1

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL

Website:www.dlhschools.com
E-mail: [email protected]
Contact No:

SSS 1 (BASIC 10)

Technical Drawing

FIRST TERM e – LEARNING NOTES

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 2

SCHEME OF WORK
WEEK TOPICS

THEME: DRAWING STUDIO PRACTICE

1. Drawing Materials and Equipment:

(a) Definition of “Technical Drawing”
(b) Identification and uses of drawing materials and equipment e.g. protractor, set squares,
pair of compasses, drawing sheets, etc.

2. Board Practice:
(a) Technique of fixing drawing sheet to the board.
(b) Border lines and title block.
(c) Free hand lettering e.g. lower case and upper case letters.
(d) Safe Working Habits:(a) Safe use of drawing instruments and materials. (b) Clean habits,
proper illumination and ventilation.

THEME: GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS

3. Lines and Line work:

(a) Types, uses and properties of lines e.g. Thick continuous, thin continuous, centre lines,
etc.
(b) Drawing parallel and incline lines.
(c) Bisection and division of lines.

4. Angles and Triangles:

(a) Types of angles (acute, obtuse, reflex, etc.)
(b) Construction of angles e.g. reflex, obtuse, acute angles, etc.

5. Circles and Triangles:

(a) Circle and its parts.
(b) Types of circle.
(c) Inscribe, circumscribe and escribed circles.

6. Quadrilaterals:
(a) Quadrilaterals
(b) Types of quadrilaterals, e.g. square, rectangle, rhombus, rhomboid, trapezium, trapezoid,
etc.

7. Mid- Term Break:

Assignment.

8. Quadrilaterals:
(d) Construction of quadrilaterals.

9. Revision
10. Examination

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 3

WEEK 1
DATE:
TOPIC: Drawing Materials and Equipment

Sub-Topics: (a) Definition of “Technical Drawing”

(b) Identification and uses of drawing materials and equipment e.g.
protractor, set squares, pair of compasses, drawing sheets, etc.

Sub-topic 1: Definition of Technical Drawing

Technical drawing as a subject has been defined in various ways by various people. All
descriptions of technical drawing agree that it is a universally accepted graphics language
which communicates ideas of design and construction. A more inclusive description of
technical drawing is given by Osuji (2005); Technical drawing is the language of lines, signs
and symbols, which makes use of sizes, shapes and positions with the aid of drawing
instruments. Also, it is a graphic language of the constructive arts used in almost all aspects
of engineering.

EVALUATION:
1. Define technical drawing.

Sub-topic 2: Identification and uses of drawing materials and equipment

To prepare engineering drawing, special drawing instruments are required. It is advisable to

purchase simple and good quality instruments rather than many ordinary instruments. All
those who are connected with engineering activity should know the use of drawing
instruments, handling of instruments and proper maintenance of drawing instruments.

The following drawing equipment and materials are required in the preparation of drawing.

1. Drawing Board
2. Tee-Square
3. Mini – drafter
4. Parallel – Straightedge
5. Set-Square 450
6. Set – Square 300-600
7. Instrument Box
(a) Large compass with interchangeable pencil and pen legs having knee joint
(b) Large dividers
(c) Small bow compass
(d) Small bow divider
DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )
 4

(e) Small bow pen

(f) Ruling pen
(g) Interchangeable ruling pen used in compass leg
(h) Container with spare parts
(i) Case for lead
(j) Drop compass –Rotor
8. Scales –Plastic, boxwood or cardboard scales- 300mm
9. Protractor -1800 or 3600 –Size 150mm.
10. French curves
11. Proportional divider
12. Circle Master & other Templates
13. Drawing paper
14. Set of pencils
15. Pencil sharpener
16. Sand paper block
17. Drawing clips and adhesive tapes
18. Duster of handerchief
19. Eraser- Erasing shield
20. Water-proof black ink.

1. Drawing Board

In order to prevent warping, the drawing board is made of narrow strips glued edge-to-edge
of well seasoned white pine or bass soft wood with minimum of one straight eboney working edge,
as a base for T-square. Surface of the board should be free from cracks and it should be absolutely
flat.

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 5

The standard sizes of drawing boards available are as follows. These sizes are fixed by I.S
1444.

Sr. NO Designation Dimension, mm Name

1. B0 1500 x 1000 Antiquarian
2. B1 1000 x 700 Double elephant
3. B2 700 x 500 Imperial
4. B3 500 x 350 Half Imperial
5. B4 350 x 250 Quarter Imperial
For convenience of working, the board is kept tilted at nearly 150 to 200

2. Tee- Square.
Mostly T-Square is made of two parts
I. The blade
II. The stock or the head.

The blade and the head are rigidly fastened together. Tee-square is made out of hard-wood,
plastic or acrylic material. Working edge of the blade and working edge of the head should
be exactly at right angle. Accuracy of drawing depends on straightness of both the working
edges and squareness of two working edges.

Handle T-Square with atmost care because it is delicate and the accuracy of drawing
depends on it.

3. Mini Drafter.

Mini drafter is used in many drawing and design offices to do drawing work faster. It serves
the purpose of T-Square, Set-Square, Protractor and Scales. During operation the two blades of the
drafter always remain parallel to their set position no matter where they are moved on the sheet.
The blades of the drafter are accurately set at right angles to each other. The blades are detachable
and hence blades with different scales can be used.

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 6

4. Parallel Straight Edge: It is used in place of T-Square. Mostly it is preferred on large drawing
boards. It is simply a straight edge of board size moved up and down on the board by
inextensible string-pulley arrangement. It always remains parallel to previously set position.

5. Set – Square 300 -600, 450

Set-Squares are used with T-Square to draw lines at various angles with the horizontal. The
two most common set-squares used by draftsman are 450 Set- Square and 300-600 Set-
Square. With the combination of T-Square and two Set – Squares angles of
150,300,450,600,750,900,1050,1200,1350,1500,1650,and 1800 are drawn as shown in Fig 1.6 The
above combination can divide the circle into 24 equal divisions.

Set- Squares are made out of transparent colourless plastic or acrylic material. They are
made with straight edge for pencil work and with beveled edge for ink work. Thickness of set-
squares varies from 1.5mm to 2.5mm.

6. Instrument Box:
7. Scales:

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 7

The size of drawing paper on which the draftsman is required to draw is limited but the size
of the object, building, project etc…., may be very large, or sometimes the object may be
extremely small. As long as the object is of normal size the drawing is done by normal or
natural scale, if the object is large the drawing is done at a reduced scale and if it is smaller
the drawing is done at an enlarged scale.
Scales are available of plastic, boxwood or cardboard materials. The scales have either flat
section or triangular section. Flat scales are beveled on both the sides.
There are various kinds of scales available in the market.
I. Mechanical Engineer’s scale
II. Civil Engineer’s Scale
III. Architect’s Scale.

There are two types of divisions on scales:

1. Full divided scales

2. Open divided scales

In full-divided scale units of measurement are subdivided throughout its length

while in open-divided scale only first unit of measurement is subdivided.

8. Protractor:
Protractors are used for the measurement of angles. They are available in semi-circular and
circular shapes. Protractors are made of paper, wood, plastic, brass metal or celluloid
materials.
9. French Curves
Curves other than arc of circles are drawn accurately and uniformly with the help of French
curves. French curves are available in set assorted curves. They are made of transparent
material. Use of French curves requires sufficient experience, especially in inking work.
10. Proportional Divider:
Proportional divider is used to draw drawing at an enlarged or at a reduce scale from the
available drawing. It has a sliding adjustable pivot. Pivot position decides the conversion of
scale. Scale marks are marked on the proportional divider.

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 8

11. Drafting Paper

Hand made paper with smooth surface is used for the purpose of drawing. Drawing
paper should be uniform and as white as possible. It should have good erasing
quality. A paper with sufficient grains to produce sharp and clean pencil lines is
desirable.
The preferred sizes of drawing sheets according to I.S. 696 – 1972 are given in the
table below:
Sr Designation Tri Untrimmed
No mmed
Width Length Width Length
1. A0 841 1189 880 1230
2. A1 594 841 625 880
3. A2 420 594 450 625
4. A3 297 420 330 450
5. A4 210 297 240 330
6. A5 148 210 165 240

12. Set of Pencils:

The main two ingredients in the pencil leads are graphite and clay. Pencils are
available in 20 grades, 8B softest to 10H hardest. Hardness and softness of the
pencils depend upon the proportions of graphite and clay. Soft pencils produce dark
black lines while hard pencils produce thin gray lines. Softer pencils have larger size
lead harder pencils have smaller size lead.
13. Pencil Sharpener
Knife edge can be used as a pencil sharpener. Pencil sharpening machines are also
available and they are used in drawing design offices.

Evaluation:
1. Why is engineering drawing called language of engineers? Why is it called universal
language?
2. Enlist the drawing instruments required for engineering students. Prepare list of
special equipments used in drawing offices
3. Prepare table for standard sizes of drawing boards and paper recommended by I.S

WEEK END ASSIGNMENT:

a. Why are scales needed?
b. Compare pair of Tee- square with parallel straight-edge and drafting machine.
c. Explain the uses of a divider
d. Explain the use of proportional divider

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 9

WEEK 2
TOPIC: BOARD PRACTICE
Sub-Topics: (a) Techniques of fixing drawing sheet to the board
(b) Boarder lines and title block
(c) Free hand lettering
(d) Uses and care of drawing instruments.
Sub-Topic 1: Techniques of fixing drawing sheet to the board
Board practice is all about making technical drawings with the use of drawing board,
drawing instruments and drawing materials.
Setting of drawing paper on the drawing board is squarely done with Tee-square on the
drawing board and draw boarder line round the paper.
Drawing paper must be set up on a drawing board using a T-square. Once it is set, the paper
is clipped to the board with clips or even masking tape.

Boarder lines and title block

Title block: This is drawn at the bottom right hand corner of the drawing paper. It gives the
title of the drawing, the name of the person(s) who made the drawing, the date and address
of the person(s) who made the drawing. It also gives the scale of the drawing and the angle
of drawing.

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 10

EVALUATION:
1. Where is the title block placed on the drawing?
2. List all the information contained in the title block.

Sub-Topic 2: LETTERING

The main requirements for ‘lettering’ on engineering drawings are legibility, uniformity,
ease and rapidity in execution.

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 11

Both the upright and inclined letters and numerals are suitable for general use. All letters
should be capitals, except where lower case letters are accepted internationally for
abbreviations.
Lettering: This is the process of putting down information on a drawing by means of letters,
words and numbers. Letters and words must be easy to read, pleasing in appearance and
uniform in style. Well formed and well spaced lettering will enhance the appearance of a
drawing. Lettering styles can be single stroke vertical letters or single stroke slanting letters.
The single stroke vertical letters are commonly used. It can be upper case (capital letters) or
lower case (small letters).
Letters and numbers vary in width and follow certain directions such as:
(a) Height: This is determined by the type and size of the drawing. Generally, titles and
headings can be from 6 – 12mm. Subtitles should be from 3 – 6mm, while notes such
as schedules, materials and dimensions should be between 2 – 5mm.
(b) Width: This is in relation to the height. The widest letter is W = 8mm. This is followed
by A and M = 6mm. Most of the letters are 5mm wide. But L is 4mm, J is 3mm and
the narrowest is I which is 1mm wide.
Example
5mm 4mm5mm
T L H
(c) Spacing: Areas between letters must appear to be equal, while the distance between
letters must be equal to height of the letters. Sentences are spaced at a distance
equal to twice the distance between words.
EVALUATION:
(1) Draw lines and write A – Z both upper and lower case.
(2) Likewise write 1 – 100.
(3) Write Letters A - Z with figures in 3mm, 6mm and 10mm dimensions.

Sub-Topic 3: Uses and care of equipments:

TOPIC: SAFE WORKING HABITS

SUB-TOPICS: (a) Safe use of drawing instruments and materials

(b) Clean Habits, proper illumination and ventilation

Content Development:

Sub-topic 1: Safe use of drawing materials

Safety as applied to Technical Drawing is the ability to produce to produce neat and
accurate drawing and the keeping away of drawing instruments safely after use. Some of
the guidelines to enhance safe working habits are listed below under good craftsmanship
knowledge.

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 12

(a) Drawing Board: the drawing paper is placed on the drawing board

Care: It must be carefully stored when it is not in use so that the smooth edges and
surface are not damaged.

(b) Drawing Papers: they are plain papers of different sizes which are always placed on
the drawing board.

Care: They should be folded but stored in a pair of thick cardboard folders. Also they
can carefully be rolled into a scroll and held by a rubber band or cello tape.

(c) Set- squares: The two set-squares are used to draw vertical lines by placing one side
of the triangle containing the right angle against the upper edge of the T-square

Care: They must not hit against hard objects so as to maintain smooth edges.
Prevent kerosene or petrol from touching it to save it from cracking and breaking.

(d) Pair of compass: It is used to draw circular arcs and circles.

Care: It must be cleaned from sweat after use to prevent corrosion. Occasionally
clean with machine oil.

(e) T-square: This is used to draw horizontal lines and border lines round a drawing
paper.

Care: this should not be used as a walking stick. The upper-edge of the blade must
always at right angle to the cross-piece and avoid scratching.

READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read Engineering Drawing with worked examples 3 rd edition by M.A Parker, study this topic
against the next lesson : Bisection of Lines, and angles.
WEEK END ASSIGNMENT:
a. What are the characteristics of a good title block?
b. Give the following scales their respective names: i.) 1:50 (ii.) 10:1 (iii) 1:1

EVALUATION:

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 13

WEEK 3
TOPIC: LINES AND LINE WORK

SUB-TOPICS:
(a) Types, uses and properties of lines e.g. Thick continuous, thin continuous, centre
lines, etc.
(b) Drawing parallel and inclined lines.
(c) Bisection and division of lines.
(d)Drawing of arcs to touch lines etc.

Sub-topic 1: Types, uses and properties of lines

The types of line for engineering drawings recommended by the British Standards
Institution in BS 308: 1972. Two line thicknesses are recommended: thick, 0.7 mm wide;
and thin, 0.3mm wide.
Types of lines and uses
TYPE ILLUSTRATION APPLICATION
A Continuous thick Visible outline
B Continuous thin Dimension lines, leader lines, extension lines,
construction lines, outlines of adjacent parts,
hatching and revolved section.
C Continuous thin-wavy Irregular boundary lines, short break lines.
D Short dashes medium Hidden outlines and edges.
E Long chain thin Centre lines, locus lines, extreme positions of the
moveable parts, parts situated in front of the
cutting planes and pitch circle.
F Long chain thick Cutting plane lines
G Ruled line and short zig Long break lines.
H Arrowhead with leader For dimensioning.

EVALUATION
1. What is a line?
2. What is line work?
3. List 5 types of lines and state their uses.
4. What is arrowhead used for?

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 14

GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS

SUB-TOPIC II: GEOMETRICAL CONSTRUCTIONS

1. To draw A Line Parallel to a given line AB at a given distance from it.
Construction: [See Fig.1]
I. Draw a given line AB.
II. With any two O1and O2 points, on line AB, as centres and radius equal to R draw arcs
1 and 2 on the same side of AB as shown.
III. Draw a line CD, common tangent to two arcs 1 and 2 already drawn.
IV. CD is the required Parallel Line to AB at a distance R

C D

R
R

A O1 B
O2
Fig.1

2. Bisection and division of given lines into equal numbers.

Bisection means dividing a line or an angle into 2 equal parts.
Division of lines into equal parts
Procedure:
i. Draw the given line AB
ii. Draw a construction line AC at any convenient angle and any convenient length.
iii. With any convenient radius step off eight units on AC.
iv. Join the last unit to point B.
v. Transfer line 8B to other numbers by drawing parallel lines to 10B from all the
numbers.

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 15

COMMENT: The division of line 130mm into equal parts seems to be impractical in ordinary
mathematics without having a remainder, but it is quite a reality in technical drawing.

3. Bisecting A Line
Procedure:
I. Draw the given line AB.
II. With centers A and any radius greater than half of AB, draw arcs above and below
the line.
III. With centre B draw arcs of the same radius to cut the previous ones.
IV. The line drawn through the intersection of the arcs will bisect the given line AB at C.

4. To draw A Right Angled Corner Arc of radius R. Given AOB right angled corner.
Given radius R = 30 mm.
Construction:- [See Fig 4]

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 16

I. With corner O as centre and radius equal to (R = 30) draw two arcs to get points C
and D on lines OA and OB respectively.
II. Now with points C and D as centres and radius (R =30) draw two intersecting arcs at
OAB.
III. Now with point OAB as centre and radius (R =30) draw corner arc CD as shown.
5. Using division of a line for drawing a triangle of sides ratio 3:4:5 that has its
perimeter equal to the given ratio of the sides.
Procedures:-
I. Let the perimeter equal AB and the ratio of the sides of the triangle be 3:4:5
II. Sum up the ratio (i.e. 3+4+5 = 12) and divide the line Ab into 12 equal parts
by drawing any convenient inclined line to A and mark 12 equal division on
it.
III. Join the 12th division to point B and draw the remaining two parallel to it, Bb
after the count of 5,4,3 in accordance with the ratio 3:4:5.
IV. With CD the base of the required triangle, place your compass at C and open
to A to draw a wide arc.
V. Also place your compass at D and open to B to draw another wide arc.
VI. The point of intersection E of the two arcs is drawn to C and D respectively to
complete the required triangle.

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 17

6. To draw External and Internal Tangents to two unequal circles, apart from each
other.
Take (i)R1=40mm (2) R2 = 20mm and (3) O1O2 =100 mm.
Construction:- [See Fig 14 & 15][1. External Tangent] [2- Internal Tangent]
I. Draw a line O1O2 =100 mm.
II. Now, with O1and O2 as centres and radius R1 = 40mm radius and R2 =20mm
respectively draw two circles as shown.
III. Draw another circle with O1 as centre and radius (R1-R2) = (20) for external
tangent and radius (R1+R2)= (60) for internal tangent.
IV. Locate mid-point M12 of the line O1O2.
V. Draw a semi-circle with M12 as centre and radius R = O 1O2/2 =50 as shown to
locate point T as shown.
VI. Draw a line O1T and extend if necessary to get point T1 as shown.
VII. Draw a line O2T2 parallel to O1T1 as shown.
VIII. Join T1T2 line, the required external/ internal tangent.

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 18

IX. In this manner open and cross belt drive pulley systems can be drawn.

EVALUATION
1. Draw a line AB 80mm long and bisect it.
2. Draw a line AB 165 mm long and divide it in the proportion 3:4:2.

3. Using the angles of the 450 and 600 set squares as a basis, construct the following
angles by bisection:

(a) 22 ½0 (b) 150 (c)52 ½0 (d) 112 ½0 (e) 37 ½0 (f) 146 ¼0

READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read about angles and triangles against the next lesson from Elements of Technical Drawing
for schools and colleges by Osuji.

WEEK END ASSIGNMENT:

1. Divide 120mm into 9 equal parts.
2. Divide 130mm into 2:3:4
3. Draw a line AB 80mm long and bisect it.

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 19

4. Draw a line AB 165mm long and divide it in the proportion 3:4:2.

4. Find graphically the circumference of a circle of diameter 70 mm, and check the
result by calculation.

5. Construct regular hexagons to the following dimensions: (a) 90 mm across flats (b)
95 mm across corners.

TEXT: Elements of Technical Drawing for Senior School and Colleges (Osuji, U.S.A &Akano,
E.O);Technical Drawing Manual (E.K Ajayi); Technical Drawing for School Certificate and
G.C.E. (J.N. Green)

WEEK 4
DATE:

DATE:
TOPIC: ANGLES AND TRIANGLES
SUB-TOPICS:
(a) Types of angles (acute, obtuse, reflex, etc.)
(b) Types of triangles
(c) Construction of angles e.g. reflex, obtuse, acute angles, etc.
Sub-topic 1: Types of angles
What is an angle?
An angle occurs when two lines meet. It is measured in degree.
Types of angle
Acute angle is one which is less than 900.

a. Obtuse angle: An obtuse angle is greater than 900 but less than 1800.

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 20

b. Reflex angle: A reflex angle is greater than 1800 but less than 3600.

c. Right angle: A right angle is 900.

d. Complementary angle: when the sums of two angles equal 90 0 it is referred to s

complementary angle.

e. Supplementary: when the sums of two angles equal 180 0 it is referred to s

supplementary angle.

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 21

Angles can be constructed and it can also be measured with a protractor.

1. To construct a given angle

 Draw the given angle ABC
 With centre A and any convenient radius draw an arc to cut AB at D and AC at E.
 With centre D and any radius draw an arc.
 With centre L and the same radius draw an arc to intersect the previous one at
F.
 Join AF
2. To construct angle 600
 Draw line AB
 Indicate point C anywhere on AB
 With centre C and any convenient radius, draw an arc to cut the previous one at
E
 Draw a line from C through E (line CF) FCB is the required angle.
3. Methods of drawing angles
 Use of set-squares (30-600, 450)
 Use of a pair of compass
 Use of protractors.
EVALUATION
(a) What is an angle?
(b) List 4 types of angles.
(c) Construct the following angles: 300, 600, 37.50, 450

SUB-TOPIC II: Triangles

A triangle is a plane figure bounded by three straight lines. The three lines are called sides.
Therefore, triangles can be classified by considering the sides and angles.
Types of Triangle
a. Right angled triangle: A right angled triangle has one of its angles as 90 0. The side
opposite the right angle is called the hypotenuse.
b. Equilateral triangles: These have three equal sides and angles.
c. Isosceles triangles: These have two sides and base angles equal.
d. Scalene triangles: These have three sides and angles unequal.
DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )
 22

There are also acute-angled triangles (with three acute angles) obtuse-angled triangles (with
one obtuse angle) and right-angled triangles (with one right-angle).
EVALUATION
1. Construct a triangle of 70mm all sides. What is the name of the triangle?
2. Construct a triangle with sides AB=87mm BC = 70mm and AC = 77mm. Name the
triangle.

SUB-TOPIC III:CONSTRUCTION OF TRIANGLES

a. To construct any triangle given the length of the three sides

 Draw one side AB say 70mm

 With centre A and a radius (say 45mm) of one of the remaining sides draw an arc.
 With centre B and a radius (say 60) of the remaining side, draw an arc to intersect
the previous one at C.
b. To draw a triangle when given two sides and the included angle

 Draw one given side AB say 60mm

 Construct the included angle CAB say angle 45o to obtain line AP
 With centre B and a radius of the other given sides, draw an arc to cut AP at C
 Join B to C. ABC is the required triangle.
EVALUATION
1. Construct a triangle given that the base angles =300 and 600 with one side = 80mm.
DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )
 23

2. Draw an isosceles triangle, base 75mm, base angles 450. What is the vertical height?

GENERAL EVALUATION
a. Construct a triangle ABC. AB = 130mm, vertical height = 85mm. Measure and record
angle CAB. Name the type of triangle.
b. Construct an equilateral triangle with a perimeter of 175mm
c. Draw a triangle and identify these: hypotenuse, median, centroid, vertex and
altitude.

READING ASSIGNMENT:
 Read about circles and triangles against the next lesson in Elements of technical
Drawing for schools and colleges by Osuji and inscribe an equilateral triangle in a
circle of 80mm diameter.

WEEK-END ASSIGNMENT:
1. Construct and name the following triangle. AB =100mm BC =85mm and angle ABC =
570
2. Draw a right-angle triangle ABC with the altitude 95mm perpendicularly to AD=
115mm at B which is 55mm from A. Measure and record angle CAB and the
hypotenuse
3. Line JK is the perimeter of a triangle whose side are in 2:3:4. Construct the triangle.

WEEK 5
DATE:
TOPIC: CIRCLES AND TRIANGLES

SUB-TOPIC:
(a) Circle and its parts.
(b) Inscribe, circumscribe and describe circles

SUB-TOPIC I:Circle and its parts

A circle is a plane figure bounded by a curved line called the circumference, which is always
equidistant from the centre. Set of circles could be concentric or eccentric.
Concentric circles: are circles that have the same centre and different radii
Eccentric circles: are circles that have different centers.

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 24

Eccentric circle Concentric circles

Parts of a circle:
 Radius:this is straight line drawn from the centre to any point on the circumference
of the circle.
 Diameter: this is a straight line drawn through the centre and meets the
circumference at two points.
 Arc: an arc is any part of the circumference.
 Chord: is a straight line drawn across the circle and meets the circumference at two
points.
 Segment: is part of a circle bounded by a chord and an arc.
 Sector: is part of a circle bounded by an arc and two radii.
 Tangent: is a straight line which touches the circumference at a point. The tangent
always makes right angle with the radius.
 Quadrant: is part of a circle bounded by an arc and two radii at right angle.

SUB-TOPIC II: Inscribing and Circumscribing of circles

(a) To find the centre of a given circle
Procedure:

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 25

i. Use any circular or round object to trace circle.

ii. Draw chords PQ and PR.
iii. Bisect PQ and PR
Iv The two bisecting lines intersect at O, the centre of the circle.
(b) To inscribe a circle in a triangle
Procedures:

 Draw the triangle PQR.

 Bisect the three angles. The three bisecting lines intersect at O, the centre of the
circle.
 With centre O, draw a circle touching the three inner sides of the triangle.

(c)To inscribe an equilateral triangle in a circle

Procedures:

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 26

i. Draw the given circle.

ii. With the radius of the circle, arc round the circumference giving six divisions.
iii. Join points 1 to 3, 3 to 5 and 5 to 1 to form the required equilateral triangle.
d. To circumscribe agiven triangle
Procedures:

 Draw the given triangle PQR.

 Bisect two sides of the triangle.
 The bisectors intersect at O, the centre of the circle. With centre O and radius oQ,
draw the circle touching edges P and R
EVALUATION
Construct a circle to touch the three sides of triangle EFG where EF= 70mm, GH= 50mm,
EG= 60mm

GENERAL EVALUATION:
1. Describe briefly how to determine the centre of a circle with unknown centre
2. State the major difference between concentric and eccentric circles

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 27

3. Inscribe triangle ABC in a circle where AB= 60mm, BC= 65mm, AC= 45mm
4. Circumscribe an equilateral triangle of side 75mm in a circle
5. Inscribe a circle in an equilateral triangle of side 60mm

READING ASSIGNMENT:
 Read about circumscribing and inscribing of circles in quadrilaterals against the next
lesson in Elements of Technical Drawing for schools and colleges by Osuji.

WEEK-END ASSIGNMENT:

1. Freehand lettering is made between two--------------------.

a. Projection lines b. faint lines c. dimension lines d. outlines
2. To draw a circumscribed circle to a given triangle, bisect
a. One side and one angle of the triangles
b. Two angles and one side of the triangle.
c. Two angles of the triangle
d. Two sides of the triangle
3. The space between two concentric circles is called--------------------------.
(a) Segment (b) sector (c) annular (d) quadrant
4. Which of the following grades of pencil is suitable for lettering?
(a) HB (b) 2H (c) 3H (d) 4H (e) 5H
5. The circle below is-------------------------------------.

a. Circumscribed b. escribed c. concentric d. eccentric

ESSAY
 Construct a circle to touch the vertices of triangle ABC with sides 7.5mm, 5mm, 8mm
 Construct an equilateral triangle with circle of diameter of 100mm. Give the value of
the side of the triangle.

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 28

 Construct a triangle ABC on AB as base with AB 70mm, AC 57mm, BC 76mm and

draw the circumscribing circle.
 Using the angles of the 450 and 600 set aquares as a basis, construct the following
angles by bisection:
 (a) 22 ½ 0 (b)150 (c)52 ½0 (d)112 ½ 0 (e)37 ½0 (f) 146 ½ 0
 A triangle ABC stands on side AB as base and has the following dimensions. AB
89mm, AC 76mm, angle CAB 67 ½ 0 . Construct the triangle and draw the inscribed
circle.

WEEK 6
DATE:
TOPIC: QUADRILATERALS
SUB-TOPICS:
(a) Quadrilaterals
(b)Types of properties of the quadrilaterals, e.g. square, rectangle, rhombus, rhomboid,
trapezium, trapezoid, etc.
SUB-TOPIC I: Quadrilaterals
Quadrilaterals are plane figures bounded by four straight lines. Examples of quadrilaterals
are: square, rectangle, rhombus, parallelogram, (also called trapezoid), trapezium and kite.
Diagonal : is a straight line joining the opposite angular points of the quadrilaterals.
Diagonal is an important property of the quadrilateral and it divides it into two triangles.
SUB-TOPIC II: Types And Properties Of Quadrilaterals
Square
 It has all four sides equal
 all its angles are right angles,
 the diagonals are equal and they bisect each other at the centre forming angle 90 0.
Rectangle
 It has opposite sides equal and parallel,
 its interior angles are all right angles,
 the diagonals are equal and intersect at the center forming right angles.
Rhombus
 It has all four sides equal,

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 29

 opposite angles are equal but are not right angles,

 the diagonals are not equal but intersect at the centre.
 It has all four sides equal
Rhomboid
 It has opposite sides equal and parallel
 Its opposite angles are equal but are not right angles.
 The diagonals are not equal but intersect at the centre.

Trapezion or kite or deltoid

 It has pairs of adjacent sides equal
 It is balanced or symmetrical about the axis or the centre line.
 The diagonal is at right angles to the axis.
Trapezium
 It has two opposite sides parallel.
 The other sides can be of any length and any angle.
Trapezoid
 It has four unequal sides and angles.
 Since the angles and the sides are not equal, it does not have any definite method of
construction neither does it have any definite shape nor size.
 The method of construction, the shape and size depend on what is given
TOPIC: QUADRILATERALS(SQUARE, RHOMBUS, RECTANGLE)
SUB-TOPICS:
(a) Construction of square
(b) Construction of Rhombus
(c)Construction of Rectangle
Sub-Topic I:Construction of Square
Given that one side is 60mm

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 30

Procedure:
i. Draw a horizontal line EF= 60mm
ii. Construct perpendiculars at E and F
iii. With centers E and F using radius EF, cut the perpendiculars at H and G
respectively.
iv. EFGH is the required square.

Sub-Topic 2:Construction of Rhombus

Procedure:

i. Construct angle 600 at A

ii. With centre A, using radius AB, describe an arc to cut the 60 0 line at D
iii. With centre D, using same radius cut the arc at C.
iv. Join ABCD to get the required rhombus.

Sub-Topic 3:Construction of rectangle

Procedure:

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 31

a. Draw horizontal line PQ.

b. Construct a semi-circle on P and bisect it to give 900.
c. With the compasses positioned at P draw arc upward equal to the breadth of the
rectangle. Also determine the breadth QR equal to PS.
d. Join point R to S
EVALUATION
(a) What is a quadrilateral
(b) List 5 types of quadrilaterals and give two properties on each of them
(c) Construct a square ABCD with side AB = 70mm.
(d) Construct a rhombus QRST with angle TQR = 600 and side QR =65mm.
(e) Construct arectangle IJKL with IL = 60mm and IJ = 40mm. draw and measure
diagonal IK.

READING ASSIGNMENT:
Read more on how to construct quadrilaterals in Technical Drawing Manual with Solved
Question Book 1.

WEEK-END ASSIGNMENT:
1. Give the number of line(s) of symmetry possessed by a square, rectangle, rhombus
and trapezium.
2. The diagonals of a rhombus are ----------------------------------.
(a) Equal (b) at equal angles (c) at right angles (d) parallel
3. Which of the following quadrilaterals has both its parallel sides and angles unequal?
(a) Trapezium (b)square (c) deltoid (d) parallelogram
4. Which of the following is a solid figure?
(a) Trapezium b. square c. rhombus d. prism e. deltoid
5. A quadrilateral with unequal sides and angles is a -----------.
(a) Deltoid b. rhombus c. square d. trapezoid

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 32

WEEK 7
MID-TERM BREAK
ASSIGNMENT.
1. Construct a square and a heptagon on a common base of 40 mm
[10 marks] SSCE 2017
2. (a) Construct, full size, the template shown below, showing clearly the:
(i) centres of the arcs
(ii) points of tangency [8 marks]

3. An irregular pentagon PQRST has the following properties: PQ =TS =60; QR =50; PT
=40; angles PQR =300; QPT =1000; PTS =1200.
(a) Construct the full size of the pentagon.
(b) (i) Convert the pentagon to a triangle of equal area
(ii)State the lengths of the base and height of the triangle
(c) (i) Convert the triangle to a square of equal area.
(ii)State the length of the side of the square. [20 marks] [WASSCE 2013]

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 33

4. [ 20 marks]

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 34

WEEK 8
DATE:
TOPIC: QUADRILATERALS(TRAPEZIUM AND PARALLELOGRAM)
SUB-TOPICS:
(a) Construction of parallelogram
(b)Construction of rhomboid
(c)Construction of Trapezium
SUB-TOPIC I:Construction of parallelogram
Procedure:

i. Construct line AB
ii. Construct 900 on both points And B and bisect the two angles giving 450.
iii. Also, project line AC and BD through the constructed 45 0 equal to the required
length.
iv. Join CD.

SUB-TOPIC II: Construction of rhomboid

Rhomboid is another form of parallelogram. Two opposite sides are parallel and equal.
Procedures:

The procedures are very similar to the above parallelogram.

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 35

SUB-TOPIC III: Construction of Trapezium.

Procedures:

i. Draw line B.
ii. Construct 600at point A and 900 t point B.
iii. Mark off AC and BD respectively.
Iv Join B to D and C to A

EVALUATION
a. Construct a quadrilateral ABCD with AB = 70mm, AD = 45mm and a diagonal 120mm
from A. Measure and record BD, CD, angles ABC, ADC, ACD and ACD.
b. Construct a square DEFG in a circle of diameter 60mm. Measure the side of the
square.

READING ASSIGNMENT:
 Read your textbook Technical Drawing for school certificate and G.C.E, spectrum
books. By J.N Green.

WEEKEND ASSIGNMENT
 Give four similarities between square, rhombus and rectangle
 What number of lines of symmetry have square, rhombus and rectangle each?

TEXT:Elements of Technical Drawing for Senior School and Colleges (Osuji, U.S.A &Akano,
E.O);Technical Drawing Manual (E.K Ajayi); Technical Drawing for School Certificate and
G.C.E. (J.N. Green)

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 36

WEEK 9
EXAMINATION SAMPLE.

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 37

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )

 38

WEEKS 10-12

REVISION AND EXAMINATION

REVISION AND EXAMINATION

REVISION AND EXAMINATION

REVISION AND EXAMINATION

REVISION AND EXAMINATION

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )
 39

REVISION AND EXAMINATION

DEEPER LIFE HIGH SCHOOL First term TD SSS 1 (BASIC10 )