Geosynthetics: Applications, Design and Construction, Oe Groo!

, Den Hoedt & Termaat (eds)

© 1996 Balkema, Rotterdam. ISBN 90 54108363

Geosystems in hydraulic and coastal engineering - An overview

Krystian W.Pilarczyk
Rijkswaterstaat, Road and Hydraulic Engineering Division, Delft, Netherlands

ABSTRACT: Geosystems has gained popularity in recent years because of their simplicity in placement
and constructability, cost effectiveness and their minimum impact on the environment. An overview is
given on application of the existing geosynthetic systems in hydraulic and coastal engineering.

1 INTRODUCTION products of this type on the markt provided by

some specialistic companies all over the world.
Various structures/systems can be of use in coastal The following types and applications of geosyn-
engineering, from traditional rubble or concrete thetic systems can be distinguised :
systems to more novel methods as geosystems and 1. Closed forms/units filled with sand, gravel or
others. There is a growing interest both in develo- mortar: bags, mattresses, tubes, containers
ped and in developing countries in low cost or 2. Open-matting bags filled with stone or asphalt
novel methods of shoreline protection particularly 3. Geotextile forms/moulds sand-filled structures
as the capital cost of defence works and their 4. Geosynthetic sheets for dune reinforcement
maintenance continues to rise. The shortage of 5. Geotextile curtains for shore erosion control
naturl rock in certain geographical regions can 6. Artificial seaweed mainly for SCOUT prevention
also be a reason for looking to other materials. 7. Silt fences with various applications (pollution)
The geotextile systems as bags, mattresses, 8. Geocells for surface (slope) erosion control
tubes and containers filled with sand or mortar, 9. Geocomposite mats for drainage/erosion control
and artificial seaweed and geotextile curtains, can 10 Traditional applications as geotextile filters
be a good and mostly cheaper alternative for more 11 Water- or air-filled dams
traditional materials/systems as rock, concrete 12 Other (unc1assified) systems (bearer for block-
units or asphalt. These new systems were applied mats, temporary slope protection, landfill co-
successfully in number of countries and they de- vers, cabling, pins, pipes, connections) .
serve to be applied on a larger scale. Because of More detailed informations on these systems is
the lower price and easier execution these systems given in (Pilarczyk, 1995) and in other references.
can be a good alternative for coastal proteetion
and coastal structures in developing countries. The
main obstac1e in their application is however the 2.1 Geosynthetic fonns
lack of proper design criteria. An overview is
given on application of the existing geosystems Mattresses are mainly applied as slope and bed
and reference is made to the design criteria. protection. Bags are also suitable for slope protee-
tion and retaining walls or toe proteetion but the
main application is construction of groyns, per-
2 SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS ched beaches and offshore breakwaters.
The tubes and containers are mainly applicable
Geotextile systems utilize a high strengt synthetic for construction of groyns, perched beaches and
fabric as a form for casting large units by filling offshore breakwaters. They can form an individual
by sand or mortar, or as curtains collecting sand. structure conform some functional requirements
At this moment there is a relative large number of for the project but also they can be used comple-

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 bund. 01 sandtubes
/ h od c1vn~1Io

redamation werks

containment dike

Fig. 1 Application of bags

mentary with the artificial beach nourishment to offshore breakwater

inerease its lifetime. Especially for creating the
perched beaches the sand bags and/or sand tubes
ean be an ideal (often low-cost) solution for eon-
strueting the submerged sill (with a low wave
loading).
Some coastal engineering coneepts are shown in
Figure 2. Underwater breakwaters and sills (pur- cross-section perched beach concept
ehed beaches) are not easy to construet with tradi-
tional materials. In this respeet (sand)tubes, alt-
hough based on the same prineiple, are more
advaneed even by comparison with sandbags,
which are only 1.0 to 5.0 m 3 in eapacity and are
coartat grain
time-eonsuming as coneerns both manufacturing
and installation while hydraulic filling of tubes
provides a few hunderds m3 of sand in few hours.
The sand-filied bags and/or tubes can be of use
for eonstrueting of groyns. Up till now there is no
reliable design methods concerning the functioning
of groyns. When the groyne will work satisfactori-
ly such groyne ean be strengthend additionally (if geotube as a core of breakwater/groin
neeessary) to get a pennanent funetion. If not, the
groyne can be easily demolished. In general, the
sand-filled strueture can be used as a temporary
struetures to leam the natural interaetions/respon-
ses, or as the pennanent structures at locations
with relatively low wave attack (H< 1.5m), or as
submerged struetures where direct wave forees
are redueed by submergenee. The units (if neees- dune reinforcement
sary) ean be intereonnected by bars or by creating
a special interlocking shape.
These systems ean also be applied in hydrau- Fig. 2 Coastal applications of geotubes/containers
lielriver engineering for construeting of spurdikes,
guide dams, revetments, bottom groins, bottom As other possible applications can be mentioned:
protection, ete. (Figure 3). containment dikes for storage of (eontaminated)

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 FigA Application of geocurtains (BEROSIN)
regulation of a rive r

tion time, areduction in cost, a use of local mate-

rials, a low-skilled labour and (mostly) locally
available equipment.
That means that in most, not too extreme cases/-
conditions the werk can be done by a local con-
tractor under supervision of the specialistic ex-
perts/ company .

2.2 Geocurtains

original navigation width

There are a number of various applications of
geocurtains, i.e. silt- and/or pollution curtains,
guiding screens for sediment control in rivers and
harbours, fences for surface erosion control, etc .
Infonnation on these systems can be found in
references.
typical cross-section in river be nd An interesting application for shore erosion
control is the geocurtain known under the name
BEROSIN (Fig. 4).
cross-section A-A
• The BEROSIN curtain is a flexible structure
~1!od navlgaUon cI.plh made of various woven geotextiles which after
~;c:JIJ!4i,..e,«vm. .;;.'19I'4"""4N~)1ti4YJUV'+,Ji placing by divers near the shore and anchoring to
submerged sp urdikes for river works (bottom groin)
the bed catches the sand transported by currents
and waves providing accretion on a shore and
preventing the erosion. The horizontal curtain
(sheet) can be easily spread (at proper sea conditi-
ons) by a small workboat and two divers. The
(urrent
upper (shore-side) edge, equipped with some
.,=~ depth-compensated floaters, should be properly
anchored at the projected line. The sea-side edge
stabilizatio n of sco ur holes
is kept in position by the workboat. By ballasting
Fig. 3 River applications of geotubes/containers some of the outside pockets at the lower edge with
sand or other materials and with help of divers,
dredged material, dike or dune reinforcement, the lower edge is sinking to the required position.
moulds for artificial sand structures, etc. The proper choice of penneability of geotextile
The main advantages of these systems in compari- creates the proper conditions for sedimentation of
son with more traditional methods (rock, prefabri- suspended sediment in frontlor under the curtain
cated concrete units, blockmats , asphalt, etc.) are: and at the same time allowing the water to flow
areduction in work volume, a reduction in execu- out without creating too high forces on the curtain

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and thus, on the anchors. In case of coast of Vlie- indicate that the artificial seaweed can be succes-
land (NL), some of the horizontal curtains placed sfully applied for scour prevention around the legs
in the intertidal zone have provided a growth of a of offshore platforms and around offshore pipeli-
beach/foreshore of 0.5 to 1.0 m within a week nes when the anchorage is designed properly.
while others within a few weeks. It was also re- Applications of artificial seaweed to beach erosion
cognized that the sheets (curtains) can be easily control were till now less successfu!. There were
damaged in vicinity of rock due to abrasion (one often no discernable differences between the shore-
curtain was connected to the existing rock groyne). line protected with artificial seaweed and adjacent
On the other hand, the heads of the existing groy- unprotected shorelines. The materials appear to be
nes were badly darnaged and the beach between inadequate to survive moderate to high wave
the groynes was eroded during the storms while activity. One of the main reason for that was again
the area protected by the curtains remainded in the problem with anchoring (Rogers, 1987). Due
proper condition. to the high forces of breaking waves in a surf zone
It seems that this system can provide a low-cost the necessary anchorage needs special expensive
measure for steering of the morfological proces- measures which makes this system less competitive
ses. However, more prototype experiments in with more conventional solutions.
various wave climate are needed before the final The past experience with the artificial seaweed
conclusions on the effectiveness and durability of indicates that the most promissing application for
this system in various design conditions can be this product is prevention of localized scour at
drawn. offshore structures (platforms, pipelines, etc.).
The most recent development concerns the appli- The wave induced currents are there of a limited
cation of a number of (anchored) floating screens strength (less problems with proper anchorage),
(grids), placed in a certain pattern along the sea because of larger depths no problem with UV-
bed (Huygens et al, 1995). However, the first in resistance, and less problems with effect of fouling
site experiment has failed because of high wave and debris . That also explains why the recent
induced forces and resulting anchorage problems. developments and applications are related (limited)
to that area.
The product which actually successfully operates
2.3 Artificial seaweed on the markt for offshore applications has a form
of a underwater artificial sea grass field/mats
The field observations provided that in some coas- (developed in 80-ies), and is known as Seabed
tal areas the natural seaweed plays an important Scour Control System (SSCS, 1995). Based on the
role in retaining sand along the coastlines due to artificial seaweed concept of "arrested sedimentati-
the reduction of the shear stresses exerted by on" SSCS system (mat) sufters none of the draw-
currents and waves on the seabed. This fact was backs of similar previous systems. It has superb
the base of the idea to produce and apply the positional stability, it is not prone to phylloplank-
artificial seaweed for erosion contro!. ton colonisation, it requires no special tools or
The first users of artificial fibres for erosion con- skills for installation and it actually serves to
trol and/or to prevent marine scouring date back to enhance its own effectiveness and that of other
the 60-ies (England, Denmark, Netherlands). The conventional sea defence forms.
artificial seaweed was composed on polypropylene The functioning principles are straight-forward;
tape (having a specific gravity of less than one), 3 buoyant fronds floating upright from the seabed
to 10 mm wide, connected edge to edge to form a act to reduce seabed and near-seabed current
continuous serrated sheet. In some cases dozens of velocities, encouraging the deposition of transpor-
tapes were bundled together to form individual ted (eroded) seabed material. In conjunction with
tufts of seaweed. Fronds varied from 1 to 2 m in this action, at relatively shallow water the fronds
length. In the Netherlands, research on artificial also interfere with wave-induced orbital forces,
seaweed has been conducted in cooperation with effectively causing waves to break early and thus
the Shell Plastics Laboratory, Nicolon Geotextiles reducing the impact on threatend shorelines, brea-
Company and the Rijkswaterstaat (Dutch Public kwaters, etc.
Works Dpt.), (Bakker et al, 1972). This technique employs chemically inert materi-
The unproper anchorage was the main reason of als to create a flexible barrier to retard the flow of
the failures with this system . water. The SSCS scour control mats are retained
The experience from US and European projects on the seabed by anchores hydraulically driven to

902
 continuous & overlapping Ilnes The main requirement, apart from required tensile
of buoyant fronds
strength, weathering and abrasion properties, is
that it must be enable free flow of water, i.e. it
must be more permeable than the sand. This is
achieved by using an "opening size" of geotextile
of about d65 of the sand. During the wave impacts
the wave forces are taken by the sandgrains and
the geotextile is stressed only by the through flow
of water. The pressure waves attenuate in sand
very rapidly due to the air in the voids and in the
water. Consequently, any liquefaction of sand is
base blocks - thickness confined to the immediate vicinity of the sand
150. 300 or 450 mm
face.
Fig. 5 SSCS frond flexiform mattress A system of geotextile membranes as shown in
Fig. 6 was tested in the Large Wave Flume in
Hannover with waves up to 1.3 m. The deformati-
ons of the installed membrane were generally less
than 10 cm.
r. . About 2 km of such a membrane (two layers) were
i installed as hUlTicane protection 1992/93 in Fiji
and 300 m in three layers in a dune in front of a
! building at the dune's edge on Sylt 1991. Both
dam"ge lim;blion ollhe dry beiJch an dune by ~ !totm tidf!
have performed according to expectations .
with lhe <lId 0(;' gcotexlife membrane (schcmiJllrJ

3 CONCLUSIONS

The geotextile systems can be a good and mostly

cheaper alternative for more traditional materi-
als/systems. These new systems were applied
Clou·sedioo 01 ~ (htee-/d'll.'u:d membriJIIl! tested in the t;,fl:f! WJV~ flume in H<1IIJlOVer
successfully in number of countries and they de-
Fig. 6 Geosynthetics as dune reinforcement serve to be applied on a larger scale.
In the past the design of these systems was most-
ly based on rather vague experience than on the
a depth of 1 m. The system has been designed and general valid calculation methods. Actually, more
tested for stability in current velocities in exess of proper design mIes have been established based on
10 knots (> 0.5 mJs). some scale investigations and experience from
The flexible frands-mat can also be incorporated realized projects. The existing research and design
into flexible concrete block mats to provide added mIes have been reviewed in (Pilarczyk, 1995).
effectiveness in stability and in wave dissipation. However, more research, especially concerning
The main applications are in protecting fixed the large scale tests and evaluation of performance
offshore platforms. mobile rigs and pipelines from of already realized projects, is still needed .
the effects of scour. The technologies related to geotextile systems
have been utilized extensively in Europe , Northern
America, Mexico, Japan and Australia, producing
2.4 Dune reinjorcement often successful installations but only few technical
details . Some manufacturers and contractors are
A new concept for protection of the dune areas inc1ined to protect know-how to preserve market
against erosion during stOlmsurges is applied advantages. Therefore, to effectively commerciali-
recently in Sylt. Germany (Dette and Raudkivi. ze these technologies it is necessary to uncover the
1994). technical details. Technically the methodologies
The geotextile sheetlmembrane serves to restrain have shown to be feasible but there are design and
the sand grains during the drainage periods (after constmctibility uncertainties that still must be
wave up-msh) and to prevent the undercutting. addressed .

903
 A number of weak points of above reviewed sys- Geotextiles, Las Vegas.
tems can be omitted when the actual knowled- Brian, E.W. and Dowse, P., 1979, Hydrostatically
ge/experience will be applied in the design and supported sand coastal structures, Coastal Stru-
technological improving of these systems including ctures '79, ASCE.
such aspects as fabric choice, fabric coating, Davis, G.A., D.I. Hanslow, K. Hibbert and P.
filling method, installation techniques, stability Nielsen, 1992, Gravity drainage: a new method
criteria, and life-time. of beach stabilisation through drainage of the
The intention of this literature search is to unco- watertable, Proc. 23rd ICCE, Venice.
ver, as far as possible, the technical informations Delft Hydraulics Laboratory, 1973, Artificial weed
on these systems and make them available for the as bed protection, Report M 1162.
potential users. It will help to make a proper Delft Hydraulics Laboratory, 1973, Breakwater of
choice for specific problems/projects and it will concrete filled hoses, Report M 1085.
stimulate the further developments in this field. Delft Hydraulics Laboratory, 1975, Artificial
There are more applications of geosynthetic Islands in the Beaufort-sea: M 1271 part III, co-
(geotextile) systems in coastal engineering than mparison of stability of shore protection with
those mentioned above. It is going too far in the gabions and sand sausages (2-dim.); M 1271 part
scope of this paper to review all of them. Howe- V, stability of shore protection with sand sausa-
ver, the main other applications can be found in ges on circular island (3-dim.).
the references. Delft Hydraulics Laboratory /Delft Soil Mechanics
There is a rapid development in the field of geo- Laboratory, 1983, Stability of ProFix sand filled
textiles and geotextile systems and there is always mattresses under wave action, Report of model
a certain time gap between new developments and investigation, R 1903.
publishing that in specialistic books. Therefore, it Delft Hydraulics/Nicolon, 1994, Stability of break
is recommended to follow the professional literatu- waters constructed with Geotubes or Geocontain-
re on this subject (Journal of Geotextiles and ers, Two-dimensional model tests, Report on the
Geomembranes, Geotextiles Congresses, Coastal model investigation, H2029.
Engineering Congresses, etc.) and manufacturer's den Hoedt, G., Metz, H.E., Voskamp, W., 1987,
brochures for updating the present knowledge. Cost-effective building of breakwaters using geo-
textiles, 2nd Int. Conf. on Coastal and Port
Engineering in Developing Countries, Beijing.
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906