1. Main groups of Germanic languages: East Germanic, North Germanic, and West Germanic.

2. Old English period: From approximately 450 AD to 1150 AD.

3. Motivations for changes in the language: Contact with other languages, social, cultural, and
political changes, as well as natural linguistic evolution.
4. Pliny's classification of Germanic tribes: Into five groups: Vandals, Goths, Burgundians, Saxons,
and Frisians.
5. Characterization after Pliny: Tacitus in his work Germania around 100 AD.
6. Information about the Teutons is based on arguments by: Roman and Greek authors.
7. Expeditions against the Teutons: Gaius Marius (Roman General) took two expeditions against
them.
8. Explanation of exceptions to Grimm’s Law (1877): Karl Verner (Verner's Law).
9. Alphabets used by Germanic tribes: Two main ones: Runic alphabet and later, the Latin alphabet.
10. Earliest long manuscript of old Germanic texts: The Codex Argenteus (Silver Bible).
11. Ingvaeons' territory: Northwestern Germany, along the North Sea coast.
12. Tribal union of Franconians: Clovis I of the Franks.
13. Old Norse dialects: Old West Norse and Old East Norse.
14. Collection of epic songs of Old Icelandic: The Elder Edda or Poetic Edda.
15. First Germans to become Christians: The Goths, converted by Ulfilas in the 4th century.
16. Old English and Old Saxon spoken by: Anglo-Saxon tribes.
17. West Germanic migrations: Started in the 5th century, spreading throughout Britain and
Europe.
18. Germanic languages originated from: Proto-Germanic.
19. Proto-Germanic became a separate language: Around the 1st millennium BC.
20. Recreation of Proto-Germanic: Through comparative linguistics in the 19th century, using
methods like the reconstruction of sounds and grammar.
21. Germanic tribe settled in Scandinavia: The Norsemen (Vikings).
22. Borrowing of the Latin alphabet: Around the 6th-7th century, after contact with Christian
missionaries.
23. Dutch language spoken: In the Netherlands, northern Belgium (Flanders), and some parts of
France.
24. Stress position in non-Germanic languages: Generally varied but often final syllable.
25. Grimm's Law (consonant changes) creation by Jacob Grimm: Around 1822, systematically
describing sound shifts in Proto-Germanic.
26. Consonant changes discovered in the late 19th century: Karl Verner (Verner’s Law).
27. Vowel gradation in IE languages: Alternation of vowels (ablaut) in verb forms, e.g.,
sing/sang/sung.
28. Settlers in Britain from Spain: Iberian tribes, around 2500 BC.
29. Celtic tribes in the British Isles: The Britons, the Picts, and the Gaels.
30. Roman army called back from Britain: In 410 AD due to threats in the Roman Empire.
31. Division of the history of English by unstressed endings: Otto Jespersen.
32. Separate kingdoms formed by Germanic tribes in Britain: Seven kingdoms (the Heptarchy).
33. Decisive victory in 828: King Egbert of Wessex.
34. Capital of England in 828: Winchester.
35. First history of England: Bede’s Ecclesiastical History of the English People.
36. Saxon and Angle occupation: Southern and eastern parts of Britain.
37. Majority of Scotland, Wales, Cornwall tribes: Celtic tribes.
38. West Germanic tongues influenced by: Scandinavian influence, Latin, and Celtic elements.
39. Scandinavian Conquest: Invasions and settlements by Norsemen (Vikings) starting in the 8th
century.
40. Struggle against the Scandinavians lasted: Over 100 years, from 787 until 878 AD.
41. Scandinavian elements integrated in dialects: Northern and Midlands dialects of Middle English.
42. Scandinavian power in England lasted: Until 1066, after the Norman Conquest.
43. Ruler when Scandinavian power was overthrown: King Edward the Confessor.
44. Scandinavian element “thorp” denoted: A small village or hamlet.
45. Yearbook of events starting in 787: The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.
46. **Dialect of Franks’ Casket, Ruthwell Cross**: Northumbrian Old English.
47. Dialect of Vespasian Psalter: Mercian Old English.
48. Mission to spread Christianity in England: Sent by Pope Gregory the Great in 597 AD.
49. Latin introduced in England: As the language of the Church and scholarship.
50. Indo-European tribes come to Europe: Around 4000-3000 BC.
51. Main dialects of Old English: West Saxon, Mercian, Northumbrian, and Kentish.
52. Oldest extant epic poem of OE period: Beowulf.
53. Occupied northern English territory in the 9th century: The Vikings (Danes).
54. Ruler of England in 1016: King Canute (Cnut the Great).
55. King Edward the Confessor died: In 1066.
56. Outer history of language: Refers to the external events and influences (invasions, migrations).
57. Inner history of language: Refers to changes in the structure of the language (grammar,
phonetics).
58. History of the English language began: With the arrival of Anglo-Saxons in 5th century AD.
59. First history book compiled by king's order: Anglo-Saxon Chronicle by King Alfred.
60. Change from Middle English to Early Modern English: Around the late 15th century with the
introduction of printing.
61. Rastorguyeva’s periodization principles: Based on changes in unstressed syllables and phonetic
shifts.
62. Historical event beginning Early Middle English: The Norman Conquest in 1066.
63. Rastorguyeva’s description of Early New English (1476-1660): Period of great linguistic change
due to printing and Renaissance influences.
64. Arakin and Ilyish’s description of New English (16th-20th centuries): Period of linguistic
stabilization and global expansion.
65. XIX and XX centuries represent: Modern English.
66. First English printing office: Founded by William Caxton in 1476.
67. Old English vocabulary divided into: Native Germanic words and borrowings from Latin and
Norse.
68. English belongs to: The Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family.
69. Romans under Julius Caesar landed in Britain: In 55-54 BC.
70. First inhabitants of Britain: Celtic tribes.
71. Scandinavian invasion of England began: In the late 8th century.
72. Rulers after the Norman Conquest: The Normans, starting with William the Conqueror.
73. Teutons described as nomads: By Roman authors like Julius Caesar.
74. First classification of Germanic tribes: By Pliny the Elder.
75. Proto-Germanic language reconstructed by: Comparative linguistics (historical linguistics).