Viscosity Whenever a

fluid is
subjected to a shearing
force the fluid begins to
flow During the process of
flowing the layersof fluid
slide over each other and a velocity gradient is produced
I By velocity gradient we mean sate velocity in a
g change of
direction perpendicular to the shearing tinsel The velocity gradient
depends on the stickiness of the fluid on how strongly the
motion of one layer aftert the motion of ment layer Greater the

R
stickiness between the layers smaller is the velocity gradient

E
LT
becauselayer want to shih together Thus a stickier liquid will

E
not flow that freely and often a greater resistance to flow The

H
SS
quality of stickiness on resistance to flow is called viscosity

C
SI
Y
PHYSICAL CAUSE OF Viscosity
PH

The resistante to flow that giver

E

nine to viscosity can be understood

TH

by two layers of fluid

/@

considering
sliding relative to each other
M
O

Sini the molerules composing the

.C

fluid always in iontinuous

E

are
B

motion then if molecule A in the

TU

faster top layer happens to travel

U
O

down to the slower bottom layer it will have a componentof relative

Y

motion to the night Collision that olim with any slower moving
molecule in bottom layer will cause it to be pushed along due to
momentum enchange with A Similarly if molecule B in the Bottom
layer moves upwards it will retard a faster moving molerule
through momentum enchange their trying to slow down the upper
layer Thus the upper layer in a bit reluctant to flow freely
upon being sheared and this reluctance is a property of
liquid governed by hostile sizes and nature g intermolenular
interactions AMBARISH SIR

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 SHEAR STRESS

R
E
LT
lat

E
H
SS
Consider a fluid confined between find
sulfate and a very
a

C
wide horizontal plate When a fonie F is applied to the plate
SI
it causes fluid elements to deform After a brief period of
Y
PH

acceleration the vicious fonies bring the plate in to equilibrium

E

suit that the plate begins to move with a constant velocity U

TH

During this motion the adhesive forces between fined surface

/@

and liquid moletales heed the lowest moletales at rest wnt

M
O

fined surface i e no slip condition Similarly adhesive forces

.C

between lower surface of top plate and liquid molerules in

E
B

contact will it move along with plate without slipping

TU

Between these two sutures very thin layers

of fluid are dragged
U
O

along creating a velocity profile as shown in figure b The

Y

layer will move parallel to the dragging plate In steady state

shear force ailing on top and bottom surface of any layer must
be same no alleleration If DF is the force that ants on
top and bottom area DA g any element then shearing street is
defined as force per unit area i e
I him
DA o If
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 SHEAR STRAIN
Since the fluid flows the shear stresses will
cause each element to deform in to a

parallelogram and during a small time

interval Dt the resulting deformation is
defined by shear strain spelifiedby a
small angle Da when D2 2 tan da Su
by
Unlike the case of solids under aition of
shearing fanies fluids continue to flow so instead of shear
the

R
strain time note shear strain is more important
g change of

E
LT
If the top of the element has a velocity su higher than

E
bottom layer then Su bust thus Da Dust

H
by

SS
strain rate
Day By
C
SI
Y
Now in the limit as Dt and by go to Tero we tan
PH

white
E

Rite term day tatted

TH

Here the
If
is
y
/@

velocity gradient
M
O
.C

NEWTON'S LAW OF Viscosity In late 17th century Newton

E
B

that shear stress in a fluid is directly proportional

TU

proposed
to the strain rate on the velocity gradient i e
U
O

Newton's Law
T
M dy of viscosity
Y

called coefficient absolute

Here
he is
of viscosity on dynamic on
visiosity We will simply call it viscosity Its SI unit is
Ns m on Pascal Seconds Its Cas unit is poise and SI
unit is alternatively called delapoise i e is poise
Is Poise I dela poise Thus whenever viscosity is specified in
Poise we must always multiply it by oil to convert to SI
units
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 NEWTONIAN FLUIDS

Any fluid that has a constant visiosity

irrespective of value of shear street or
strain rate is called a Newtonian
fluid For such fluids graph between
shear stress and velocity gradient is a
straight line Notre how the slope
vicinity in the figure increases from air
which has
very low viscosity to crude oil

R
vicious Higher the viscosity more is the resistance to fluid flow

E
highly

LT
E
NON NEWTONIAN FLUIDS

H
SS
Fluids which exhibit a non linear
behavior between shear stress and
C
SI
Y
velocity gradient are called
PH

non newtonian fluids If the

E
TH

viscosity elope of graph increases

will increase in velocity gradient the
/@

called dilatant e.g thick

fluid
M

are
O

Sugar syrup Chaashnee If the

.C

viscosity of the fluid with

decreases
E
B

increase in velocity gradient th fluid

TU

is tolled pseudo flash fluid e.g blood bethuh gelatin and milk
U
O

Quicheand is another example of pseudo plain fluid that's why

Y

moving one's limbs fasten make one sink fasten due to decreased
viscosity These tan also be other substances which show a behavior
intermediate between solids and liquid such as toothpaste on
wit cement there are studied in Rheology and not fluid methaniist

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 EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON VISIOSITY

With increase in temperature the viscosity of

decreases because increase in
liquid temperature
louses more thermal vibration and hence
breaking the molecular bonds allowing the
molecules to more easily slip over tail other
For liquid the
viscosity inver are modeled
t
using Andrade's equation i e M Be

R
In case of gases the viscosity increases will

E
LT
temperature This is because increase in

E
temperature increase the molecular motion in

H
SS
gases
which increases momentum enchange

C
between successive layers molecular attraction
SI
Y

forces are very small in gases unlike in liquidit

PH

The viscosity of gases it modeled using

E

Sutherland's B 7312
TH

ie
equation
M Ttc
/@
M
O

kinematic Viscosity The ratio

of dynami viscosity
on simply
.C

viscosity to the density of a fluid is halted hinemativisiority

E
B

ie s Mlp
TU
U
O
Y

EXAMPLE A wide plate of

area A is being pulled by a
fore f on a thin oil film of
thickness h and viscosity
M g p
Find the steady state velocity
of the plate

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 Solution Sine fluid layers not anelerated each layer must
are
be enperienting same shear stress from top and bottom
though shearing tones equal and opposite Their shear stress
an
on every layer must be same as that on top layer i e T Fla
Now using Newton's law of viscosity T Mduldy three

I pguy dy Man affray p

U Fh Am Am
Thus in this type of situations and use
duty
Up we can

R
E
LT
this directly velocity gradient is constant

E
A similar velocity gradient may be assumed whenever a thin

H
SS
layer of liquid is trapped between a stationery and moving flat
C
sulfates
SI
Y
PH

EXAMPLE IR 1.331
Dov
E

A thin horizontal die of radius R is

TH

located in lylindnital cavity filled

/@

a
with oil whose viscosity is The
M

M
O

clearance between the diss and horizontal

.C

plane of the cavity is h Find the

E
B

power developed by vicious fortes on the diss when it rotates will

TU

angular velocity W
U
O
Y

Solution Velocity gradient between die surfare and cavity

planes at a distance s is wa h Thus shear stress is
T Mdg
Mwf
dh
Now consider an annulus on dis between
a
radii s and star The torque
experiencedby this is dm Tx 27ns xox
dm n'droolNote farting 2 due
4ft to bolt upper and lower AMBARISH SIR
surfaces
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 Thus Net visions tongue M Ids
441W
EAR
Now power developed by viscous torque D Malolos Tin'yw
h Ane

VELOCITY PROFILE IN A HORIZONTAL CIRIULAR PIPE

My279dm xf
Ptdp
PHP Tir

R
P A pimp g

E
LT
du

E
du

H
SS
T

C
SI
Y
Consider FBDsymmetric lylindnital flowing element
of a
PH

Since the flow is steady net resultant of pressure and shearing

E

forms on the fluid element must bezero Then

TH
/@

PTA PHP Tr MX2Trdnfdu Ns

M
O
.C

ads du r R thus integrating

pilaf
v
E

now o
B
TU

In Iran Ian oil

ftp.t.ci
re
U
O
Y

If DP where lis pipelength

define Piney
ft
Poatiet
II
we

Thee M DP R A
4Mt

Man speed slims at 9 0 i e Uman DPR

4Mt
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 VOLUMETRIC FLOW RATE HAGEN POISEVILLE EQUATION

Uman

We ran either find the volumetric flow rate by integrating the

elemental flows over annular seitions
alternatively we can find
on

R
the volume of velocity paraboloid as discussed in chapter on fluid

E
LT
dynamics Bernoulli then volumetric flow rate

E
H
SS
D y TIR x Uman DP TIR
t
C
gu
SI
Y
Thus D TIR Hagen Poiseuille Equation
DI
PH
E
TH

Flow RESISTANCE
/@

Just in case of elethis lament the current is the ratio of

M

as
O

voltage drop DV to resistance similarly here we visualize the

.C

volume invent on Volumetric flow note as ratio of pressure drop

E
B

to the flow resistance Rearranging Hagen Prineville equation

TU
U
O

DP 891 Tina thus the term 8Mt TR act

Y

like flow resistance Thus

If
Rtion

The idea
of flow resistance tan be used for solving fluid flow
intuits just like eleitnital sinuits Idea like series and
parallel combinations can be extended to fluid intuits

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 AVERAGE Flow Velocity The rate of Volumetric flow rate to
inose sectional ane is tolled average flow velocity Thus
Mang i DP R a Uman DP R2
gyp 4Mt
thee Uman 2
Uavs

HEAD Loss Pen Unit LENGTH When fluid

flowing along a horizontal
is

pipe the velocity head and gravity head remain instant however

R
pressure head is lost due to negative work done by vision forces

E
LT
The head lose
per unit length is
given as
ft

E
H
SS
Thus head lose per unit length of pipe is he 890
I
C
SI pgtina
Y
This head lose amounted for in the adjusted Bernoulli's
may be
PH

equation While we have proved our result for horizontal pipes

E

same result also holds for laminar flows in inilined on verticalpipe

TH

well
/@

as
M
O

EXAMPLE PATHFINDER BUILD 32

.C
E
B
TU
U
O
Y

solution Fon same pressure drop the flow nates will be in

inverse ratio of resistances Since cross sectional area
of every pipe
section is lame assume the flow resistance
we ran
of any pipe
to be proportional to its length with someproportionality constant h
Thus initial resistance R bl
find resistance Re k l 2s series hits Il hits
k fl art
the AMBARISH SIR

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 Thus find flow rate 92 9.14
Gol Ane
l 29 79 2

In our have ignored head losses around

simplish analysis we
sharp bends however in brattice engineers do take in to acrount
head losses at every sharp bend

Rotational VISCOMETER WITH THIN FLUID LAYER BROOKFIELD VISIOMETER

R
E
LT
E
H
SS
C
SI
Y
PH
E
TH
/@
M
O
.C

In this viscometer the fluid is contained in

very thin gap
E

a
B

between fined cylinder and Because

TU

a a notating cylinder of shearing

lylinder experiences a shearing tongue whish is balanced
inner
U

forces
O

by a torsional spring Knowing the Tanque offered by the rotating

Y

liquid one can estimate the viscosity of the fluid Since the
fluid layer is very thin theflow can be modeled as the flow between
a fined flat surface and a moving plate Returning to th figure
we can thus write the torque of shearing force on inner cylinder
as
M 27s x
Mxtf x Mi

Thus M Mt
27Wh Soh AMBARISH SIR

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 COUETTE VISCOMETER

This is similar to the Brookfield viscometer

enieft that here fluid layer between

inner cylinder and outer cylinder
mend not be thin
VELOCITY GRADIENT IN LOVETTE VIII METER

Wh
Consider two layers of fluid biated at r des
lwtdw X
and star rotating with angular velocity Intan

R
W and wtdw From rotating frame

E
LT
of the inner layer outer layer seemsto rotate around it with

E
an angular velocity dw Thus velocity gradient for purpose of

H
SS
tallulating shear strain rate is simply Gdw Nr
C
SI
Y
SHEAN STRESS IN LOVETTE VISIOMETER
PH

Retail that T thee in situation of louette viscometer

Mdg
E
TH

T
/@

Madge
M
O
.C

EXAMPLE Ir Dou 1.333

E
B
TU
U
O
Y

F Am

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 w
Solution This is standard situation of a
louette viscometer Here since angular M
M
momentum of
any layer remains
constant the torque shearing forces
of 9
on inner and outer surface g any ar
layer must be equal and opposite and
therefore magnitude
g torque on every
cylindrical surface due to shearing forces
must be constant say Ml

R
Now I depth I

E
I considering a
Madge

LT
E
M TX 2799 9 27MtPdf

H
SS
Idw Ite.IE C
SI
wat rt f
Y
PH
E

Also at w
TH

s Ra w we thus
any h
/@
M

Solving
O
.C

W Piri we Ane Grew Rin Me

E

tri ta My
B

Ri Ri R2 12,2
TU
U
O

Viscous DRAG ON A MOVING SPHENE LAMINAR Flow STOKE's LAW

Y

If a sphere
of radius s is moving in a

wide pool with a velocity u and the viscosity

of the flowing around the sphere is M
fluid
then the drag force experienced by the sphere
is given a

fu Guru
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 If the pool is not sufficiently wide then drag force is
still greater blouse fluid gets narrower passage around sphere
leading to greater velocity gradients

TERMINAL VELO ITY

CASE I Ball denser than surrounding liquid As the ball sinks
its velocity increases thus increasing the drag force When the
drag force becomes suffilient to balance the resultant g Buoyant
fine and the weight the ball will start moving with a instant

R
velocity known as terminal velocity

E
LT
Now let us consider FBD of the bell

E
6496

H
Mg FB Fu FB Buoyantforce Fu

SS
Thu
Its'pg TIP 651mn C
SI
t
og
Y
G Density ofliquid
PH

D
Fur'g P
o downwards
E
TH
/@

Case II o p
M
O

Suppose wooden ball is released from floor of an

a
.C

ocean on a lake then it rises above As its

E
B

upward speed increases it experiences an increased

TU

downward drag When the drag tonne is sufficiently

U
O

large to balance the resultant of weight and Buoyant force the

Y

ball moves upwards will a constant velocity known as terminal

velocity Here FBD will be similar to the previous late eniehtthat
drag force will reverse its direction Then

Px g
Tr
g t Guru ox
Itis'g
U o
p
Jung upwards

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 In both cases magnitude of terminal velocity can be writtenas
al
Jung p
U

REYNOLD's NUMBER

R
E
LT
E
H
SS
C
SI
Y
PH
E

In 1883 Osborne Reynold used an apparatus similar to the one

TH

shown above in which a dye was systematically mined in the

/@

flow stream at point A and flow rate was controlled by a

M
O

knob at B For slow flow rates the flow in thetube was observed
.C

to be laminar since the dye streak remained straight and

E
B

uniform figure b by further opening the value the streak began

TU

to break down it underwent transitional flow Finally a further

as
U
O

increase in flow rate caused a turbulent flow because the dye

Y

became fully dispersed throughout water in the tube He related these

observations to flow velocity density viscosity and the diameter

of the tube and came up with a criterion for classifying

the flow as turbulent transition or laminar He proposed a
dimensionless number known as Reynold's number which is defined
as
Re PUD UD Here he is the flow velocity
M V D pipe diameter
P fluid density Miviciosity AMBARISH SIR

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 D hinemativisiosity Mlp Unit mils car unit stake arils

According to Ncent if R 72000 flow is turbulent if Rec loss

flow is laminar and if 100 Rec 200 flow is unsteady transition
though according to some engineering tenthoohs and Wikipedia
Rec2300 Laminar flow Re 2900 turbulentflow and
2300C Rec 2900 I transition flow
Reynold's number
way of comparing flows of various
is a

fluids undergoing similar flow geometry for other types of

geometries he defined For instance
other Reynold's number can

R
for flow around a sphere Reynold's number could be defined

E
LT
using diameter of the sphere as tharaitenist dimension instead

E
of the hike diameter

H
SS
C
EXAMPLE Ir Dov 1.336 SI
Y
PH
E
TH
/@
M
O

Solution Re Pot ales by iontinuity U xD Constant

.C

u
E
B

Red Thus Retire 9 é

af
TU

Udf Re so pluton
U

32
ed 8.5
O

4.95 15 Ans
Y

EXAMPLE IR Dov 1 338

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 Solution Re PUD also terminal velocity 0 P o

µ 3
Thus Re
2g gt P
Pff g P o
ID
o

D Ans Pi Density of lead r density of Glycerin

yegg y

Puttingthe values fromtable D 5mm Ane

R
EXAMPLE IR Dov 1 337

E
LT
E
H
SS
C
SI
Y
PH
E
TH

Solution Equating initial reynold's numbers

/@

D P U2 D2
P
ft xu
M

Y
O

µ
.C
E
B

Uz Pin Ma U putting the values we get U2 stem see Ans

TU

Para MI
U
O

In this question the author is not distinguishing between transition

Y

flow and turbulent flow

Example A fluid layer lies

between a moving plate and a P
stationery plate Develop a
serond ondes differential equation

to solve for fluid velocity re as Pa

a funition of coordinate Visiosity
y
very wide
AMBARISH SIR
is M and plates are
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 Solution

mg

R
E
LT
Consider Free body diagram of a
fluid element lying between y and

E
H
ytby

SS
C
SI
Y
PH
E
TH
/@

Dividing throughout by get

M

babysit we
O
.C
E

off off t pgs.no o

B
TU

Also T 1 Thur
84 1
U

Mdg
O
Y

Mdg pg find off

For a spontaneously sliding plate I no pressurised flowof fluid
be taken and solve for U
81 can as zero we ran

considering velocity at upper and lower boundaries

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 Viscous TORQUE ON SPINNING OBJETS CONSTANT THIN FILM THICKNESS

Consider a
path of ana de on surface

of a rotating object as shown in

R
the figure The visions tongue on the
element is given as ds
dm dss dss a
Mfg my

MIMI fass Now

R
E
LT
recognize that term insidethe integral

E
is area moment of inertia Thus M May I when Aric

H
I in

SS
moment of inertia about the spinning anic For instance in the
C
SI
A R2 TIRAH 2
Y
shown system I
PH

TIMIR Att
Thus viscous torque MI Ane
E
TH
/@
M
O
.C
E
B
TU
U
O
Y

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