PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1 REVIEWER ➢ Scientific literature or other theories-

don’t just rely on lectures but make an

Writing a Research Proposal
effort to read more about it
A good research proposal should be clear
and
Introduction
precise which indicates:
➢ It's the foremost preliminary step for
➢ What do you want to know?
proceeding with any research work writing.
➢ Why do you want to know it?
➢ In this section details about the topics
➢ How will you be able to know it?
are elaborated. In this section, the reason
for choosing this topic is also mentioned.
Parts of the research proposal
➢ While doing this go through a complete
➢ Title
thought process of your Journal subject and
➢ Introduction
research for its viability by the following
➢ Background of the study ( including
means:
literature review and framework)
➢ Read already published work in the same
➢ Significance of the study
field.
➢ Research objective/s and problem
➢ Googling on the topic of your research
statement/s
work.
➢ Methodology
➢ Attend conferences, workshops, and
➢ Research Design
symposiums on the same fields or related
➢ Population and Locale
counterparts.
➢ Data gathering Tool
➢ Understand the scientific terms and
➢ Data gathering procedure
jargon related to your research work.
➢ Data Analysis
➢ References
Research Objective
➢ Appendices
• is a statement designed to understand
➢ Pertinent letters
and gain knowledge about the identified
➢ Actual data gathering tool (e.g. survey
topic of interest in your research
questionnaire, interview guide, rubrics etc.)
– Why do we want to carry out the
research?
Choosing your title
– What do we hope to achieve?
➢ consider the importance of the research,
– What do we want to know or investigate?
your interest, and your experiences, and
• Types of objectives
this be backed up with scientific literature
– General objective- states what the
or other theories.
research expects to attain in general
➢ Importance of the research – promote
terms. This usually includes a broad
the common good
statement of the goal of the study.
➢ Interest of the researcher- it is more
– Specific objective- states specific goals
significant to make sure that you are
that are narrowed down to become more
interested in what you are doing because
achievable
you are reading a lot about your topic,
» Research objectives should SMART
writing a lot about it, talking about it a lot,
» S- specific (simple, brief, and concise)
and thinking about it for the whole duration
» M- measurable (observable and visible)
of your class.
» A- attainable (human and material
➢ Experiences of the researcher- The topic
resources should be attainable)
should be
» R-realistic (accomplishment should be at
“researchable” in a way that not all of your
hand and result-oriented)
experience could be studied.
» T-time-bound (attainable and done in a
specific targeted time)
 ➢ It should identify the major findings on a
Research Problem topic up to the present;
• it states the area of concern, condition to ➢ It should point out the principal
improve, difficulty to eliminate, or scholarly deficiencies of these studies or
questions being raised in the academe. provide a sense of what is lacking in the
This shows a need to attain a meaningful literature; and
understanding and deliberate ➢ It should conclude by leading into your
investigation. research question, by explaining how your
• a topic is identified based on the research proposes to contribute to the
experiences, observations, and scientific literature or address some shortcomings of
literature which emphasize the research a previous study.
gap
Types of Literature
Theoretical/ Conceptual Framework • Journal articles
• the process that the research will follow • Textbooks
is called the framework or paradigm. • Conference proceedings and government
• putting the theories in perspective which reports
will create the theoretical framework while • Theses and dissertations
integrating the concepts or variables to be • Magazines and newspapers
understood in research is the conceptual • Webpages and blogs
framework.
– Framework- it is an abstract and logical Citation and Referencing
structure of key concepts and their • It is important to know and understand
relationships that guide the researcher the proper citation being used
throughout the research process. – Referencing - is the act of attributing to a
– Theory- a well-established principle that certain person, group, or entity a material,
arises from constant observation and passage, or words you used in your
testing, which is used to explain a certain research by putting the complete details of
phenomenon. the material cited in a list of literature used
– Theoretical framework- the structure that in the study.
can embrace or support a presented theory – Citation- giving credit to the person,
is a research study. It introduces and group, or entity who originally wrote the
describes relevant concepts and theories material, passage, or words you used in
which explain why the research problem your research.
under study exists. • Social Sciences, Business, and other
– Conceptual framework- this presents the related fields use the APA (American
relationship between the different Psychological Association) format
constructs that one wants to study. – Two ways of properly acknowledging a
source of information in writing a research
Review of Related Literature proposal or
➢ A literature review is a summary of the manuscript in APA
major studies that have been published on » End-text citation- the author’s last name
a research topic. and the date of publication should appear
➢ Literature review is usually included as in the text e.g, (Anacin, 2012), and
part of the complete reference information should
introduction in research papers. appear in the reference list and In-text
➢ The literature review should accomplish citation- author’s name appears as part of
three goals: a sentence and only the year of the
publication should be enclosed in a
 parenthesis e,g. According to Anacin REAL LIFE CONSEQUENCES:
(2012)….. • Damaged the reputation of two
» Reference list- appears at the end of the prominent historians, Stephen Ambrose
paper or proposal and Doris Kearns Goodwin,
• Kearns left television position and
PLAGIARISM stepped down as Pulitzer Prize judge for
Plagiarism defined: “lifting” 50 passages for her 1987 book The
The word “plagiarism” comes from the Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys
Latin plagiarus meaning “kidnapper” (Lewis)
• Senator Joseph Biden dropped his 1987
Why is plagiarism important? Who really campaign for the Democratic presidential
cares? nomination. (Sabato)
▪Plagiarism is theft of intellectual property. • Copied in law school and borrowed from
▪Plagiarism is cheating. campaign speeches of Robert Kennedy
▪Plagiarism may result in receiving a • Boston Globe journalist Mike Barnicle
failing grade or forced to resign for plagiarism in his
zero in any academic writing. Plagiarism columns (“Boston Columnist . . .”)
could result • Probe of plagiarism at UVA--45 students
in a disciplinary referral. dismissed, 3 graduate degrees revoked
• CNN Article AP. 26 Nov. 2001
Some of the things that you think you • Channel One Article AP. 27 Nov. 2002
know
about plagiarism may be wrong. IS THIS IMPORTANT?
 It does not matter if the person whose What if:
work you have cited is alive or dead. If it is • Your architect cheated his way through
not your own idea, you must cite your math class. Will your new home be safe?
source! • Your lawyer paid for a copy of the bar
 If you translate or paraphrase something, exam to study. Will the contract she wrote
you must still give a citation. for you stand up in court?
 If you use a picture from the Internet, you • The accountant who does your taxes
must cite the source. hired someone to write his papers and paid
a stand-in to take his major tests? Does he
TWO TYPES OF PLAGIARISM: know enough to complete your tax forms
Intentional properly? (Lathrop and Foss 87)
• Copying a friend’s work
• Buying or borrowing papers Do I have to cite everything?
• Cutting and pasting blocks of text from NOPE!
electronic • Facts that are widely known, or
sources without documenting • Information or judgments considered
• Media “borrowing” without “common knowledge”
documentation Do NOT have to be documented.
• Web publishing without permission of
creators EXAMPLES OF COMMON KNOWLEDGE
Unintentional  John Adams was our second president
• Careless paraphrasing  The Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on
• Poor documentation December 7, 1941
• Quoting excessively If you see a fact in three or more sources,
• Failure to use your own “voice” and you are fairly certain your readers
already know this information, it is likely to Quotations must be attributed to the
be “common knowledge.” original author and the source that you
But when in doubt, cite! used.

NO NEED TO DOCUMENT WHEN: PARAPHRASING

 You are discussing your own Paraphrasing means rephrasing the words
experiences, observations, or reactions of an author, putting his/her thoughts in
 Compiling the results of original your own words. When you paraphrase,
research, from science experiments, you rework the source’s ideas, words,
etc. phrases, and sentence structures with your
 You are using common knowledge own. Like quotations, paraphrased material
must be followed with in-text
USE THESE THREE STRATEGIES, documentation and cited on your Works-
 Quoting Cited page.
 Paraphrasing
 Summarizing Paraphrase when:
To blend source materials in with your own, • You plan to use information on your note
making sure your own voice is heard. cards and wish to avoid plagiarizing
• You want to avoid overusing quotations
QUOTING • You want to use your own voice to
- Quotations are the exact words of an present information
author, copied directly from a source,
word for word. Quotations must be The inadequate paraphrase is guilty of
cited! plagiarism
even though the material is cited correctly.
Use quotations when: The
• You want to add the power of an author’s writer has used too many word-for-word
words to support your argument phases
• You want to disagree with an author’s from the source. Also, the order of the
argument ideas is
• You want to highlight particularly unchanged from the source.
eloquent or powerful phrases or passages
• You are comparing and contrasting SUMMARIZING
specific points of view • Summarizing involves putting the main
• You want to note the important research idea(s) of one or several writers into your
that precedes your own own words, including only the main
point(s). Summaries are significantly
Quotations should be used sparingly. They shorter than the original and take a broad
must be exact, wordfor-word as they overview of the source material. Again, it is
appear in the original document. necessary to attribute summarized ideas to
Quotes require a citation in addition to the their original sources.
use of quotation marks.
Every quoted word needs to be cited. Even Summarize when:
a short phrase or single word must be • You want to establish background or offer
quoted and cited if it is unusual. an overview of a topic
“pretzeled logic” • You want to describe knowledge (from
“clandestine coup” several sources) about a topic
• You want to determine the main ideas of
a single source
AS YOU TAKE NOTES:
• Include any direct quotes or unique
phrases in quotation marks or mark with a
big Q and make sure the speaker’s /writer’s
name is identified.
• Make sure you note a paraphrase with
the writer’s name and mark it with a big P
• Include page numbers and source
references so you can go back and check
for accuracy as you write.

WHEN IN DOUBT, USE A CITATION!

Sorry, you cannot use someone else’s
paper, art work, or presentation without
proper citation even if he gave you
permission. (Of course, your instructor may
not want someone else’s paper as your
work even with proper citation!)
You may even have to cite yourself. If you
created a work for a previous paper or
presentation, and you are using it again,
you must cite your previous work.