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architecturemicriprocessor

Architecture microprocessor

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Devendra Dwivedi
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3 views

architecturemicriprocessor

Architecture microprocessor

Uploaded by

Devendra Dwivedi
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Internal Architecture of 8085:

It is divided into 5 functional units:


1. Register Unit
2. ALU
3. Timing and control Unit
4. Interrupt control Unit
5. Serial I/O control Unit

1. Register Unit:
There are two types of registers
1. General purpose Registers
2. Special purpose Registers
General Purpose Registers:
There are 6, 8bit general purpose registers,
namely
B, C, D, E, H & L . They can also be used as register
pairs of 16bit length.
1. BC 2. DE 3. HL
Any of them can be used to point the memory
but HL pair is also known as default memory or
data pointer.
Ex. MOV D,M
‘M’ –indicates memory content or memory
location whose address is present in HL pair only.

Special Purpose Registers:


Accumulator: 8-bit Multi-purpose register by
which almost all ALU operations are performed.
One of the bytes must be present in ‘ACC’/’A’ ,
result is also stored in ACC.
 Program Counter:--PC
16 bit register which contains the address of the
next instruction to be executed or it takes of the
program flow or control. It is automatically
incremented by one after an operation
depending on the instruction.

Instruction Register:
It is an 8 bit register which contains the opcode of
present instruction. It does not contain data.
 Stack Pointer: SP
It is a 16bit register which contains the address of
the data present at the top of stack memory or it
points to top of the stack.
 Stack: It is a part of Read/Write memory,
used to store temporary data and also the
content of program counter when
subroutines are used.
 The technique involved in stack is LIFO i.e.
Last in First out.
When data is stored in to STACK, SP is
decremented, similarly SP is incremented when
data is accessed from stack.

Flag Register:
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
S Z X AC X P X CY

S- Sign; Z- Zero; AC – Auxiliary Carry; P- Parity;


Cy-Carry
S- 0/1 – Depending on the D7 bit of accumulator .
In Signed operations S 0; +ve Result
S 1; -ve Result
Z 1; if result in ACC=00H
 0; Otherwise.
AC 1; if there is carry from D4 bitD3 bit or
Higher nibble  Lower nibble
0; otherwise
P1; if the number of binary 1’s in ACC=Even
0; if the number of binary 1’s in ACC=odd
CY 1; if there is a carry i.e out of D7 bit.
0; otherwise.

Temporary Registers:
W & Z are the two 8 bit temporary registers
which cannot be accessible by programmer. They
are used by the processor in some instructions.

ALU: Arithmetic & Logic Unit


It is the combination of ACC, Temporary register,
Flag register & arithmetic and Logic circuits.
The various ALU operations possible in 8085 are:
Addition, subtraction, Increment, Decrement
AND, OR, EX-OR, COMPARE, COMPLIMENT &
ROTATE
 Flags are modified only for ALU
operations
Timing & Control Unit:
It is responsible for generating various control,
timing and status signals used for the operations
of the processor.
X1 & X2 a crystal oscillator is connected to
provide stable oscillations.
Operating frequency of 8085 is 3 MHz.
FCLK = 3MHz. Range 3 – 6 Mhz.
ALE—Address Latch enable
Used to make AD7 – AD0 either as address or data
bus.
RD Read control signal; low active signal I0/ M S1 S0 STATUS
0; Active Z 0 0 HALT
WR Write control signal; low active signal 0 0 1 M/M Write
0; Active 0 1 0 M/M Read
0 1 1 Fetch
I0/ M 0; Memory operation 1 0 1 I/O Write
1; I/O operation 1 1 0 I/O Read
S1 & S0 status signals which indicate the status 1 1 1 INTA
of Bus cycle for an operation. They are used by Z X X HOLD
other systems to know the status of processor. Z X X RESET

Z-Tristate state/High impedance state


Tristate Buffer:
It is used when many devices are connected to
common bus

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