Table of Contents

1. Number Types

 Explanation
 Enhanced Explanation
 Real-Life Applications
 Questions with Answers
 Questions Only
 Past Paper Questions
 Interactive Activities

2. Operations and Brackets

 Explanation
 Enhanced Explanation
 Real-Life Applications
 Questions with Answers
 Questions Only
 Past Paper Questions
 Interactive Activities

3. HCF and LCM

 Explanation
 Enhanced Explanation
 Real-Life Applications
 Questions with Answers
 Questions Only
 Past Paper Questions
 Interactive Activities

ENG. OSSAMA ABDALLAH 1

4. Fractions
 Explanation
 Enhanced Explanation
 Real-Life Applications
 Questions with Answers
 Questions Only
 Past Paper Questions
 Interactive Activities

5. Powers and Roots

 Explanation
 Enhanced Explanation
 Real-Life Applications
 Questions with Answers
 Questions Only
 Past Paper Questions
 Interactive Activities

6. Ratio and Proportions

 Explanation
 Enhanced Explanation
 Real-Life Applications
 Questions with Answers
 Questions Only
 Past Paper Questions
 Interactive Activities

7. Number Equivalents
 Explanation
 Enhanced Explanation
 Real-Life Applications
 Questions with Answers
 Questions Only
 Past Paper Questions
 Interactive Activities

ENG. OSSAMA ABDALLAH 2

8. Percentage
 Explanation
 Enhanced Explanation
 Real-Life Applications
 Questions with Answers
 Questions Only
 Past Paper Questions
 Interactive Activities
9. Rounding Numbers
 Explanation
 Enhanced Explanation
 Real-Life Applications
 Questions with Answers
 Questions Only
 Past Paper Questions
 Interactive Activities

10. Time
 Explanation
 Enhanced Explanation
 Real-Life Applications
 Questions with Answers
 Questions Only
 Past Paper Questions
 Interactive Activities

ENG. OSSAMA ABDALLAH 3

 Lesson 1: Number Types
Explanation
Numbers can be classified into several types based on their properties:
 Natural Numbers: Positive integers starting from 1 (1, 2, 3, ...).
 Whole Numbers: Natural numbers including zero (0, 1, 2, 3, ...).
 Integers: Whole numbers and their negative counterparts (-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2,
3, ...).
 Rational Numbers: Numbers that can be expressed as a fraction a/b
where b≠0 (e.g., 1/2,−3,0.75).
 Irrational Numbers: Numbers that cannot be expressed as a fraction
(e.g., √2,π).
 Prime Numbers: Natural numbers greater than 1 that have no positive
divisors other than 1 and themselves (e.g., 2, 3, 5, 7, 11).
 Composite Numbers: Natural numbers greater than 1 that have more than
two positive divisors (e.g., 4, 6, 8, 9, 10).
Enhanced Explanation
Understanding the classification of numbers is fundamental in mathematics and
lays the groundwork for more complex concepts.
 Natural Numbers: These are the basic counting numbers we use daily. They
help us quantify objects and perform basic arithmetic operations. For
example, you might count the number of apples in a basket using natural
numbers.
 Whole Numbers: This category extends natural numbers by including zero,
which is essential in various mathematical operations and concepts, such as
representing the absence of quantity.
 Integers: Integers encompass both positive and negative numbers, allowing
us to represent more complex situations. For instance, if you have a debt of
$20, that can be represented as -20 in the integer set.

ENG. OSSAMA ABDALLAH 4

  Rational Numbers: These numbers include fractions and decimals, making
them versatile in mathematical expressions. They are crucial in real-world
applications, such as financial calculations and measurements. For instance, if
you want to divide a pizza among friends, you would use fractions to ensure
everyone gets an equal share.
 Irrational Numbers: These numbers cannot be precisely expressed as
fractions, making them unique. They often arise in geometry (like the
diagonal of a square) and calculus. Understanding irrational numbers
enhances our ability to work with more complex mathematical concepts.
 Prime Numbers: Primes are the building blocks of numbers. The
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic states that every whole number greater
than 1 can be expressed as a product of primes. For example, the number 30
can be factored as 2×3×5. Primes have applications in computer science,
particularly in cryptography, where they help secure data.
 Composite Numbers: These numbers offer insight into the structure of the
integers. Knowing that a number is composite allows us to understand its
factors, which is essential for simplifying fractions and solving equations. For
example, recognizing that 12 is composite helps us factor it into 22×3.
Real-Life Applications
 Natural Numbers: Counting items, such as the number of students in a class
or the number of cars in a parking lot.
 Whole Numbers: Keeping score in games where zero is possible, like board
games.
 Integers: Calculating net worth in finance, where debts are represented as
negative values.
 Rational Numbers: Measuring ingredients in recipes, such as 1/2 cup of
sugar.
 Irrational Numbers: Calculating the circumference of circles using π or the
length of a diagonal in a square using √2.

ENG. OSSAMA ABDALLAH 5

  Prime Numbers: Used in computer algorithms and security systems to
encrypt data, ensuring secure communication.
 Composite Numbers: Important in resource management, such as when
distributing goods among groups or optimizing production schedules.
Questions with Answers
1. Classify the following numbers: -5, 0, 3.14,√3 , 17, 20.
 Answer: -5 (Integer), 0 (Whole Number), 3.14 (Rational), √3
(Irrational), 17 (Prime), 20 (Composite).
2. List the first five prime numbers.
 Answer: 2, 3, 5, 7, 11.
3. Is 15 a prime number? Explain.
 Answer: No, because it has divisors other than 1 and itself (3 and 5).
4. Provide two examples of irrational numbers and describe their
significance.
 Answer: π (used in circle calculations), ,√2 (used in geometry).
Questions Only
1. Classify these numbers: -3, 0, 1.5, ,√5,23,30.
2. Identify which of the following are prime numbers: 19,21,31,45.
3. Give examples of natural numbers that are also whole numbers.
Past Paper Questions
1. Define and give an example of a prime number.
2. Classify the number 2424 and explain why it fits that category.
Interactive Activities
 Prime or Composite Game: Create a digital quiz where students identify
whether a given number is prime or composite.
 Factorization Challenge: Provide students with composite numbers and ask
them to find all possible prime factors.

ENG. OSSAMA ABDALLAH 6

 Lesson 2: Operations and Brackets
Explanation
Mathematical operations are fundamental processes that include addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division. These operations are used to manipulate
numbers to solve problems. Brackets (parentheses) are used to indicate the order
in which operations should be performed in a mathematical expression. The basic
arithmetic operations include:
 Addition (+): Combining quantities (e.g., 5 + 3 = 8).
 Subtraction (−): Finding the difference (e.g., 10 - 4 = 6).
 Multiplication (×): Repeated addition (e.g., 3 × 4 = 12).
 Division (÷): Splitting a quantity into equal parts (e.g., 12 ÷ 3 = 4).
Enhanced Explanation
Mastering these operations is essential for problem-solving in various contexts.
The order of operations (PEMDAS/BODMAS) helps ensure accuracy in complex
calculations.
 Order of Operations (PEMDAS/BODMAS):
 P/B (Parentheses/Brackets): Always perform calculations inside brackets
first. This includes any operations that are enclosed within parentheses.
 E/O (Exponents/Orders): After brackets, calculate any exponents (such as
squares, cubes, etc.).
 MD (Multiplication and Division): Perform multiplication and division from
left to right. These operations are equally prioritized.
 AS (Addition and Subtraction): Finally, perform addition and subtraction
from left to right.
Real-Life Applications
 Addition: Calculating total expenses for a shopping list.
 Subtraction: Figuring out remaining balance after purchases.
 Multiplication: Determining total costs when buying multiple items.
 Division: Distributing resources evenly among groups.

ENG. OSSAMA ABDALLAH 7

Questions with Answers
1. Calculate (3+5)×2.
 Answer: 16.
2. Solve 12−(2+4).
 Answer: 6.
3. What is the result of 8+2×(3−1)8+2×(3−1)?
 Answer: 12.
Questions Only
1. Calculate 6+(4×2)−3.
2. Evaluate (15−3)÷2+5.
3. What is (7−2)×3+1?
Past Paper Questions
1. Solve the expression 5+2×3−4.
2. If x=3, evaluate 2(x+5)
Interactive Activities
 Order of Operations Challenge: Create a series of problems that require
students to apply the order of operations correctly.
 Math Relay: Organize a relay race where teams solve arithmetic problems at
different stations.

ENG. OSSAMA ABDALLAH 8

 Lesson 3: HCF and LCM
Explanation
 Highest Common Factor (HCF): The largest number that divides two or
more numbers without leaving a remainder. It is useful for simplifying
fractions and determining shared factors.
 Lowest Common Multiple (LCM): The smallest multiple that is exactly
divisible by two or more numbers. It is used in problems involving finding
common denominators or scheduling.
Enhanced Explanation
Finding the HCF and LCM of numbers is essential in various mathematical contexts,
especially in simplifying ratios and fractions.
 Finding HCF:
 Listing Factors: Write down all factors of each number and identify
the largest common one.
 Prime Factorization: Break down each number into its prime factors.
The HCF is the product of the lowest powers of all common prime
factors.
 Finding LCM:
 Listing Multiples: Write out multiples of each number until you find
the smallest common one.
 Prime Factorization: Use the prime factors of each number, taking the
highest power of each prime present in any of the numbers.
Understanding HCF and LCM is important for solving real-world problems, like
sharing items evenly or finding synchronization points in schedules.
Real-Life Applications
 HCF: Useful in simplifying fractions and determining optimal group sizes.
 LCM: Important in scheduling events that repeat at different intervals, such
as bus schedules.

ENG. OSSAMA ABDALLAH 9

Questions with Answers
1. Find the HCF of 12 and 18 using prime factorization.
 Answer: 6.
2. Determine the LCM of 4 and 6 by listing their multiples.
 Answer: 12.
3. What is the HCF of 24, 36, and 60?
 Answer: 12.
Questions Only
1. Find the HCF of 16 and 24 using prime factorization.
2. Determine the LCM of 3, 5, and 7 by listing their multiples.
3. What is the HCF of 30, 45, and 75?
Past Paper Questions
1. Calculate the LCM of 8 and 12.
2. If the HCF of two numbers is 15 and one of the numbers is 30, what is the
other number?
Interactive Activities
 Factor Tree Activity: Have students create factor trees for various numbers
to find HCF and LCM.
 Scheduling Simulation: Provide scenarios where students must find LCM to
plan events.

ENG. OSSAMA ABDALLAH 10

 Lesson 4: Fractions
Explanation
A fraction consists of two parts: a numerator (the top part, indicating how many
parts we have) and a denominator (the bottom part, indicating how many equal
parts the whole is divided into).
Fractions are vital in everyday life for representing parts of a whole, such as in
recipes, measurements, and financial calculations. Understanding how to
manipulate fractions is crucial for mathematical success.
Enhanced Explanation
Fractions are crucial in mathematics as they allow us to represent parts of a whole,
express ratios, and perform calculations involving division.

 Types of Fractions:
3
 Proper Fractions: The numerator is less than the denominator (e.g., ).
4
 Improper Fractions: The numerator is greater than or equal to the
denominator (e.g., 5/3).
 Mixed Numbers: A whole number combined with a proper fraction
1
(e.g., 1 ).
2
 Operations with Fractions:
 Addition and Subtraction: To add or subtract fractions, they must
have a common denominator. For example, 1/4+1/2 requires
converting 1/2 to 2/4 before adding.
 Multiplication: Multiply the numerators and denominators directly.
For example, 2/3×3/4=6/12=1/2.
 Division: To divide by a fraction, multiply by its reciprocal. For
example, 3/4÷2/3=3/4×3/2=9/8.
Understanding fractions enhances problem-solving skills and is essential in various
mathematical contexts.

ENG. OSSAMA ABDALLAH 11

Real-Life Applications
 Cooking: Adjusting ingredient amounts based on serving sizes.
 Measurements: Expressing dimensions in construction projects.
Questions with Answers
1. Simplify 9/12.
 Answer: 3/4.
2. Add 1/4+1/2.
 Answer: 3/4.
3. What is 3/5×2/3?
 Answer: 2/5.
Questions Only
1. Add 3/8+1/4.
2. What is 4/9÷2/3?
3. Subtract 5/6−1/3.
Past Paper Questions
1. Simplify 15/25.
2. If a=2/3 and b=4/5, find a+b.
Interactive Activities
 Fraction Bingo: Create bingo cards with different fractions for students to
simplify or add.
 Cooking Challenge: Have students convert and adjust recipes using
fractions.

ENG. OSSAMA ABDALLAH 12

 Lesson 5: Powers and Roots
Explanation
 Powers: A power indicates how many times to use a number in
multiplication, expressed as an , where a is the base and n is the exponent.
 Roots: A root is the value that, when multiplied by itself, gives the original
number, denoted as √a.
Enhanced Explanation
Understanding powers and roots enhances mathematical fluency and is important
in various fields such as science, engineering, and finance.
 Understanding Powers:
 Powers are used in calculations involving large numbers, such as in
scientific notation. For example, 23=8 means multiplying 2 by itself
three times: 2×2×2.
 Properties of Exponents:
 am×an=am+n
 am÷an=am−n
 (am)n=am×n
 Understanding Roots:
 Square roots and cube roots provide ways to reverse the process of
exponentiation. For example, √16=4 because 4×4=16.
 Properties of Roots:
 √𝑎×√𝑏=√𝑎𝑏
 √𝑎/𝑏=√𝑎/√𝑏
These concepts are foundational in algebra and geometry.
Real-Life Applications
 Powers: Used in scientific notation to express very large or small numbers.
 Roots: Calculating dimensions in geometry, such as the side length of a
square.

ENG. OSSAMA ABDALLAH 13

Questions with Answers
1. Calculate 52.
 Answer: 25.
2. What is √𝟒𝟗?
 Answer: 7.
3. Simplify 33×32.
 Answer: 35=243.
Questions Only
1. Calculate 25.
2. What is √81?
3. Find 42+23.
Past Paper Questions
1. Evaluate 102.
2. If b=3, find b3−2.
Interactive Activities
 Exponent War: A card game where students match bases and exponents to
solve for values.
 Root Finding Race: A timed challenge to solve for square roots of given
numbers.

ENG. OSSAMA ABDALLAH 14

 Lesson 6: Ratio and Proportions
Explanation
 Ratio: A comparison of two quantities expressed as a:b or a/b.
 Proportion: A proportion states that two ratios are equal, expressed
as a/b=c/d.
Enhanced Explanation
Understanding ratios and proportions is vital for scaling recipes, mixing solutions,
and analyzing data sets.
 Ratios:
 Ratios can be simplified just like fractions. For example, the ratio of 10
to 15 can be simplified to 2:3.
 Ratios can be used to describe relationships in various fields, such as
finance (e.g., debt-to-income ratio) or cooking (e.g., the ratio of
ingredients).
 Proportions:
 Proportions allow us to solve problems involving scaling. If 2 apples
cost $3, to find out how much 5 apples cost, we set up a
proportion: 2/3=5/x and solve for x.
 Cross-multiplication is a common method to solve
proportions: 2x=15 gives x=7.5.
Understanding these concepts is essential for practical applications in everyday life.
Real-Life Applications
 Ratios: Used in cooking to maintain flavor balance.
 Proportions: Important in determining quantities in recipes or financial
analysis.
Questions with Answers
1. Simplify the ratio 10:15.
 Answer: 2:3.

ENG. OSSAMA ABDALLAH 15

 2. If the ratio of cats to dogs is 4:3, how many dogs are there if there are
16 cats?
 Answer: 12 dogs.
3. Solve the proportion 3/5 = x/25.
 Answer: x = 15.
Questions Only
1. If the ratio of apples to oranges is 2:5, how many oranges are there if there
are 10 apples?
2. Simplify the ratio 8:12.
3. Solve for x: 4/5 = x/20.
Past Paper Questions
1. If a recipe requires a ratio of 2:3 for flour to sugar, how much sugar is
needed if 4 cups of flour are used?
2. The ratio of boys to girls in a class is 3:2. If there are 15 boys, how many girls
are there?
Interactive Activities
 Ratio Relay: Teams compete to solve ratio problems with physical
movement.
 Cooking Proportions Activity: Students create scaled recipes based on
given ratios.

ENG. OSSAMA ABDALLAH 16

 Lesson 7: Number Equivalents
Explanation
Number equivalents show different representations of the same quantity, such as
fractions, decimals, and percentages.
Enhanced Explanation
Converting between these forms allows for greater flexibility in mathematical
operations and problem-solving. Understanding how to switch between fractions,
decimals, and percentages is vital for interpreting data and making informed
decisions.
 Fractions: Represent part of a whole. For example, 1/2 indicates one part
out of two equal parts.
 Decimals: A fraction expressed in the base 10 system. For instance, 0.5 is
equivalent to 1/2.
 Percentages: A fraction out of 100. For example, 50% is equivalent to 1/2 or
0.5.
Real-Life Applications
Conversions are essential in cooking (e.g., converting measurements), finance (e.g.,
calculating discounts), and data representation.
Questions with Answers
1. Convert 0.8 to a fraction.
 Answer: 4/5.
2. What is 50% as a decimal?
 Answer: 0.5.
3. Find the equivalent fraction for 5/10.
 Answer: 1/2.
Questions Only
1. Convert 0.25 to a fraction.
2. What is 75% as a decimal?

ENG. OSSAMA ABDALLAH 17

 3. Express 3/4 as a percentage.
Past Paper Questions
1. If 60% of a number is 30, what is the number?
2. Convert 7/8 to a percentage.
Interactive Activities
 Equivalent Match-Up: Students match fractions, decimals, and percentages
in a card game format.
 Real-Life Conversion Challenge: Provide scenarios where students must
convert between forms.

ENG. OSSAMA ABDALLAH 18

 Lesson 8: Percentage
Explanation
A percentage is a fraction out of 100. To convert a fraction to a percentage,
multiply by 100 and add the percent symbol (%).
Enhanced Explanation
Understanding percentages is crucial in finance, statistics, and everyday
calculations. This skill allows for better budgeting and financial planning.
 Calculating Percentages: To find a percentage of a number, multiply the
number by the percentage expressed as a decimal. For example, to find 20%
of 50, calculate 50×0.20=10.
 Converting Percentages: To convert a fraction or decimal to a percentage,
multiply by 100. For example, to convert 3/4 to a percentage,
calculate 3/4×100=75%
Understanding percentages is vital for comparing quantities and making informed
decisions.
Used for calculating discounts, interest rates, and analyzing data.
Questions with Answers
1. What is 30% of 200?
 Answer: 60.
2. Convert 3/4 to a percentage.
 Answer: 75%.
3. If a shirt costs $50 and is on sale for 20% off, what is the sale price?
 Answer: $40.
Questions Only
1. Find 10% of 150.
2. Convert 5/8 to a percentage.
3. If a product is marked up by 25% and costs $80, what is the new price?

ENG. OSSAMA ABDALLAH 19

Past Paper Questions
1. A student scored 45 out of 60 in a test. What percentage did they score?
2. If a car's value decreases by 15% and its original price was $20,000, what is
its new price?
Interactive Activities
 Percentages in the Real World: Students research and present on how
percentages are used in various fields (e.g., finance, sports, etc.).
 Discount Calculation Challenge: Simulate a shopping experience where
students calculate discounts on various items.

ENG. OSSAMA ABDALLAH 20

 Lesson 9: Rounding Numbers
Explanation
Rounding simplifies numbers by approximating them. If the digit to the right of the
rounding place is 5 or more, round up; otherwise, do not change the rounding
place.
Enhanced Explanation
Rounding numbers is essential for simplifying calculations and making estimations
more manageable. It allows us to express numbers in a way that makes them easier
to work with, particularly in everyday scenarios where exact figures are not
necessary.
 Rules for Rounding:
 Identify the Place Value: Determine which digit you want to round to
(e.g., nearest ten, hundred, or decimal place).
 Look at the Next Digit:
 If it’s 5 or greater, increase the target digit by 1.
 If it’s less than 5, keep the target digit the same.
 Change Following Digits: Replace all digits to the right of the target
digit with zeros (for whole numbers) or remove them (for decimals).

For example, rounding the number 86 to the nearest ten: the next digit is 6 (which
is greater than 5), so we round up to 90. Conversely, rounding 4.678 to two
decimal places: look at 8 (the third decimal) and round up to 4.68.
Real-Life Applications
Useful in budgeting, reporting data, and making quick estimations.
Questions with Answers
1. Round 123.456 to the nearest whole number.
 Answer: 123.
2. What is 7.89 rounded to two decimal places?
 Answer: 7.89.

ENG. OSSAMA ABDALLAH 21

 3. Round 549 to the nearest hundred.
 Answer: 600.
Questions Only
1. Round 84.762 to the nearest whole number.
2. Round 1,234 to the nearest hundred.
3. Round 3.14159 to four decimal places.
Past Paper Questions
1. Round 678.9 to the nearest whole number.
2. If a measurement is 45.67 cm, what is it rounded to one decimal place?
Interactive Activities
 Rounding Relay: Teams round numbers to the nearest whole number or
decimal in a timed challenge.
 Create Your Own Rounding Problems: Have students design their own
rounding problems for peers to solve.

ENG. OSSAMA ABDALLAH 22

 Lesson 10: Time
Explanation
Time measures the duration of events and is typically represented in hours and
minutes using either a 12-hour or 24-hour clock system. Understanding how to
read and manipulate time is crucial for daily activities and scheduling.
Enhanced Explanation
Time is a continuous measurement that helps us organize our activities and
manage our lives effectively.
 12-Hour vs. 24-Hour Clock:
 The 12-hour clock runs from 1:00 to 12:59 twice a day (AM and PM).
 The 24-hour clock runs from 00:00 to 23:59, eliminating the need for
AM/PM distinctions.
 Calculating Duration:
 To find the duration between two times, subtract the start time from
the end time. For example, if a meeting starts at 9:00 AM and ends at
11:30 AM, the duration is 2 hours and 30 minutes.
 Converting Time Units:
 Minutes to Hours: 60 minutes = 1 hour.
 Seconds to Minutes: 60 seconds = 1 minute.
 Understanding these conversions is key for accurate time
management.
Real-Life Applications
 Scheduling: Planning events, meetings, and appointments requires a good
grasp of time.
 Travel: Understanding arrival and departure times is crucial for planning trips.
 Time Management: Allocating time for tasks and activities effectively can
enhance productivity.
Questions with Answers
1. How many minutes are there in 2.5 hours?

ENG. OSSAMA ABDALLAH 23

  Answer: 150 minutes.
2. **If a movie starts at 6:45 PM and lasts for 1 hour and 30 minutes, what time
does it end
 Answer: 8:15 PM.
3. Convert 180 seconds into minutes.
 Answer: 3 minutes.
Questions Only
1. If a train leaves at 9:15 AM and arrives at 11:00 AM, how long is the journey?
2. How many seconds are in 4 minutes and 30 seconds?
3. What time will it be in 2 hours if it is currently 3:15 PM?
Past Paper Questions
1. A flight departs at 2:30 PM and arrives at 5:45 PM. How long was the flight?
2. If a meeting is scheduled for 1 hour and 15 minutes from 10:45 AM, what
time will it end?
Interactive Activities
 Time Zone Challenge: Have students research different time zones and
calculate the time differences for scheduled events (e.g., international
meetings).
 Daily Schedule Creation: Students create a daily schedule that includes
time management techniques, such as setting time limits for tasks.

ENG. OSSAMA ABDALLAH 24

 Additional Features for Rich Content
Visual Aids
 Diagrams and Charts: Include visual aids such as number lines, pie charts
for fractions, and bar graphs for ratios to enhance understanding.
 Interactive Simulations: Use online platforms to create interactive fraction
kits or ratio calculators.
Real-World Connections
 Guest Speakers: Invite professionals (e.g., chefs, engineers) to discuss how
they use these mathematical concepts in their careers.
 Field Trips: Organize trips to places where mathematics is applied, such as
banks, manufacturing plants, or science museums.
Technology Integration
 Math Apps: Recommend educational apps for practicing these concepts,
such as fraction manipulatives or percentage calculators.
 Online Quizzes: Create quizzes on platforms like Kahoot! or Quizizz that
allow for immediate feedback and gamified learning.
Cross-Subject Links
 Science Connections: Discuss how powers and roots are used in physics
(e.g., area calculations).
 History Tie-Ins: Explore the historical development of number systems and
their impact on trade and commerce.
Assessment and Reflection
 Self-Assessment Checklists: Provide checklists for students to evaluate their
understanding of each topic.
 Reflection Journals: Encourage students to maintain a journal where they
can reflect on what they’ve learned and how it applies to real-life situations.

ENG. OSSAMA ABDALLAH 25