Q1 (a) Explain the basic structure of a Java program.

(3 Marks)

A basic Java program consists of the following components:

1. Package Declaration:
○ Declares the package to which the class belongs.
○ Example: package mypackage;
○ Optional, but useful for organizing classes.
2. Import Statements:
○ Allows importing built-in or user-defined classes.
○ Example: import java.util.Scanner;
3. Class Declaration:
○ Declares the class and defines its name.

Syntax:
java
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public class MyClass {
// class body
}

○
4. Main Method:
○ The starting point for program execution.

Syntax:
java
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public static void main(String[] args) {
// Code to execute
}

○
5. Statements:
○ Contains the logic or operations of the program.

Q1 (b) List out different features of Java. Explain any two. (4 Marks)

Java has several features that make it a powerful programming language:

1. Platform Independent
2. Object-Oriented
3. Secure
4. Robust
5. Multithreaded
 6. High Performance
7. Dynamic and Extensible

Explanation of Two Features:

1. Platform Independent:
○ Java compiles source code into bytecode. This bytecode can be executed on
any machine with a JVM (Java Virtual Machine), irrespective of the operating
system.
○ This "Write Once, Run Anywhere" feature makes Java highly portable.
2. Object-Oriented:
○ Java is based on principles of object-oriented programming (OOP), such as
encapsulation, inheritance, and polymorphism.
○ It enables modular, reusable, and maintainable code.

Q1 (c) Write a program in Java to find the sum of digits of an entered

number. (7 Marks)

Program:

java
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import java.util.Scanner;

public class SumOfDigits {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter a number: ");
int number = sc.nextInt();
int sum = 0;

while (number > 0) {

sum += number % 10; // Extract the last digit
number /= 10; // Remove the last digit
}

System.out.println("Sum of digits: " + sum);

}
}

OR
Q1 (c) Write a program in Java to find the maximum from any ten
numbers using command line arguments. (7 Marks)

Program:

java
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public class MaxFromNumbers {
public static void main(String[] args) {
if (args.length < 10) {
System.out.println("Please provide 10 numbers as command
line arguments.");
return;
}

int max = Integer.MIN_VALUE; // Initialize with smallest

integer value

for (String arg : args) {

int num = Integer.parseInt(arg);
if (num > max) {
max = num; // Update max if current number is
greater
}
}

System.out.println("Maximum number is: " + max);

}
}

Q2 (a) List out different concepts of OOP. Explain any one in detail. (3
Marks)

Concepts of Object-Oriented Programming (OOP):

1. Encapsulation
2. Inheritance
3. Polymorphism
4. Abstraction

Explanation of Encapsulation:
Encapsulation is the process of wrapping data (fields) and methods (functions) that operate
on that data within a single unit, typically a class.
 ● Fields are often declared private, and access is provided through public methods
(getters and setters).
● This ensures data security and hides implementation details.

Example:

java
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class Employee {
private String name; // Private field

// Public getter
public String getName() {
return name;
}

// Public setter
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
}

Q2 (b) Explain JVM in detail. (4 Marks)

The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is a core component of the Java Runtime Environment
(JRE). It provides a platform-independent runtime environment to execute Java programs.

Key Components of JVM:

1. Class Loader:
○ Loads class files (.class) into the JVM.
○ Performs tasks such as loading, linking, and initializing classes.
2. Bytecode Verifier:
○ Ensures the code adheres to Java specifications and doesn't violate access
rights or security.
3. Execution Engine:
○ Executes the bytecode. It consists of:
■ Interpreter: Converts bytecode to machine code at runtime.
■ Just-In-Time (JIT) Compiler: Compiles frequently executed bytecode
into native machine code for better performance.
4. Memory Manager:
○ Handles memory allocation and garbage collection.
Q2 (c) Explain constructor overloading with example. (7 Marks)

Constructor Overloading:
It refers to defining multiple constructors in the same class, differentiated by the number or
type of parameters. This provides flexibility to initialize objects in different ways.

Example:

java
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class Student {
String name;
int age;

// Constructor with no parameters

Student() {
this.name = "Unknown";
this.age = 0;
}

// Constructor with one parameter

Student(String name) {
this.name = name;
this.age = 0;
}

// Constructor with two parameters

Student(String name, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}

void display() {
System.out.println("Name: " + name + ", Age: " + age);
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Student s1 = new Student();
Student s2 = new Student("Alice");
Student s3 = new Student("Bob", 20);
 s1.display();
s2.display();
s3.display();
}
}

This is a partial response due to length constraints. Let me know if you'd like the remaining
questions answered in a similarly detailed format!

4o

You said:
YES CONTINUE IN SIMILAR FORM

ChatGPT said:
ChatGPT

Here is the continuation of the detailed answers for the remaining questions:

Q3 (a) Explain any four string functions in Java with examples. (3 Marks)
length(): Returns the number of characters in the string.
Example:
java
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String str = "Hello";
System.out.println(str.length()); // Output: 5

1.

toUpperCase(): Converts all characters of the string to uppercase.

Example:
java
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String str = "hello";
System.out.println(str.toUpperCase()); // Output: HELLO

2.

substring(int beginIndex, int endIndex): Extracts a portion of the string from

beginIndex to endIndex (excluding endIndex).
Example:
java
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String str = "HelloWorld";
System.out.println(str.substring(0, 5)); // Output: Hello

3.

charAt(int index): Returns the character at the specified index.

Example:
java
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String str = "Java";
System.out.println(str.charAt(1)); // Output: a

4.

Q3 (b) List out different types of inheritance. Explain multilevel

inheritance. (4 Marks)

Types of Inheritance in Java:

1. Single Inheritance: A class inherits from one superclass.

2. Multilevel Inheritance: A class inherits from another class, which itself inherits from
another class.
3. Hierarchical Inheritance: Multiple classes inherit from a single superclass.
4. Hybrid Inheritance: Combination of different inheritance types, achieved via
interfaces in Java.

Explanation of Multilevel Inheritance:

In multilevel inheritance, a child class is derived from a parent class, and the parent class is
derived from a grandparent class.

Example:

java
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class GrandParent {
void display() {
System.out.println("I am the GrandParent");
}
}

class Parent extends GrandParent {

void show() {
System.out.println("I am the Parent");
}
}

class Child extends Parent {

void print() {
System.out.println("I am the Child");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Child c = new Child();
c.display(); // From GrandParent
c.show(); // From Parent
c.print(); // From Child
}
}

Q3 (c) What is an interface? Explain multiple inheritance with an

example. (7 Marks)

Interface:
An interface in Java is a reference type, similar to a class, but it only contains method
signatures (abstract methods) and constants. Interfaces are implemented by classes to
achieve abstraction.

Multiple Inheritance:
Java doesn’t support multiple inheritance with classes to avoid ambiguity. However, it can be
achieved using interfaces.

Example:

java
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interface A {
void methodA();
}

interface B {
void methodB();
}

class C implements A, B {
 public void methodA() {
System.out.println("Method A from Interface A");
}

public void methodB() {

System.out.println("Method B from Interface B");
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
C obj = new C();
obj.methodA();
obj.methodB();
}
}

OR

Q3 (c) What is a package? Write steps to create one and provide an

example. (7 Marks)

Package:
A package is a namespace used to organize related classes and interfaces, providing better
modularity and reusability.

Steps to Create a Package:

1. Define the package keyword at the top of the file.

Example: package mypackage;
2. Save the file in a directory with the package name.
3. Compile using javac -d . MyClass.java.
4. Import and use the package in another class.

Example:

java
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// File: MyPackageClass.java
package mypackage;

public class MyPackageClass {

public void displayMessage() {
System.out.println("This is a package example.");
 }
}

// File: TestPackage.java
import mypackage.MyPackageClass;

public class TestPackage {

public static void main(String[] args) {
MyPackageClass obj = new MyPackageClass();
obj.displayMessage();
}
}

Q4 (a) Explain thread priorities with a suitable example. (3 Marks)

Thread priorities determine the importance of a thread, influencing the order in which threads
are scheduled for execution. Priorities range from 1 (MIN_PRIORITY) to 10
(MAX_PRIORITY), with 5 being the default (NORM_PRIORITY).

Example:

java
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class MyThread extends Thread {
public void run() {
System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " with
priority " + Thread.currentThread().getPriority());
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread t1 = new MyThread();
MyThread t2 = new MyThread();
t1.setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY);
t2.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);

t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}
Q4 (b) What is a thread? Explain the thread life cycle. (4 Marks)

Thread:
A thread is the smallest unit of a process that can be executed concurrently. In Java, threads
are represented by the Thread class or by implementing the Runnable interface.

Thread Life Cycle:

1. New: Thread is created but not started.

Example: Thread t = new Thread();
2. Runnable: Thread is ready to run after calling start().
3. Running: The thread is executing.
4. Blocked/Waiting: Thread is paused and waiting for resources or a signal.
5. Terminated: Thread has finished execution.

Q4 (c) Write a program in Java to create multiple threads by

implementing the Thread class. (7 Marks)

Program:

java
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class MyThread extends Thread {
private String threadName;

MyThread(String name) {
this.threadName = name;
}

public void run() {

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
System.out.println(threadName + " is running: " + i);
}
}
}

public class Main {

public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread t1 = new MyThread("Thread 1");
MyThread t2 = new MyThread("Thread 2");
 t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}

Q4 (a) Explain the basic concept of Exception Handling. (3 Marks)

Exception handling is a mechanism in Java used to handle runtime errors and maintain the
normal flow of the application. It involves identifying exceptions (unexpected errors) and
taking corrective measures.

Key Concepts:

1. try block: Code that might throw an exception is placed inside a try block.
2. catch block: This block handles specific exceptions thrown by the try block.
3. finally block: Code inside the finally block is executed regardless of whether an
exception occurs.
4. throw: Used to explicitly throw an exception.
5. throws: Declares the exceptions that a method can throw.

Example:

java
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public class ExceptionExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int result = 10 / 0; // This will throw an
ArithmeticException
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Exception caught: Division by
zero!");
} finally {
System.out.println("Execution completed.");
}
}
}

Q4 (b) Explain multiple catch blocks with a suitable example. (4 Marks)

In Java, multiple catch blocks allow handling different types of exceptions that may be
thrown from a try block.
Example:

java
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public class MultiCatchExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int arr[] = {1, 2, 3};
System.out.println(arr[5]); //
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
int result = 10 / 0; // ArithmeticException
} catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
System.out.println("Array index is out of bounds!");
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Cannot divide by zero!");
} finally {
System.out.println("End of program.");
}
}
}

Q4 (c) What is an exception? Write a program that shows the use of

ArithmeticException. (7 Marks)

Exception:
An exception is an event that disrupts the normal flow of a program. In Java, exceptions are
objects of classes that extend the Throwable class.

● Common exceptions: ArithmeticException, NullPointerException,

ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException.

Program:

java
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public class ArithmeticExceptionExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int num = 10, divisor = 0;
int result = num / divisor; // This will throw
ArithmeticException
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
 System.out.println("Exception caught: Division by zero
is not allowed.");
}
}
}

Q5 (a) Explain ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException in Java with an

example. (3 Marks)

ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException:
This exception occurs when trying to access an index of an array that is outside its bounds.

Example:

java
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public class ArrayExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int arr[] = {10, 20, 30};
System.out.println(arr[5]); // Invalid index, throws
exception
} catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
System.out.println("Exception caught: Array index out of
bounds.");
}
}
}

Q5 (b) Explain the basics of stream classes. (4 Marks)

Stream Classes in Java:

Stream classes are part of the java.io package and are used for reading and writing data.

Types of Streams:

1. Input Streams: For reading data. Example: FileInputStream,

BufferedInputStream.
2. Output Streams: For writing data. Example: FileOutputStream,
BufferedOutputStream.
Characteristics:

● Streams handle byte-level and character-level input/output.

● Common methods:
○ read(): Reads data from a stream.
○ write(): Writes data to a stream.

Q5 (c) Write a Java program to create a text file and perform a write
operation on the text file. (7 Marks)

Program:

java
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import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.io.IOException;

public class FileWriteExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
FileWriter writer = new FileWriter("example.txt");
writer.write("This is an example of file writing in
Java.");
writer.close();
System.out.println("File written successfully.");
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("An error occurred while writing to
the file.");
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

OR

Q5 (c) Write a Java program to display the content of a text file and
perform an append operation. (7 Marks)

Program:

java
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import java.io.FileWriter;
import java.io.FileReader;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;

public class FileReadAppendExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String fileName = "example.txt";

// Append operation
try (FileWriter writer = new FileWriter(fileName, true)) {
writer.write("\nAppended text to the file.");
System.out.println("Text appended successfully.");
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("An error occurred while
appending.");
e.printStackTrace();
}

// Display content
try (FileReader reader = new FileReader(fileName);
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(reader)) {
String line;
System.out.println("File content:");
while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {
System.out.println(line);
}
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("An error occurred while reading the
file.");
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

Q5 (a) Explain Divide by Zero Exception in Java with an example. (3

Marks)
Divide by Zero Exception:
This occurs when a number is divided by zero, which is undefined. In Java, it throws an
ArithmeticException at runtime.

Example:

java
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public class DivideByZeroExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int result = 10 / 0; // Throws ArithmeticException
} catch (ArithmeticException e) {
System.out.println("Exception caught: Division by zero
is not allowed.");
}
}
}

Q5 (b) Explain try and catch blocks with an example. (4 Marks)

Try and Catch:

● A try block contains code that might throw exceptions.

● A catch block handles the specific exception type.

Example:

java
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public class TryCatchExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int[] arr = {1, 2, 3};
System.out.println(arr[5]); //
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
} catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
System.out.println("Caught an exception: " +
e.getMessage());
}
}
}
Q.1 (a) List out basic concepts of OOP. Explain any one in detail. (3
Marks)

Basic Concepts of OOP:

1. Encapsulation
2. Inheritance
3. Polymorphism
4. Abstraction

Encapsulation (Explanation):
Encapsulation is the process of bundling data and methods that operate on the data into a
single unit called a class. It ensures controlled access to the data by using access modifiers
(private, protected, public) and exposing only necessary details through getters and
setters.

Example:

java
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class Employee {
private String name;

public String getName() {

return name;
}

public void setName(String name) {

this.name = name;
}
}

Q.1 (b) Explain JVM in detail. (4 Marks)

The Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is the runtime environment for executing Java
applications.

Components:

1. Class Loader: Loads Java class files.

2. Bytecode Verifier: Ensures code correctness and prevents security breaches.
3. Execution Engine: Executes bytecode using the Interpreter or Just-In-Time (JIT)
compiler.
4. Memory Manager: Manages memory allocation and garbage collection.
Role of JVM:

● Converts bytecode into machine code.

● Ensures portability of Java programs.
● Handles exceptions and garbage collection.

Q.1 (c) Write a program in Java to print the Fibonacci series for n terms.
(7 Marks)

Program:

java
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import java.util.Scanner;

public class Fibonacci {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter the number of terms: ");
int n = sc.nextInt();

int a = 0, b = 1;
System.out.print("Fibonacci Series: " + a + " " + b);

for (int i = 2; i < n; i++) {

int next = a + b;
System.out.print(" " + next);
a = b;
b = next;
}
}
}

OR

Q.1 (c) Write a program in Java to find the minimum from any ten
numbers using command line arguments. (7 Marks)

Program:

java
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public class MinFromNumbers {
public static void main(String[] args) {
if (args.length < 10) {
System.out.println("Please provide 10 numbers as command
line arguments.");
return;
}

int min = Integer.MAX_VALUE;

for (String arg : args) {

int num = Integer.parseInt(arg);
if (num < min) {
min = num;
}
}

System.out.println("Minimum number is: " + min);

}
}

Q.2 (a) What is a wrapper class? Explain with an example. (3 Marks)

Wrapper Class:
A wrapper class in Java is used to convert primitive data types into objects. They are part of
the java.lang package.

Example:

java
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public class WrapperExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int num = 10;
Integer wrappedNum = Integer.valueOf(num); // Wrapping
int unwrappedNum = wrappedNum.intValue(); // Unwrapping

System.out.println("Wrapped: " + wrappedNum);

System.out.println("Unwrapped: " + unwrappedNum);
}
}
Q.2 (b) List out different features of Java. Explain any two. (4 Marks)

Features of Java:

1. Platform Independent
2. Object-Oriented
3. Secure
4. Robust
5. Multithreaded

Explanation of Two Features:

1. Platform Independent: Java compiles code into bytecode, which can be executed
on any system with a JVM, regardless of the operating system.
2. Secure: Java provides security through the absence of explicit pointers and runtime
checks.

Q.2 (c) What is method overloading? Explain with an example. (7 Marks)

Method Overloading:
Method overloading allows multiple methods in the same class with the same name but
different parameter lists.

Example:

java
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class Calculator {
int add(int a, int b) {
return a + b;
}

int add(int a, int b, int c) {

return a + b + c;
}
}

public class OverloadExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Calculator calc = new Calculator();
System.out.println("Sum (2 args): " + calc.add(10, 20));
System.out.println("Sum (3 args): " + calc.add(10, 20, 30));
 }
}

OR

Q.2 (c) What is a constructor? Explain parameterized constructor with an

example. (7 Marks)

Constructor:
A constructor initializes an object when it is created. It has the same name as the class and
no return type.

Parameterized Constructor:
A constructor that accepts parameters to initialize an object with specific values.

Example:

java
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class Student {
String name;
int age;

// Parameterized Constructor
Student(String name, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}

void display() {
System.out.println("Name: " + name + ", Age: " + age);
}
}

public class ConstructorExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Student s = new Student("Alice", 20);
s.display();
}
}

Q.3 (a) Explain the super keyword with an example. (3 Marks)

super Keyword:
The super keyword refers to the parent class and is used to access its fields, methods, or
constructors.

Example:

java
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class Parent {
void display() {
System.out.println("This is the parent class.");
}
}

class Child extends Parent {

void display() {
super.display(); // Call parent class method
System.out.println("This is the child class.");
}
}

public class SuperExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Child obj = new Child();
obj.display();
}
}

Q3 (b) List out different types of inheritance. Explain multilevel

inheritance. (4 Marks)

Types of Inheritance in Java:

1. Single Inheritance
2. Multilevel Inheritance
3. Hierarchical Inheritance
4. Hybrid Inheritance (using interfaces)

Multilevel Inheritance:
In multilevel inheritance, a class is derived from another class, which in turn is derived from
another class.

Example:
java
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class GrandParent {
void display() {
System.out.println("I am the GrandParent.");
}
}

class Parent extends GrandParent {

void show() {
System.out.println("I am the Parent.");
}
}

class Child extends Parent {

void print() {
System.out.println("I am the Child.");
}
}

public class MultilevelInheritance {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Child c = new Child();
c.display(); // From GrandParent
c.show(); // From Parent
c.print(); // From Child
}
}

Q3 (c) What is an interface? Explain multiple inheritance with an

example. (7 Marks)

Interface:
An interface in Java is a collection of abstract methods and constants. It is used to achieve
abstraction and multiple inheritance in Java.

Multiple Inheritance Using Interfaces:

In Java, a class can implement multiple interfaces, achieving multiple inheritance.

Example:

java
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interface A {
void methodA();
}

interface B {
void methodB();
}

class C implements A, B {
public void methodA() {
System.out.println("Method A from Interface A");
}

public void methodB() {

System.out.println("Method B from Interface B");
}
}

public class MultipleInheritance {

public static void main(String[] args) {
C obj = new C();
obj.methodA();
obj.methodB();
}
}

OR

Q3 (c) What is a package? Write steps to create a package and give an

example of it. (7 Marks)

Package:
A package in Java is a namespace that organizes classes and interfaces, making code
easier to manage and avoid name conflicts.

Steps to Create a Package:

1. Add the package keyword at the top of the file.

Example: package mypackage;
2. Save the file in a folder with the same name as the package.
3. Compile the file using: javac -d . MyClass.java.
4. Import the package in another file using: import mypackage.MyClass;.
Example:

java
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// File: MyPackageClass.java
package mypackage;

public class MyPackageClass {

public void display() {
System.out.println("This is a package example.");
}
}

// File: TestPackage.java
import mypackage.MyPackageClass;

public class TestPackage {

public static void main(String[] args) {
MyPackageClass obj = new MyPackageClass();
obj.display();
}
}

Q4 (a) Explain thread priorities with a suitable example. (3 Marks)

Thread Priorities:
Each thread in Java has a priority ranging from 1 (MIN_PRIORITY) to 10 (MAX_PRIORITY).
Threads with higher priorities are executed before those with lower priorities, but this
depends on the thread scheduler.

Example:

java
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class MyThread extends Thread {
MyThread(String name) {
super(name);
}

public void run() {

System.out.println(Thread.currentThread().getName() + " with
priority " + Thread.currentThread().getPriority());
 }
}

public class ThreadPriorityExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread t1 = new MyThread("Thread 1");
MyThread t2 = new MyThread("Thread 2");
t1.setPriority(Thread.MIN_PRIORITY);
t2.setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);

t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}

Q4 (b) What is a thread? Explain the thread life cycle. (4 Marks)

Thread:
A thread is the smallest unit of a process that can be executed concurrently. Threads in Java
can be created by extending the Thread class or implementing the Runnable interface.

Thread Life Cycle:

1. New: Thread is created but not started.

Example: Thread t = new Thread();.
2. Runnable: After calling start(), the thread is ready to run.
3. Running: Thread is currently executing.
4. Blocked/Waiting: Thread is paused due to resource unavailability or
synchronization.
5. Terminated: Thread has finished execution.

Q4 (c) Write a program in Java that creates multiple threads by

implementing the Thread class. (7 Marks)

Program:

java
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class MyThread extends Thread {
private String threadName;
 MyThread(String name) {
this.threadName = name;
}

public void run() {

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
System.out.println(threadName + " is running: " + i);
}
}
}

public class MultipleThreads {

public static void main(String[] args) {
MyThread t1 = new MyThread("Thread 1");
MyThread t2 = new MyThread("Thread 2");

t1.start();
t2.start();
}
}

Q5 (a) Explain ArrayIndexOutOfBound Exception in Java with an

example. (3 Marks)

ArrayIndexOutOfBound Exception:
This exception occurs when attempting to access an index outside the bounds of an array.

Example:

java
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public class ArrayIndexExample {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
int[] arr = {10, 20, 30};
System.out.println(arr[5]); // Invalid index
} catch (ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException e) {
System.out.println("Exception caught: Array index out of
bounds.");
}
}
}

Q5 (b) Explain basics of stream classes. (4 Marks)

Stream Classes in Java:

Stream classes in Java handle input and output operations. They are part of the java.io
package.

Types:

1. Input Streams: For reading data (e.g., FileInputStream).

2. Output Streams: For writing data (e.g., FileOutputStream).
3. Character Streams: For text-based I/O (e.g., FileReader, FileWriter).
4. Buffered Streams: Enhance efficiency (e.g., BufferedReader,
BufferedWriter).

Q5 (c) Write a Java program to create a text file and perform read
operation on the text file. (7 Marks)

Program:

java
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import java.io.*;

public class FileReadExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
// Write to file
FileWriter writer = new FileWriter("example.txt");
writer.write("This is a sample file.");
writer.close();

// Read from file

FileReader reader = new FileReader("example.txt");
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(reader);
String line;

while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {

System.out.println(line);
}
 br.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
System.out.println("An error occurred.");
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

OR

Q5 (c) Write a Java program to display the content of a text file and
perform append operation. (7 Marks)

Program:

java
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import java.io.*;

public class FileAppendExample {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String fileName = "example.txt";

try {
// Append to file
FileWriter writer = new FileWriter(fileName, true);
writer.write("\nAppending more data.");
writer.close();

// Display content
FileReader reader = new FileReader(fileName);
BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(reader);
String line;

while ((line = br.readLine()) != null) {

System.out.println(line);
}

br.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
 }
}
}