CSCI 3310 Homework 1

1. Let P = “winter has come,” Q = “there is snow on the ground." Rewrite the following

(a) P ⟹ 𝑄 If winter has come then there is snow on the ground.

propositions in words:

(b) ¬𝑃 ⟹ ¬𝑄 If winter has not come then there is no snow on the ground.
(c) (𝑃 ∧ ¬𝑄)⋁(¬𝑃⋀𝑄) Either winter has come and there is no snow on the ground, or winter
has not come and there is snow on the ground.

2. Make truth tables for the following formulas:

(b) P ⟹ ¬(𝑄 ∧ 𝑅)
(a) ¬(P ∧ (Q ∨ ¬P))

(c) (𝑃 ∧ 𝑄) ⟹ (¬𝑃 ⟹ ¬𝑄)

(𝑃 ∧ 𝑄) ⟹ (¬𝑃 ⟹
¬𝑄)
P Q ¬(P ∧ (Q ∨ ¬P))

True True False True

True False True True

False True True True

False False True True

P Q R P ⟹ ¬(𝑄 ∧ 𝑅)

True True True False

True True False True

True False True True

True False False True

False True True True

False True False True

False False True True

False False False True

(a) P ∧ ¬𝑃 ∨ 𝑄 ∧ 𝑃
3. Evaluate the following propositions for truth values P = T, Q = F, R = F:

T ∧ ¬T ∨ F ∧ T
T∧F∨F∧T
F∨F=F
(b) P ∨ ¬(𝑄 ⊕ ¬𝑅) ∧ ¬𝑄
T ∨ ¬(F ⊕ ¬F) ∧ ¬F=T

(c) ¬𝑃 ⟹ ¬𝑄 ⟹ ¬𝑃 ∧ 𝑄
¬T ⟹ ¬F ⟹ ¬T ∧ F
F ⟹T ⟹ F ∧ F
F ⟹(T ⟹ F)
F ⟹F= T

4. Show that P ∧ (𝑃 ⟹ ¬ 𝑄) and P ∧ ¬𝑄 are logically equivalent using truth tables, and also

P ∧ (𝑃 ⟹ ¬ 𝑄)
by using the laws of propositional logic.

P ∧ (¬𝑃 ∨ ¬ 𝑄)
P ∧ (¬𝑃 ∨ P ∧ ¬ 𝑄)
F∨ P ∧ ¬ 𝑄
P∧ ¬ 𝑄

P Q P ∧ (𝑃 ⟹ ¬ 𝑄) P ∧ ¬𝑄

True True False False

True False True True

False True False False

False False False False

5. Show that ¬𝑃 ∨ (¬𝑃 ⟹ 𝑄) ∧ 𝑃 is a tautology.

¬P⇒Q=¬(¬P)∨Q=P∨Q
¬P∨(P∨Q)∧P
((¬P∨P)∨Q)∧P
((T)∨Q)∧P
(T)∧P

6. Show that (𝑃 ∧ 𝑄) ∧ ¬(𝑃 ∧ 𝑄) is a contradiction.

P

(𝑃 ∧ 𝑄) ¬(𝑃 ∧ 𝑄) (𝑃 ∧ 𝑄) ∧ ¬(𝑃
∧ 𝑄)
P Q

True True True False False

True False False True False

 False True False True False

False False False True False

7. Let P(𝑥) = "x has come", Q(𝑥) = "the north likes x”. The universe of x is seasons. Rewrite the

(a) ¬𝑃(𝑥) ⟹ 𝑄(𝑥)

following predicates in words:

If a season has not come the north likes that season.

(b) (¬P(x) ∧ Q(x)) ∨ P(x)
The season has not come and the north likes that season or the season has come.

8. Let P(𝑥) = “𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑”, Q(𝑥, 𝑦) = "x is y”. The universe of x is seasons, and the universe
of 𝑦 is {"coming", "going"}. Rewrite the following predicates symbolically:
(a) ``Winter is cold, and winter is coming''
P(winter) ∧ Q(winter, coming)

(b) ``If winter is coming, then summer is going''

Q(winter,comin)⟹ Q(summer, going)

9. Let 𝐻(𝑥) = ``𝑥 is a man,'' 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) = ``𝑥 is married to 𝑦, ′′ and 𝑈(𝑥) = ``𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑦. ′′
The universe of both 𝑥 and 𝑦 is people. Rewrite the following in words:
(a) ∀𝑥[(𝐻(𝑥) ∧ ¬∃𝑦𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)) ⟹ 𝑈(𝑥)]

(b) ∃𝑥∀𝑦[¬𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) ∧ ¬𝑈(𝑥)]

Every unmarried man is happy.

Someone is unmarried and happy.

(a) ∀𝑥(𝑥^ 2 ≤ 4) where the universe of 𝑥 is 𝑁, i.e., the set of all natural numbers.
10. Give a counterexample to the following statements:

x=3

(b) ∀𝑥∃𝑦(𝑥^ 3 − 𝑦^ 3 > 0) where the universes of 𝑥 and 𝑦 are 𝑍 +, i.e., the set of all positive
3^2=9 !≤ 4

integers.
x=1
1^3-1^3=0 !>0
11. Show that 𝐹(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧 has the value 1 if and only if at least two of the
variables 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 have the value 1.

x y z 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥𝑧 + 𝑦𝑧

0 0 0 0

0 0 1 0

0 1 0 0

0 1 1 1

1 0 0 0

1 0 1 1

1 1 0 1

1 1 1 1

12. Show that 𝑥𝑦̅ + 𝑦𝑧̅+ 𝑥̅𝑧 = 𝑥̅𝑦 + 𝑦̅𝑧 + 𝑥𝑧̅.

𝑥𝑦̅z+𝑥𝑦̅𝑧̅+xy𝑧̅+𝑥̅y𝑧̅+𝑥̅yz+𝑥̅𝑦̅z= 𝑥𝑦̅ + 𝑦𝑧̅+ 𝑥̅𝑧
𝑥𝑦̅z+𝑥𝑦̅𝑧̅+xy𝑧̅+𝑥̅y𝑧̅+𝑥̅yz+𝑥̅𝑦̅z= 𝑥̅𝑦 + 𝑦̅𝑧 + 𝑥𝑧̅.

(a) Find the sum-of-products expansion of the Boolean function 𝐹(𝑤, 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) that has the
13. Do the following two parts:

value 1 if and only if an odd number of 𝑤, 𝑥, 𝑦, and 𝑧 have the value 1.

w𝑥̅𝑦̅𝑧̅+w x𝑦̅𝑧̅+w 𝑥̅𝑦𝑧̅+w 𝑥̅𝑦̅𝑧+w 𝑥𝑦𝑧+w 𝑥̅𝑦𝑧+w 𝑥𝑦̅𝑧+w 𝑥𝑦𝑧̅

(b) Find a Boolean product of Boolean sums of literals that has the value 0 if and only if 𝑥 = 𝑦 =
1 and 𝑧 = 0, 𝑥 = 𝑧 = 0 and 𝑦 = 1, or 𝑥 = 𝑦 = 𝑧 = 0.
𝑥𝑦𝑧̅+𝑥̅𝑦𝑧̅+𝑥̅𝑦̅𝑧̅

(𝑥̅+𝑦̅+𝑧)(𝑥+𝑦̅+𝑧)(𝑥+𝑦+𝑧)
𝑥𝑦𝑧̅+ 𝑥̅𝑦𝑧̅+ 𝑥̅𝑦̅𝑧̅