SCADA Technology and its application

For Power Distribution

By SENTIL KUMARAN
9312070762
BRPL.
 INTRODUCTION

SCADA refers to a system that collects data

from various sensors at a Sub-station, factory, plant or in
other remote locations thru RTU/PLC and then sends this
data to a central computer (MCC/BCC) which then
manages and controls the data.

BRPL - SCADA
 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SCADA, as the name itself suggests acquires data from
geographically distant remote locations and makes it available at
Control centre for supervisory control.

SCADA system, thus connects two distinctly different

environments.

3
 SCADA Abbreviations

RTU- Remote Terminal Unit

FRTU – Feeder Remote Terminal Unit

IED – Intelligent Electronic Device

HMI – Human Machine Interface

DR – Disturbance Recorder

BSES Rajdhani Power

Limited
 SCADA Abbreviations

BCU – Bay Controller Protection Unit

BCPU – Bay Controller Protection Unit

MFM – Multi Function Meters

BSES Rajdhani Power

Limited
 SCADA Components

 SCADA Equipments at Field – RTU, BCPU,BCU,MFM,

Marshalling Panel, Transducers & Accessories – Cables, CMR,
Connectors, etc..

 Communication Infrastructure - Gateway, Switches,

Converters, Fortinet, etc…

 Master & Back Up Control Center

BSES Rajdhani Power

Limited
 COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS
The Communication Protocols used between RTU/FRTU
,between numerical relays and meters, Master Control Centre
are:-

IEC – 60870 – 5 – 101

IEC – 60870 – 5 – 101

IEC – 60870 – 5 – 103

IEC – 60870 – 5 – 104

IEC – 61850

Modbus & DNP3

 IT Equipments
UPLINK

GATEWAY
AUX.
SUPPL
Y
DC/DC
CONV.

SWITCH

LOCAL PC
AMR.
RTU
 COMMUNICATION MEDIA
The Communication media used between RTU/FRTU and
Master Control Centre are:-
Fiber Optic Communication

3G Dongle

Airtel / Sify Communication

Modem Communication
SCADA Control Center Architecture

Back
UP
Control Web
Center Server
ICCP
CONTROL Web Users
Transco CDMA
Modem
Optical Fiber RTU
Grid Station #1

FRTU
Analog / Digital Inputs
Switching, Tap Changing
Switching
Basic Functions of RTU
 RTU Basics
• The RTU or the Remote Terminal Unit is one of the components that
comprise the SCADA system. It gathers information that is present in the
field and its sends it to the MCC. Similarly, it executes the command that
come from the MCC. So, we see that it is a two-way communication device
that keeps updating the status of the field continually and simultaneously
executing the commands from the Control Center.
• There are three panels in RTU.
– First One, Housing a stack of racks called the “RTU Panel”
– Second, Housing only the MFMS or Multifunction Meters, called the
“MFM panel”.
– Third one, Marshalling Panel.
 RTU Basics
The RTU panel consists of a Basic Rack & Extension Racks
Basic Rack: -
The Basic rack or the Communication Rack houses the brain of the RTU. It
consists of nine slots. Into these slots are inserted a set of “Cards”. The
Cards are the CPUs of the RTU. They help in coordinating the flow of data
from and into the RTU. These CPUs are basically of two types.
SLI (Serial Line Interface) Cards
ETH (Ethernet)/CPU Cards
The SLI Card acts as an interface between the RTU and the IEDs. It
continually reads data from the IEDs. These IEDs could either be Numerical
Relays mounted on the CR Panel or an MFM placed on the MFM panel of
the RTU It is generally placed in a slot of the Basic Rack. The SLI card has
got a provision for communicating with the IEDs through four ports, A, B, 1
and 2. The port A and B are of the RS485 type where 1 and 2 are of the
RS232. The SLI card has an MMI port for communicating with PC.
 RTU Basics
• The ETH card controls the process events and communications with the
Control Centers. It continually reads the data from the Extension Racks, the
SLI cards and sends it to the control center. The ETH card has a port “E”,
which is used by the RTU to communicate to the Master. The ETH is
connected to the Extension Rack through port A or B, called COM A and
COM B. It also has an MMI port similar to the one present in the SLI card,
for handling the dialogue between the RTU and the web browser.
• The ETH and the SLI cards communicate with each other through a
dedicated communication channel present on the back plane of the Basic
Rack. Extension Racks: -
The Extension rack is a place, which is used to house the Input/Output
Modules of the RTU. Similar to the structure of the Basic Rack, the
Extension rack has 19 slots into which the I/O modules can be inserted. The
extension rack communicates only with the ETH card of the Basic Rack. In
cases where there are more than one extension racks, each communication
port of the extension rack is looped with the one succeeding it.
 RTU Basics
• As mentioned before, the extension rack is connected to the ETH through
port A or B, called COM A and COM B.
• The I/O or Input/Output modules are located in the Extension rack. The
function of the Input Modules is to send the status of the equipment present
in the grid station to the MCC.
• The function of the output modules is to control the status of the equipment
from the MCC. Thus, we see that the flow of data, in the case of input
modules, is from RTU to MCC and from MCC to RTU in the case of Output
modules.
• The different type of I/O modules used are the
DI cards – 23BE21/23
AI cards – 23AE21/23
DO cards. – 23BA20
• The DI cards have 16 channels, which can be used for indications. If one
takes a look at the front face of the DI card, one can see 16 LEDs. Each
LED indicates a particular status at the field.
 RTU Basics
• The AI card on the other hand gives the analog value of the signal. It has 16
channels on which eight signals can be configured. The input to a channel
in the AI card is a 4-20ma dc current, which is proportional to the range of
the analog value.
• The DO card is used to execute commands that are sent from the MCC. As
soon as the DO card gets a command from the MCC, it sends a pulse of
48v dc to the exciting terminals of the contactor. As soon as the contactor
gets this pulse it closes its contacts and the command gets executed.
– There is a contactor dedicated to execute a particular command.
 RTU Basics
• MFM PANEL: -
• The MFM Panel consists of MFMs. On the Panel cutouts are made
pertaining to the size of the MFMs. The MFMs are then inserted into the
cutouts and are tightly clamped. As mentioned before, the MFM is an IED
and it communicates with the MCC through the SLI card.
• The MFM has 12 terminals to which connections have to be provided.
– 2 are for auxiliary supply(48 Vdc),
– 4 are for PT secondary (R,Y,B,N)
– 6 are for CT secondary.
• Apart from these terminals, the MFM has a Communicable port and a port
to which a hand held programmable and display unit can be connected.
The MFM is an IED that can calculate values once the inputs from the
secondary of the CTs and PTs have been given. Each MFM is dedicated to
a particular panel, be it, outgoing or incoming. The MFM calculates and
displays values on a hand held programming and display unit. These values
depend on the programmed primary value corresponding to the CT and PT
ratio, pertaining to that feeder.
 RTU Basics
• There is a communication port available for each MFM. It uses the RS 485
connection scheme. The communication ports of five MFMs are looped. It is
extended to the front face of an SLI card through a cable. A maximum of 32
MFMS can be connected to one single cable. The cable is then terminated
at the A and B ports of the SLI cards, using an RJ45 jack. In order to
terminate the cable in port 1 and 2 of the SLI card, we have to make use of
a converter, which converts the RS 485 into a RS232 scheme.
 Functions of RTU

• Digital or status inputs

RTUs incorporate an input section or input status cards to acquire two state real
world information. This is usually accomplished by using an isolated voltage or
current source to sense the position of a remote contact (open or closed) at the
RTU site. This contact position may represent many different devices, including
electrical breakers, liquid valve positions, alarm conditions, and mechanical
positions of devices.
• Analog inputs
A RTU can monitor analog inputs of different types including 0-1 mA, 4–
20 mA current loop, 0–10 V., ±2.5 V, ±5.0 V etc.
An RTU can also receive analog data via a communication system from a
master or IED (Intelligent Electronic Device) sending data values to it.
The RTU or host system translates and scales this raw data into the
appropriate units such as quantity of water left, temperature degrees, or
Megawatts, before presenting the data to the user via the HMI.
 Functions of RTU
• Digital (control) outputs
RTUs may drive high current capacity relays to a digital output (or "DO")
board to switch power on and off to devices in the field. The DO board
switches voltage to the coil in the relay, which closes the high current
contacts, which completes the power circuit to the device.
• Software and logic control
RTUs are capable of executing simple programs autonomously without
involving the SCADA system to simplify deployment and to provide
redundancy for safety reasons.
• IED communications
IED communications transfer data between the RTU and an IED. This can
eliminate the need for many hardware status inputs, analog inputs, and
relay outputs in the RTU. Communications are accomplished by copper or
fiber optics lines
 Functions of RTU
• Master communications
Master communications are usually to a larger control system in a control
room or a data collection system incorporated into a larger system. Data
may be moved using a copper, fiber optic or radio frequency communication
system.
• Comparison with other control systems
RTUs differ from programmable logic controllers (PLCs) in that RTUs are
more suitable for wide geographical telemetry, often using wireless
communications, while PLCs are more suitable for local area control (plants,
production lines, etc.) where the system utilizes physical media for control.
IO Chart , Capturing of the
DATA & Signal Flow
Diagram
 Capturing of the Data /Interface Types

Type of Interface from Control and Relay Panel to RTU .

 Conventional Type (Hard cable Interface).

 Modern (Step-1) interface through Numerical Relays.

 Modern(Step-2) Interfaces through IEC – 61850 Protocol.

 Bay Control Unit Concept.

BSES Rajdhani Power Limited

 Conventional Interface
Control Center

RTU
Hardwired Signals through
Control Cables

RTCC & Batt.CHG

C &R -1 C &R -2

I/O Signals CT/PT CT/PT I/O Signals

From From
Switchgear Switchgear

BSES Rajdhani Power Limited

 Modern (Step-1) interface through Numerical
Relays.

 Hardwired Signals from Field Equipment to Numerical Relay

Binary Input & Out Put Modules.

 Serial/ Proprietary Bus for interface between Relays and

RTU/HMI through IEC – 103 & Modbus Protocols.

 Horizontal Interactions of signals (Relay to Relay) can be

hardwired or over a field bus

 Vertical Interactions are communications-based

BSES Rajdhani Power Limited

 Modern Architecture (Step -1)
Control Center

RTU / Gateway
Serial Bus

Numerical. Relay -1 Numerical Relay -2

MFM1 MFM2

Switchgear Switchgear
CT/PT CT/PT
Signals Signals

BSES Rajdhani Power Limited

 Modern(Step-2) Interfaces through IEC –
61850 Protocol.

 Hardwired Signals from Field Equipment to Numerical Relay

Binary Input/Out put Modules.

 IEC 61850 Standards based Communication between Relays

and RTU/HMI.

 Horizontal(Relay to Relay) & Vertical(Relay to RTU)

Interactions are both communication basis

 Relay To Relay Communications through Logics/Interlocks.

BSES Rajdhani Power Limited
 Modern Architecture (Step-2)
Control Center

EWS/ RTU /
RTU IEC 61850
HMI Gateway Hardwired
Station
Signals
Bus

Numerical
Relay Numerical
Relay Relay
Relay #1
-1 #2 - 2

MFM1 MFM2
Switchgear Switchgear
CT/PT CT/PT

BSES Rajdhani Power Limited

 Topic1 - Site Survey to design RTU & BOM for
Adaptations works.

BCU Concept (IEC 61850 )

 Intelligent Switchgear or Merge units that require no
hardwiring from field to control room.

 International Standards based Communication –

Interoperability across vendors

 Horizontal & Vertical Interactions are both communication

basis

 Uses Ethernet which is a common Communication Medium

BSES Rajdhani Power Limited
 BCU Architecture (IEC 61850 )
Control Center

EWS/ RTU /
IEC 61850
HMI Gateway Station
Bus

RTCC/BATT.
CHG

BCU - 1 IEC 61850

BCU - 2
MFM
Process
Bus

Merge Unit
Non-
Intelligent
conventional Conventional
Switchgear
CT/PT
Switchgear CT/PT

BSES Rajdhani Power Limited

 Integration of DI signals of
Breaker & Isolator
RTU 560 BREAKER
SIGNALS TYPE APPLICABLE

1 9 Breaker ON DPI 11/33/66 KV

2 1
Breaker OFF DPI 11/33/66 KV
0
3 1 Spring Charge SPI 11/33/66 KV
DI -01 1
23BE2 4 1 Breaker IN-Service SPI 11/33/66 KV
1
2
5 1 Trip circuit Healthy SPI 11/33/66 KV
3 Main DC fail SPI 11/33/66 KV
6 1
4 SCADA Enable SPI 11/33/66 KV
1
7 9
1
2 1
5 O/C & Earth Fault SPI 11/33/66 KV
8 0
1
DI -02 3 1
6 Auto Trip SPI 11/33/66 KV
23BE2
1 1 Local Remote SPI 11/33/66 KV
4 1
2 Distance/Differential SPI 33/66 KV
5 1
3 SF-6 Pressure Low SPI 33/66 KV
6 1
Oil Temp Alarm SPI 33/66 KV
4
7 1 Oil Temp Trip SPI 33/66 KV
1 9
5
2
8 1 Winding Alarm SPI 33/66 KV
0
6
3 1 Winding Trip SPI 33/66 KV
DI -03 1
23BE2 Bucholz Alarm SPI 33/66 KV
1 4 1
2 Bucholz Trip SPI 33/66 KV
5 1
3 PRV Trip SPI 33/66 KV
6 1
4 OLTC OSR SPI 33/66 KV
7 1
Fan Failure SPI 33/66 KV
1 9
5
2
8 1 Tap Change Fail SPI 33/66 KV
0
6
DI -04 3 1 OLTC out of step SPI 33/66 KV
23BE2
1 1
4 1 MOG SPI 33/66 KV
2
OSR main Tank SPI 33/66 KV
5 1
3
6 1 ISOLATOR
4 Isolator ON DPI 11/33/66 KV
7 1
5 Isolator OFF DPI 11/33/66 KV
8 1
6
 Integration of DO & AI signals
RTU 560 Digital Output Signals
SIGNALS TYPE APPLICABLE

1 9 CB ON DCO 11/33/66 KV
2 1
CB OFF DCO 11/33/66 KV
0
3 1 ISO ON DCO 33/66 KV
DO -
01
1
23BA2 4 1 ISO OFF DCO 33/66 KV
0
2
5 1 Tap Raise RCO 33/66 KV
3 Tap Low RCO 33/66 KV
6 1
4
1
7 9
1
2 1
5
8 0
1
DO - 3 1
6
02
23BA2
0
1
4 1
2
5 1
3
6 1
4
7 1
5 Analog Input Signals
8 1
1 9 SIGNALS TYPE
6
2 1
0 4 to 20 mA signal OIL TEMP ANALOG
AI -01 3 1
WINDING TEMP ANALOG
23AE2 1
0
4 1 TAP POSITION ANALOG
2
5 1 BATTERY CURRENT ANALOG
3
6 1 BATTERY VOLTAGE ANALOG
4
17 91
2 15 Note: 8 analog signal can be configured in one 16 input
01 analog card
8
AI -02 3 16
23AB2
0 1
4 1
2
5 1
3
6 1
4
7 1
5
8 1
6
 Integration of Multi
RTU 560
Function Meter
MFM-1 MFM-2 MFM-3 MFM- MFM-
4 5
A
RS485
SLI
B
CARD
1 1

A
Note: SLI card has four ports ( Port A & B of type RS485 &
SLI port 1 & 2 of type RS232)
B
CARD
2 1
Parameter Details
2
Current L1

Current L2

Current L3

AUX R-Y Ph Voltage

MFM Terminals (Rishabh make)
SUPPLY
(50VDC) Y-B Ph Voltage
2 5 8 11 1 3 4 6 7 9 13 14

L N B-R Ph Voltage

Active Power

Reactive Power
PT

.
Power factor
L

.
1
Max demand
L

.
2
Neutral Current
L
3
Third Harmonics
 CT Connection
Existing wires to be removed
Metering CT
R
Instruments Instruments Instruments

Y
Instruments Instruments Instruments

B
Instruments Instruments Instruments

Field
R1 R2
Y1 Y2
B1 B2
CP

RTU

Connection for CT terminals

 PT Connection
PT `
R

Field CP

RTU

PT Connection
Digital Input Connection
Dis CP / RP RTU

+
Common +
SCADA SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Thank You.