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Homework 20: Determinants

M. Usman Rashid
BCS A, E, F, G
Definition 1. Definition of the Determinant of a 𝟐𝟐 × 𝟐𝟐 Matrix.
The determinant of the matrix
𝑎𝑎11 𝑎𝑎12
𝐴𝐴 = �𝑎𝑎 𝑎𝑎22 �
21

is det(𝐴𝐴) = |𝐴𝐴| = 𝑎𝑎11 𝑎𝑎22 − 𝑎𝑎21 𝑎𝑎12 .


Definition 2. Minors and Cofactors of a Square Matrix.
If 𝐴𝐴 is a square matrix, then the minor 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 of the entry 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 is the determinant of the matrix obtained by deleting
the 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖ℎ row and 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗ℎ column of 𝐴𝐴. The cofactor 𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 of the entry 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 is 𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶𝐶 = (−1)𝑖𝑖+𝑗𝑗 𝑀𝑀𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 .

Definition 3. The Determinant of a Square Matrix.


The definition below is inductive because it uses the determinant of a square matrix of order 𝑛𝑛 − 1 to define the
determinant of a square matrix of order 𝑛𝑛.
If 𝐴𝐴 is a square matrix of order 𝑛𝑛 ≥ 2, then the determinant of 𝐴𝐴 is the sum of the entries in the first row of 𝐴𝐴
multiplied by their respective cofactors. That is,
𝑛𝑛

det(𝐴𝐴) = |𝐴𝐴| = � 𝑎𝑎1𝑗𝑗 𝐶𝐶1𝑗𝑗 = 𝑎𝑎11 𝐶𝐶11 + 𝑎𝑎12 𝐶𝐶12 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑎1𝑛𝑛 𝐶𝐶1𝑛𝑛 .
𝑗𝑗=1

When you use this definition to evaluate a determinant, you are expanding by cofactors in the first row.
Theorem 1. Expansion by Cofactors.
Let 𝐴𝐴 be a square matrix of order 𝑛𝑛. Then the determinant of 𝐴𝐴 is
𝑛𝑛

det(𝐴𝐴) = |𝐴𝐴| = � 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖1 𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖1 + 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖2 𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖2 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 , 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖ℎ row expansion
𝑗𝑗=1
𝑛𝑛

det(𝐴𝐴) = |𝐴𝐴| = � 𝑎𝑎𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐶𝐶𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 = 𝑎𝑎1𝑗𝑗 𝐶𝐶1𝑗𝑗 + 𝑎𝑎2𝑗𝑗 𝐶𝐶2𝑗𝑗 + ⋯ + 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 𝐶𝐶𝑛𝑛𝑛𝑛 . 𝑗𝑗𝑗𝑗ℎ column expansion
𝑖𝑖=1

First Alternative Method. An alternative method is commonly used to evaluate the determinant of a 3 × 3 matrix
𝐴𝐴. To apply this method, copy the first and second columns of 𝐴𝐴 to form fourth and fifth columns. Then obtain
the determinant of 𝐴𝐴 by adding (or subtracting) the products of the six diagonals, as shown in the diagram below.

Figure 1.
Second Alternative Method. Much like we did for the 2 × 2 determinants, we can think of the formula for
determinants of 3 × 3 matrices in terms of diagonals of the matrix – it is the sum of the products of its forward
diagonals minus the sum of the products of its backward diagonals, with the understanding that the diagonals
“loop around” the matrix (see Figure 2).

Figure 2. A mnemonic for computing the determinant of a 3 × 3 matrix: we add along the forward (green)
diagonals and subtract along the backward (purple) diagonals.
Problem 1. Find all the minors and cofactors of
0 2 1
𝐴𝐴 = �3 −1 2� .
4 0 1
Problem 2. Find all determinant of
0 2 1
𝐴𝐴 = �3 −1 2� .
4 0 1
Problem 3. Use “First Alternative Method” to find the determinant of
0 2 1
𝐴𝐴 = �3 −1 2� .
4 0 1
Problem 4. Use “Second Alternative Method” to find the determinant of
0 2 1
𝐴𝐴 = �3 −1 2� .
4 0 1
Problem 5. Find all determinant of
1 2 3 0
−1 −1 0 2
𝐴𝐴 = � �.
0 2 0 3
3 4 0 −2

Submission Date: October 19, 2024 (Saturday − 11:59PM)

Good Luck

© M. Usman Rashid, Fall 2024

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