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04 Voltage Transformers

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7 views13 pages

04 Voltage Transformers

Uploaded by

Junaid
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Voltage Transformers

Power System Protection

Abdul Basit
Voltage Transformer
• Requirements:
• Secondary voltage should be proportional to the primary voltage.
• Less voltage drop in windings
• Flux density well below the saturation value
• Small magnetization current results in constant magnetization
• Secondary voltage of a VT is usually 110 V with corresponding line-
to-neutral values.
Equivalent circuit
• VTs can be considered as small power transformers

Ignoring magnetizing branch impedance


Vector Diagram

• Secondary voltage Vs lags the voltage Vp/n and is smaller in magnitude.


• Nominal maximum errors are relatively small.
• VTs have an excellent transient behavior and accurately reproduce abrupt changes in the
primary voltage
VT accuracy
• Errors should be contained within narrow limits over a wide range of
possible voltages under fault conditions.
• between 5% and 173% of the nominal primary voltage
• Errors in a VT are due to differences in magnitude and phase between
primary and secondary voltage
• Under open-circuit conditions the circulation of the magnetization current
through the primary winding produces drop in secondary voltage
• Heavy load current resulting in voltage drop
Capacitor voltage transformers
• Size and cost of VT is proportional to its nominal voltage
• To cut down the VT size and cost, a capacitance potential divider is
used.
• Reduced voltage is fed to primary of the transformer reduces the size of VT
through coupling capacitor voltage transformers (CCVT)
• Capacitance divider affects the voltage received by the relay.
• Voltage drop compensated by connecting reactance in series at the point of
connection
• Tuning inductor‘s value is so chosen that it compensates for the ‘net C' at
power frequency
Capacitor voltage transformers
Capacitor voltage transformers
Vi is equal to the nominal primary
voltage, C is the numerically equivalent
impedance equal to (C1 + C2), L is the
resonance inductance, Ri represents the
resistance of the primary winding of
transformer T plus the losses in C and L,
and Ze is the magnetization impedance of
transformer

Resistance of the secondary circuit and the load impedance are represented by Rs`
and ZB`, respectively, whereas Vs` and Is` represents the secondary voltage.
Capacitor Voltage Transformers
• With exception of C, the circuit is same as the equivalent circuit of a power
transformer.
• At system frequency when C and L are resonating and cancelling out each
other, under stable system conditions the capacitor VT acts like a
conventional transformer.
• Small R and Ie compared with Is results in small error in the capacitor VT.
• Capacitor VTs have a better transient behavior as the inductive and
capacitive reactances in series are large in relation to the load impedance
referred to the secondary voltage and thus, when the primary voltage
collapses, the secondary voltage is maintained for some milliseconds
because of the combination of the series and parallel resonant circuits
represented by L, C and the transformer.
Example 1
Design a CCVT for a 132kV transmission line using the following data.
Resistive Burden (3ϕ) = 150VA, frequency deviation to be subjected to,
phase angle error β = 40 minutes. Consider four choices of V2 as 33 kV,
11 kV, 6.6 kV and 3.3 kV. Transmission line voltage V = 132 kV. The
standardized VT secondary voltage is 110 volts (L - L).

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Example 1

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Example 2
The equivalent circuit of a CCVT is shown in figure. The values of C1 and C2 are
0.0018 µF and 0.0186 µF respectively. Tuning inductor has an inductance of 497H
and resistance of 4620 Ω. Xm of the VT referred to 6.6 kV side is 1MΩ , core loss =
20 watts per phase, VA burden = 150VA per phase. Value of Cm for compensating
the current drawn by Xm is equal to 3.183 nF.

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Example 2
a) Verify the appropriateness of choice of L and Cm.
b) Find out the nominal value of V/V2
c) If the frequency drops from 50Hz to 47Hz, what would be the
values of ratio error and phase angle error?

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