a map axes without first importing it into the workspace. To change the color
of the marker, use the MarkerEdgeColor property and, for some markers, the MarkerFaceColor
property.

geoshow('landareas.shp', 'FaceColor', [0.15 0.5 0.15])

geoshow('worldlakes.shp', 'FaceColor', 'cyan')
geoshow('worldrivers.shp', 'Color', 'blue')
geoshow('worldcities.shp', 'Marker', '.',...
'MarkerEdgeColor', 'magenta')

1-6
 Create Your First World Map

Place a label on the map to identify the Mediterranean Sea.

labelLat = 35;
labelLon = 14;
textm(labelLat, labelLon, 'Mediterranean Sea')

1-7
1 Getting Started

1-8
 Tour Boston with the Map Viewer App

Tour Boston with the Map Viewer App

The Map Viewer app is an interactive tool for browsing map data. With it you can:

• Assemble layers of vector and raster geodata and render them in 2-D
• Import, reorder, symbolize, hide, and delete data layers
• Identify coordinate locations
• List data attributes
• Display selected data attributes as data tips (signposts that identify attribute values, such as place
names or route numbers)

The following example illustrates these capabilities.

Open the Map Viewer App

1 Open the Map Viewer app. On the Apps tab, in the Image Processing and Computer Vision

section, click Map Viewer . You can also start the Map Viewer using the mapview
command. The Map Viewer opens with a blank canvas. (No data is present.)

Note that The Map Viewer is designed primarily for working with data sets that refer to a
projected map coordinate system (as opposed to a geographic, latitude-longitude system), so the
coordinate axes are named X and Y.
2 Import map data. In the Map Viewer, select the File menu and then choose Import From File.
Navigate to the matlabroot\toolbox\map\mapdata folder, where matlabroot represents
your MATLAB installation folder, and open the GeoTIFF file boston.tif.

1-9
1 Getting Started

The file opens in the Map Viewer. The image is a visible red, green, and blue composite from a
georeferenced IKONOS-2 panchromatic/multispectral product created by GeoEye. Copyright ©
GeoEye, all rights reserved. For further information about the image, refer to the text files
boston.txt and boston_metadata.txt. To open boston.txt, type the following at the
command line:

open 'boston.txt'
3 Set the map scale in the Map Viewer. To do this, you must first set the map distance units. Click
the Map units menu at the bottom center and select US Survey Feet.

4 Set the map scale. Type 1:25000 in the Scale box, which is above the Map units menu, and
press Enter. The Map Viewer now looks like this.

1-10
 Tour Boston with the Map Viewer App

5 Get the map coordinates for a location on the map, interactively. Place the cursor over a location
on the map. The example puts the cursor over the bridge that goes over the pond in Boston
Garden. The map coordinates for this location are shown at the lower left as 772,423.18 feet
easting (X), 2,954,372.40 feet northing (Y), in Massachusetts State Plane coordinates.
6 Import a vector data layer. For this example, import a line shapefile that contains data about the
streets and highways in the central Boston area.

boston_roads = shaperead('boston_roads.shp');

The shaperead function returns the data as a geographic data structure.

7 Convert the X and Y coordinate fields of boston_roads.shp from meters to U.S. survey feet. As
is frequently the case when overlaying geodata, the coordinate system used by
boston_roads.shp (in units of meters) does not completely agree with the one for the satellite
image, boston.tif (in units of feet). If you were to ignore this, the two data sets would be out
of registration by a large distance.

1-11
1 Getting Started

surveyFeetPerMeter = unitsratio('survey feet','meter');

for k = 1:numel(boston_roads)
boston_roads(k).X = surveyFeetPerMeter * boston_roads(k).X;
boston_roads(k).Y = surveyFeetPerMeter * boston_roads(k).Y;
end

The unitsratio function computes conversion factors between a variety of units of length.
8 In the Map Viewer File menu, select Import From Workspace > Vector Data > Geographic
Data Structure.

In the Import Vector Data dialog box, select the variable boston_roads as the data to import
from the workspace, and click OK.

1-12
 Tour Boston with the Map Viewer App

You could clear the workspace now if you wanted, because all the data that the Map Viewer
needs is now loaded into it.
9 After the Map Viewer finishes importing the roads layer, it selects a random color and renders all
the shapes with that color as solid lines. The view looks like this.

Being random, the color you see for the road layer may differ.
10 Explore the attributes of the vector layer. First, make the vector layer the active layer using the
Active layer menu at the bottom right. Select boston_roads. You can designate any layer to be
the active layer; it does not need to be the topmost layer. By default, the first layer imported is
active. Changing the active layer has no visual effect on the map. Doing so allows you to query
attributes of the layer you select. For example, once you make the vector layer the active layer,

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