ADVANCED BUSINESS MATHEMATICS

(DSE 5.1A (Module-II)]

CHAPTER-5 – MATRIX THEORY

PART – II
Dr. Rajdeep Maiti

Assistant Professor and Hod

Dept. of Mathematics

City College of Commerce and Business Administration

Kolkata- 700012, WB, India. Date -

 CHAPTER -5: MATRIX THEORY (PART -II)

CONTENTS

• ADJOINT OF A MATRIX,

• INVERSE OF A MATRIX ,

• SOLUTION OF A SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS BY MATRIX INVERSION METHOD (UP

TO THREE VARIABLES)

• ASSIGNMENTS

[8 MARKS, CREDIT: 8]

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 CHAPTER -5: MATRIX THEORY (PART -II)

MINORS AND COFACTORS:

The minor of an element in a matrix is the determinant of the submatrix that remains after
removing the row and column of that element. The minor of an element of a given
determinant is the determinant obtained by deleting the row and column through that
element.

Suppose we have the determinant

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝑎
𝐷 = | 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

The minor of the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 (by definition) is to be obtained by deleting the row and column
through 𝑎𝑖𝑗 (i.e i-th row and j-th column). It is denoted by 𝑀𝑖𝑗 (𝑖, 𝑗 = 1,2,3). Therefore, The
minor of the element 𝑎11 (by definition) is to be obtained by deleting the row and column
through 𝑎11 (i.e 1st row and 1st column)

𝑎22 𝑎23
𝑀11 = |𝑎 𝑎33 |
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The co-factor of an element is determined by minor along with sign i. e

Co-factor of the element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = 𝐴𝑖𝑗 = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗

So the co-factor of the element 𝑎11

𝑎22 𝑎23 𝑎22 𝑎23

𝐴11 = (−1)1+1 |𝑎 𝑎33 | = |𝑎32 𝑎33 |
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It is called the co-factor of the element 𝑎11. Similarly we can obtain

𝑎21 𝑎23
co-factor of the element 𝑎12 = 𝐴12 = − |𝑎 𝑎33 |
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𝑎21 𝑎22
co-factor of the element 𝑎13 = 𝐴13 = + |𝑎 𝑎32 |
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𝑎12 𝑎13
co-factor of the element 𝑎21 = 𝐴21 = − |𝑎 𝑎33 |
32

𝑎11 𝑎13
co-factor of the element 𝑎22 = 𝐴22 = + |𝑎 𝑎33 |
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 CHAPTER -5: MATRIX THEORY (PART -II)

𝑎11 𝑎12
co-factor of the element 𝑎23 = 𝐴23 = − |𝑎 𝑎32 |
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𝑎12 𝑎13
co-factor of the element 𝑎31 = 𝐴31 = + |𝑎 𝑎23 |
22

𝑎11 𝑎13
co-factor of the element 𝑎32 = 𝐴32 = − |𝑎 𝑎23 |
21

𝑎11 𝑎12
co-factor of the element 𝑎33 = 𝐴33 = + |𝑎 𝑎22 |
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ADJOINT OF A MATRIX:
The adjoint (or adjugate) of a matrix is the transpose of its cofactor matrix. It is used in various
matrix operations, including calculating the inverse of a matrix. Here's how you find the
adjoint of a square matrix.

Let 𝐴 be a given square matrix of order 3 as

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

𝐴 = (𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 )
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

Then the determinant of the matrix above is obtained as

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

|𝐴| = 𝐷𝑒𝑡(𝐴) = |𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

Now if 𝐴𝑖𝑗 are the cofactors of the elements 𝑎𝑖𝑗 (i,j=1,2,3), the we construct the following
matrix with the subsequent cofactors of the elements 𝑎𝑖𝑗 (according to their positions

𝐴11 𝐴12 𝐴13

𝐵 = (𝐴21 𝐴22 𝐴23 )
𝐴31 𝐴32 𝐴33

Hence by definition, the transpose of the matrix B is called the adjoint or adjugate of the given
matrix A. Hence,

𝐴11 𝐴21 𝐴31

𝑇
Adjoint of the matrix A =𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = 𝐵 = 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 = (𝐴12 𝐴22 𝐴32 )
𝐴13 𝐴23 𝐴33

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 CHAPTER -5: MATRIX THEORY (PART -II)

𝐴11 𝐴21 𝐴31

𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = (𝐴12 𝐴22 𝐴32 )
𝐴13 𝐴23 𝐴33

Where 𝐴𝑖𝑗 are the cofactors of the elements 𝑎𝑖𝑗 (i,j=1,2,3).

Singular and Non-Singular Matrix:

A matrix A is called singular matrix of its determinant value is 0, i.e

|𝐴| = 𝐷𝑒𝑡(𝐴) = 0

Otherwise it is called non-singular matrix. So for non-singular matrix

|𝐴| = 𝐷𝑒𝑡(𝐴) ≠ 0.

INVERSE OF A MATRIX:

If 𝐴 be a square, non-singular matrix, and if there is another matrix B of same order exists in
such that

𝐴. 𝐵 = 𝐵. 𝐴 = 𝐼

Where 𝐼 is the inverse matrix of same order as of matrices 𝐴 and 𝐵.

Then the matrix 𝐵 is called the inverse of the matrix 𝐴. it is denoted by

𝐵 = 𝐴−1

𝐴−1 denotes the inverse of the matrix A.

Note:

• By definition, note that

𝐴. 𝐴−1 = 𝐴−1 . 𝐴 = 𝐼
• The identity matrix has its own inverse i.e
• 𝐼 = 𝐼 −1
• The zero matrix O has no inverse since its determinant value is 0.
• For only non-singular square matrix, inverse will exists.

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 CHAPTER -5: MATRIX THEORY (PART -II)

Inverse of a Matrix:

Let 𝐴 be a given square matrix, non-singular. The inverse of the matrix A can be obtained as

1
𝐴−1 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴)
𝐷𝑒𝑡(𝐴)

provided 𝐷𝑒𝑡(𝐴) ≠ 0. Where 𝐷𝑒𝑡(𝐴) is the determinant value of the matrix 𝐴.

Theorem:

For a non-singular square matrix 𝐴,

1 1
𝐴. 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴) = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴). 𝐴 = 𝐼
𝐷𝑒𝑡(𝐴) 𝐷𝑒𝑡(𝐴)

where 𝐼 be the identity matrix of same order.

Properties of Inverse of a Matrix:

• The inverse of a matrix, if exists, it is unique.

• The inverse of inverse of a non-singular square matrix 𝐴 is same i. e
• (𝐴−1 )−1 = 𝐴
• Given a non-singular square matrix 𝐴
• (𝐴. 𝐵)𝑇 = (𝐴𝑇 )−1
• where 𝐴𝑇 is the transpose of the matrix 𝐴.
• If A and B are two non-singular square matrices of same order and 𝐴−1 and 𝐵 −1 are their
respective inverses, then
• (𝐴. 𝐵)−1 = 𝐵 −1 . 𝐴−1

Solution of a System of Linear Equation:

A system of linear equations is a set of two or more linear equations involving the same set
of variables. There are several methods to solve such systems. A system of linear equations
may be defined as multiple equations involving multiple unknown variables. Consider the
following system of linear equations

𝑎11 𝑥1 + 𝑎12 𝑥2 + 𝑎13 𝑥3 = 𝑏1

𝑎21 𝑥1 + 𝑎22𝑥2 + 𝑎23𝑥3 = 𝑏2
𝑎31 𝑥1 + 𝑎32𝑥2 + 𝑎33𝑥3 = 𝑏3

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 CHAPTER -5: MATRIX THEORY (PART -II)

involving unknown variables 𝑥1 , 𝑥2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥3

Matrix Representation of a System of Linear Equations:

The above system can be written in the form of a matrix

𝐀. 𝐗 = 𝐁

where
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝐴 = (𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 )
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

is called the coefficient matrix.

𝑏1
𝐵 = (𝑏2 )
𝑏3

and
𝑥1
𝑋 = ( 𝑥2 )
𝑥3

Solution of the system of linear equation as defined above can be done by following two
methods –

1. Matrix Inversion Method

2. Cramer’s Rule (See Determinant Chapter-4)

Solution of a System of Linear Equation by Matrix Inversion Method:

The solution of the above stated system of linear equation as

𝐀. 𝐗 = 𝐁

Exists only when the coefficient determinant is not equal to 0 i. e.

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
• |𝐴| = 𝐷𝑒𝑡(𝐴) = |𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 | ≠ 0
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

Hence the solution can be obtained as

𝐗 = 𝐴−1 . 𝐁

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 CHAPTER -5: MATRIX THEORY (PART -II)

where, 𝐴−1is the inverse of the coefficient matrix A, stated above,

1
𝐴−1 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴)
𝐷𝑒𝑡(𝐴)

The solution is

1
𝐗= 𝑎𝑑𝑗(𝐴). 𝐁
𝐷𝑒𝑡(𝐴)

The vector elements of X are the solution of the given system of linear equations.

Suggested Books/References:

1. Dr. S. N. De – Advanced Business Mathematics, Semester -V (Chayya Prakashani).

2. Solved University of Calcutta question papers (2017-2021).

Additional/online resources:

1. https://home.iitk.ac.in/~peeyush/102A/Lecture-notes.pdf

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 CHAPTER -5: MATRIX THEORY (PART -II)

ASSIGNMENTS

(CHAPTER -5: MATRIX) (NON-MCQ)

0 1 2
1. If 𝐴 = (1 2 3), then show that 𝐴. 𝐴−1 = 𝐼.
3 1 1

[CU- B. Com – 2011]

2 −1 2
2. Given A = (1 2 −3) , find 𝐴−1 and hence solve the following system of linear
3 −1 −4
equations

2𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = −8,

𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 9,

3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 4𝑧 = 3 [CU- B. Com – 2019]

1 2 2
1
3. If A= 3 ( 2 1 −2), then find 𝐴−1. [CU- B. Com – 2018]
−2 2 −1
4. Solve the following system of linear equations by matrix inversion method
3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 7,
𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑧 = 3,
𝑥+𝑦+𝑧=4

[CU- B. Com – 2016,2021]

2 5 3
−1
5. If 𝐴 =(3 1 2 ), then find the matrix 𝐴.
1 2 −1

[CU- B. Com – 2021]

6. Find the inverse of the following matrix and using it solve the following.

1 1 −2
A= (−2 1 −2),
1 0 2

and using it solve the following system of linear equation

𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 4,

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 CHAPTER -5: MATRIX THEORY (PART -II)

−2𝑥 + 𝑦 − 2𝑧 = 1,

𝑥 + 2𝑧 = 3. [CU- B. Com – 2020]

7. Solve the following systems of equation by Cramer’s Rule –

1 1 1
+ + =1
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

2 5 3
+ + =0
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

1 2 4
+ + =3
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧

[CU- B. Com – 2022]

Submit Your queries/doubts at the following Email -Id- [email protected]

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