University of Dhaka

Term Paper on -- Development Patterns of Bangladesh: From 1971 to 2024

Term Paper Course:
Development Finance

Course Code: F-613

Submitted To:
Muhammad Farid Hossain Patwary

Assistant Professor

Department of Finance

University of Dhaka

Submitted By:

Sourav Goswami; ID:20232016

Date of Submission: 03 January ,2025

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 03.01.2025
To
Muhammad Farid Hossain Patwary
Assistant Professor
Department of Finance
University of Dhaka

Subject: Application for Submitting the Term Paper on “Development Patterns of

Bangladesh:From 1971 to 2024”.

Dear Sir,

The paper includes a detailed analysis development patterns of Bangladesh from 1971to
2024.I have thoroughly enjoyed researching and preparing this paper, and we are grateful
for the opportunity to apply the concepts and principles learned in the course to a real- world
scenario. We are confident that this paper meets the requirements of the course and
demonstrates our understanding of the key concepts of development finance.
Thank you for considering our application, and please let us know if you require any further
information or clarification.

Sincerely Yours,
Sourav Goswami

ID:20232016

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Table of Contents
1. Executive Summary
2. Chapter 1: Introduction
o Origin of the Report
o Objectives of the Report
o Methodology
o Limitations
o Scope of the Report, Sources of Data & Acronyms
3. Chapter 2: Macroeconomic Development
4. Chapter 3: Agricultural Development
5. Chapter 4: Industrial Development
6. Chapter 5: Development in Power and Energy
7. Chapter 6: Development in Transport and Communication
8. Chapter 7: Poverty Alleviation
9. Chapter 8: Development in Education and Skill
10. Chapter 9: Development in Health and Sanitation
11. Chapter 10: Development in Safety and Security
12. Chapter 11: Development in Human Happiness
13. Conclusion
14. Bibliography
15. Appendix

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Executive Summary
Since its independence in 1971, Bangladesh has undergone significant transformations across
various sectors, moving from a war-torn economy to one of the fastest-growing in South Asia. This
report examines the development trajectory of Bangladesh across macroeconomic, agricultural,
industrial, infrastructural, and human development domains. Despite challenges such as
population pressure, climate vulnerabilities, and political instability, the nation’s focus on poverty
alleviation, skill development, and infrastructural advancements has positioned it as a global
example of resilience and progress. This paper highlights on developments patterns from 1971 to
2024

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Chapter 1: Introduction: Bangladesh is now considered one of the fastest growing economies in
the world. Bangladesh has had an annual growth rate of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) over 6.0
per cent since 2011. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), GDP growth rate
remained positive at 3.8 per cent in 2020 despite the Covid-19 pandemic, and is expected to rise
to 4.4 per cent in 2021 and 7.9 per cent in 2022.
The Bangladesh government's vision 2041 stipulates to eliminate extreme poverty and secure
upper middle-income country status by 2031 and achieve the high income country status by 2041.
But the country faces serious infrastructural deficit and a highly concentrated basket of exports
and a massive reliance on overseas remittances. An infrastructural deficit, in particular, can pose
a serious challenge in accelerating the growth prospects of the country.
Despite all the success stories, the major key development indicators provide a rather different
picture. For example, foreign direct investment (FDI) remains low at about 1.0 per cent of GDP;
remittances account for 5.6 per cent of GDP; the Gini coefficient (measure of income inequality)
is 0.32; percentage income share of the richest 10 per cent stands at 27 per cent while the bottom
40 per cent account for 21 per cent; working poor at PPP $3.20 a day (per cent of total population)
constitutes 45 per cent; percentage of population in severe malnutritional poverty accounts
for 17 per cent; 36 per cent of children under 5-yrs of age suffer from malnutrition causing severe
to moderate stunting and underweight negatively impacting on the ability to achieve their full
potential with the consequence on their educational achievement and productivity; youth
unemployment remains at 12per cent; latest HDI ranking positions the country as 133rd ( out of
189 countries).

Origin of the Report: This report highlights the evolution of Bangladesh's socio-economic and
developmental framework over five decades.
Objectives of the Report: To analyze key development patterns and their impacts on national
growth and human well-being for course purpose.
Methodology: Secondary data from government publications, international reports, and
academic research were utilized.
Limitations: The analysis is constrained by data availability for certain periods and sectors.
Scope, Sources & Acronyms: Covering 1971 to 2024, data were drawn from sources like
Bangladesh Economic Review, BBS etc.

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Chapter 2: Macroeconomic Development
Since 1971, Bangladesh has transformed its economy from an agriculture-dominated framework
to a diversified one. GDP growth averaged over 7% in recent years, supported by remittances,
RMG exports, and investments. According to the Economic Review 2023, the GDP contribution
of the services sector was 51.24%, industry 37.56%, and agriculture 11.20% in FY 2022-23.
Private consumption remained over 70% of GDP, driving domestic demand. The economic
situation of Bangladesh has shown both growth and challenges in recent years, affected by global
economic trends, including the geopolitical tensions such as the Ukraine-Russia war. Here's a
breakdown of the key points:
1. GDP Growth and Economic Outlook:
o Bangladesh's GDP growth rate for FY 2022-23 was 5.78%, which is slightly lower
than the 5.82% projected for FY 2023-24.
o The GDP at current market prices for FY 2022-23 was Tk. 44,90,842 crore, up from
Tk. 39,71,716 crore the previous year, showing a positive nominal increase.
o The provisional GDP for FY 2023-24 is estimated at Tk. 50,48,027 crore, indicating
growth despite global economic downturns.
2. GDP per Capita and GNI:
o The per capita GDP for FY 2022-23 was Tk. 2,62,868 (USD 2,643), which
increased to Tk. 2,94,191 (USD 2,675) in FY 2023-24.
o The per capita Gross National Income (GNI) stood at Tk. 2,73,360 (USD 2,749) in
FY 2022-23, with a slight increase to Tk. 3,06,144 (USD 2,784) in FY 2023-24.
o Notably, the per capita figures in USD showed a slower growth due to the
depreciation of the Taka against the US dollar.
3. Sectoral Growth:
o Agricultural Sector: Growth in the agricultural sector was 3.37% in FY 2022-23
and is expected to decrease slightly to 3.21% in FY 2023-24.
o Industrial Sector: The industrial sector showed a decrease in growth, from 9.86%
in FY 2021-22 to 8.37% in FY 2022-23.
o Service Sector: The service sector grew at a slower rate in FY 2022-23 (5.37%)
compared to FY 2021-22 (6.26%).
4. Global Economic Trends:
o The global economy is also facing challenges, with a projected growth of 3.2% in
2024, down from 3.3% in 2023. Advanced economies are expected to grow at a
slower pace (1.7% for the US and Eurozone), while emerging markets like India
(7.0%) and China (5.0%) are forecast to maintain higher growth rates.

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Despite the challenges, Bangladesh's economic performance remains relatively stable, driven by
key sectors such as agriculture, industry, and services, with projections indicating modest growth
for FY 2023-24.
Despite challenges such as low export earnings, reduced remittance inflows, and declining
domestic demand, Bangladesh's economy demonstrated robust growth, driven by strong
performances in agriculture, industry, and services sectors.
Key Economic Highlights (FY 2009-10):
1. GDP Growth: The overall GDP growth rate was 5.83%, supported by:
o Agriculture: 4.67% growth.
o Industry: 6.01% growth.
o Services: 6.38% growth.
These growth rates indicate balanced and satisfactory contributions from all three sectors.
2. Sectoral Share in GDP (at constant prices):
o Services: 49.88% of GDP.
o Industry: 29.88% of GDP.
o Agriculture: 20.24% of GDP.
3. Expenditure Side:
o Consumption: Total consumption as a percentage of GDP rose to 81.01%, up from
79.91% in FY 2008-09. This increase was driven by:
▪ Good agricultural output.
▪ Remittance-induced demand.
▪ Increased government spending on social safety nets.
o Investment: The investment rate reached 24.96% of GDP, with private investment
at 20.19% and public investment at 4.77%. This was an increase from 24.37% in
the previous fiscal year, driven by:
▪ Improved business environment.
▪ Recovery of private sector credit growth.
▪ Sluggish import of capital machinery and raw materials.
4. Gross National Savings: Due to moderate remittance inflows, national savings slightly
decreased to 28.75% of GDP, down from 29.57% in FY 2008-09.
5. Per Capita Income:

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 o The per capita GNI exceeded the US$ 700 mark for the first time, reaching US$
751.
o The per capita GDP stood at US$ 685.

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Chapter 3: Agricultural Development
Agriculture, while shrinking in GDP share, remains vital for rural livelihoods. From adopting high-
yield crop varieties to improving irrigation, the sector saw productivity gains. Growth slowed to
2.61% in FY 2022-23 due to climate challenges. Forestry services exhibited the highest growth at
5.16%, reflecting diversification within the sector. Bangladesh has made significant strides in
agricultural development, emphasizing food security, productivity, and sustainability. Here are the key
developments:

1. Agricultural Policy and Development Efforts:

o Bangladesh’s agricultural sector is being advanced through various policies, such
as the National Agriculture Policy 2018, National Agricultural Extension Policy
2020, and National Agricultural Mechanisation Policy 2020, in line with the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
o Notable achievements include Bangladesh advancing from fourth to third place in
global rice production, and securing the third position in vegetable production, as
well as the seventh position in mango and potato production.
2. Self-Sufficiency and Food Security:
o Bangladesh has achieved self-sufficiency in grain crops, and efforts continue to
increase crop production through:
▪ The development of climate-resistant crop varieties and biotechnology-
based seed multiplication.
▪ Increased use of surface water for irrigation, and solar energy for
irrigation.
▪ Promotion of organic fertilisers to maintain soil health and sustainability.
3. Support for Farmers:
o Smart cards are being distributed to farmers for better access to resources, and
weather forecasts and e-agriculture activities are being strengthened.
o Subsidies continue to help reduce the costs of agricultural inputs (e.g., fertiliser
and seeds), and farmers are being provided with subsidised agricultural
machinery to promote mechanisation.

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 o Synchronised cultivation is being promoted, along with support for the
production, preservation, and marketing of fruits and vegetables, including
summer onions and tomatoes.
o Initiatives are in place to increase cultivation on fallow land.
4. Food Grains Production in FY 2023-24:
o The total food grain production for FY 2023-24 reached 501.17 lakh metric tonnes
(MT), an increase from the previous year.
o Breakdown of production includes:
▪ 29.72 lakh MT of Aus rice
▪ 166.56 lakh MT of Aman rice
▪ 224.32 lakh MT of Boro rice
▪ 11.72 lakh MT of wheat
▪ 68.84 lakh MT of maize
o The total rice production in FY 2023-24 amounted to 420.61 lakh MT, reflecting
a steady increase from previous years.
5. Trends in Food Grains Production (2016-17 to 2023-24):
o Rice production (Aus, Aman, Boro) consistently increased, with a noticeable rise
in Aman and Boro rice production.
o Maize production also saw a significant increase, from 35.78 lakh MT in 2016-17
to 68.84 lakh MT in 2023-24, demonstrating the expansion of diverse crops
beyond traditional rice cultivation.
These efforts reflect Bangladesh’s commitment to strengthening its agricultural sector, achieving
food security, and improving the livelihoods of farmers through sustainable practices and
technological advancements.
Food Grain Management:
• Procurement: In FY 2022-23, the target for public food grain procurement was 18.35 lakh
MT, while the actual procurement was 19.43 lakh MT of rice. In FY 2023-24, the target
increased to 20.83 lakh MT, with 21.62 lakh MT of rice procured.
• Imports: The government targeted 11 lakh MT of food grain imports for FY 2023-24, of
which 7.84 lakh MT had been imported by June 2024. Private sector imports were much
higher, reaching 58.44 lakh MT.

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 • Distribution: Public distribution is divided into monetised and non-monetised channels.
In FY 2023-24, the government distributed 32.61 lakh MT, which included 26.27 lakh MT
of rice and 6.34 lakh MT of wheat.
2. Food Safety:
• The Bangladesh Food Safety Authority (BFSA) conducted significant food safety
activities, including inspections, awareness campaigns, and testing food samples. In FY
2023-24, 1,381 food samples were tested, with 226 found to be non-compliant with safety
standards.
3. Seed Production & Distribution:
• The Bangladesh Agricultural Development Corporation (BADC) plays a crucial role in
seed production. In FY 2023-24, BADC produced 1.62 lakh MT of seeds and distributed
1.63 lakh MT, with rice and wheat seeds being the most produced.
4. Fertilizer Use:
• In FY 2023-24, a total of 66.28 lakh MT of fertilizers were used, with urea being the most
consumed, totaling 26.23 lakh MT. Fertilizer use has steadily increased to support high-
yielding crop varieties.
5. Irrigation:
• The irrigation infrastructure has been expanded, with a significant emphasis on reducing
groundwater use. BADC and BMDA have implemented projects that brought large areas
of land under controlled irrigation, re-excavated canals, and installed solar-powered
irrigation systems.
6. Jute Cultivation:
• Jute cultivation increased to 7.46 lakh hectares in FY 2023-24, driven by rising demand for
diversified jute products, both domestically and internationally.
7. Agricultural Credit:
• The agricultural credit program continues to grow, with Tk 37,153.90 crore disbursed in
FY 2023-24, exceeding the target of Tk 35,000 crore.
8. Fisheries:
• Fish production reached 50.80 lakh MT in FY 2023-24, with Bangladesh continuing to be
a global leader in inland fish capture, aquaculture production, and hilsa fishing. Bangladesh
ranks 2nd in inland open water capture and 5th in aquaculture production globally

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Chapter 4: Industrial Development

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Industrialization, driven by textiles and garments, contributes significantly to GDP. Industry grew
at 8.18% in FY 2022-23. The government’s refinancing schemes, targeting SMEs, supported
311,122 enterprises. Special Economic Zones (SEZs) continued to attract foreign investment,
bolstering the sector’s growth. The industrial sector in Bangladesh has demonstrated consistent growth
from FY 2016-17 to FY 2023-24 across various manufacturing subsectors. Here's a summary of the
performance:

1. Large Industries: Leading in output, these industries grew significantly from Tk. 231,388
crore in FY 2016-17 to an estimated Tk. 430,320 crore in FY 2023-24, despite a dip in FY
2019-20.
2. Small, Medium, and Micro Industries (SMMI): This sector increased from Tk. 142,102
crore to Tk. 249,696 crore, with growth rates stabilizing after a peak in FY 2020-21.
3. Cottage Industries: Important for rural employment, these industries expanded from Tk.
78,829 crore to a projected Tk. 143,351 crore, maintaining consistent growth after the
slowdown in FY 2019-20.
4. Overall Manufacturing Sector: The total manufacturing sector grew from Tk. 452,334
crore to an expected Tk. 823,381 crore, reflecting a strong recovery from a contraction in
FY 2019-20.
This growth highlights the manufacturing sector's significant role in Bangladesh's economic
development, contributing both to industrial output and employment. The sector faced various
challenges but managed to maintain a positive trajectory.

The Cottage, Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprise (CMSME) sector plays a crucial role in
Bangladesh's economic development, driving industrialization, employment generation, and
economic growth in marginalized regions. Key initiatives from Bangladesh Bank have been
pivotal in fostering this sector, offering institutional financing to underprivileged entrepreneurs,
including women and small business owners.
Key Supportive Programmes:
1. Refinancing Schemes: Bangladesh Bank provides refinancing schemes to financial
institutions to support CMSME growth. These include:
o Refinancing for agro-based product processing industries.
o Refinancing for small enterprises.
o Refinancing for new entrepreneurs in cottage, micro, and small industries.
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 o Shariah-based financing schemes.
o Special COVID-19-related refinancing schemes.
2. Other Development Initiatives:
o Programme to support safety retrofits and environmental upgrades in the RMG
sector.
o Post-COVID-19 projects for small-scale employment creation and crisis response.
Financial Impact (As of March 2024):
• Outstanding loans and advances in the CMSME sector reached Tk. 3,03,970.10 crore.
• Loan disbursement during this period amounted to Tk. 53,107.48 crore to 3,29,433
CMSMEs.
• Women-led enterprises: A total of 67,764 women-led SME enterprises received financing
of Tk. 3,695.29 crore, reflecting the focus on gender-inclusive economic development.
Disbursement Targets and Performance:
• Since 2010, disbursement to CMSMEs has followed target-based systems. In 2019, the
total disbursed amount was Tk. 1,67,970.67 crore, representing nearly 95% of the annual
target of Tk. 1,76,902.00 crore.
These efforts have been instrumental in empowering small businesses, particularly women
entrepreneurs, and ensuring the resilience of the CMSME sector in Bangladesh.
Now If we look back into the previous data we can see the trend of Economic Development of
Bangladesh

Chapter 5: Development in Power and Energy

Bangladesh achieved 99% electrification by 2023, with an installed capacity of 25,000 MW.
Investments in renewables and natural gas have diversified the energy mix. Government initiatives
aim for sustainability while addressing future demand. ower Generation and Infrastructure in
Bangladesh (FY 2023-24)

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Power Generation Capacity:
• Installed Capacity: Bangladesh's total installed power capacity reached 31,452 MW by
FY 2023-24, including captive and off-grid sources. This represents a significant increase
in power infrastructure.
• Maximum Recorded Generation: The highest recorded power generation was 16,477
MW on April 30, 2024, highlighting the country's growing energy output.
Power Generation by Sector:
• Grid-Based Installed Capacity (as of June 2024):
o Public Sector: 11,246 MW
o Joint Ventures (JV): 2,478 MW
o Private Sector: 11,718 MW
o Power Import: 2,656 MW (from India)
o Total grid-based capacity: 28,098 MW.
• Net Energy Generation (FY 2023-24):
o Total Generation: 95,996 M Wh
o Sector-wise breakdown:
▪ Public Sector: 36.84%
▪ Private Sector: 34.62%
▪ JV Plants: 11.13%
▪ Power Import: 17.41%
• Fuel Consumption for Power Generation:
o Natural Gas: 225 billion cubic feet in FY 2023-24.
o Coal: 7.05 million tonnes in FY 2023-24.
o Liquid Fuel: Consumption of furnace oil, HSD, SKO, and LDO amounted to 507
million liters.
Fuel Mix for Power Generation:
• Natural Gas: 48.52%
• Coal: 19.94%
• Power Import: 17.41%
• Liquid Fuel: 12.29%

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 • Hydro: 0.86%
• Renewable Energy: 0.98%
Future Power Generation Plans:
• 2030 Goal: Reach a power generation capacity of 40,000 MW.
• 2041 Goal: Expand to 60,000 MW.
• Plans include fuel diversification with coal, nuclear, renewable energy, and power imports
from neighboring countries.

Transmission System Infrastructure (as of June 2024):

• Transmission Lines:
o 400 kV lines: 2,497 circuit kilometers
o 230 kV lines: 4,263 circuit kilometers
o 132 kV lines: 8,864 circuit kilometers
o Total transmission length: 15,624 circuit kilometers.
• Grid Substations:
o 221 substations with a total capacity of 66,869 MVA.
o An HVDC station with a capacity of 1,000 MW connected to the national grid.
Transmission System Development:
• In the previous fiscal year, 907 circuit kilometers of transmission lines and 7 grid
substations with a capacity of 5,344 MVA were added to the national grid.
This expansion in power generation and transmission capacity highlights Bangladesh's ongoing
efforts to meet growing energy demand, diversify energy sources, and improve the energy
infrastructure.

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Chapter 6: Development in Transport and Communication
The Padma Bridge and Metro Rail have revolutionized connectivity, reducing travel time and
boosting trade. Digital communication advancements enhanced access to e-governance and
business integration. Transport and Communication Infrastructure in Bangladesh (FY 2023-24)
Roads and Highways Department (RHD)
• Road Network: The Roads and Highways Department (RHD) manages 22,476 kilometers
of roads, divided into:
o National Highways: 3,991 km (17.77%)
o Regional Highways: 4,897 km (21.79%)
o Zilla Roads: 13,588 km (60.45%)
• Bridges and Ferries: The RHD oversees 4,404 bridges and 14,814 culverts, operating 52
ferry ghats supported by 122 ferry boats, 121 pontoons, and 114 gangways.
• Annual Development Programme (ADP) for FY 2023-24:
o 146 projects with a total allocation of TK 24,090.55 crore, funded by the
Government of Bangladesh (GoB) and project assistance.

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 • Public-Private Partnerships (PPP):
o Six projects approved for PPP financing.
o Two PPP-based initiatives are under implementation, with 14 more projects under
consideration.
Road Safety Initiatives
• Truck Driver Facilities: The RHD is constructing restrooms with parking along four
National Highways (Cumilla, Habiganj, Shirajganj, Magura). The project has reached
75.89% financial progress and 92.00% physical progress by June 2024.
• Intelligent Transport System (ITS): In collaboration with KOICA, RHD is implementing
ITS to improve the safety and reliability of National Highways. The project has achieved
25.07% physical and 24.04% financial progress by June 2024.
• Road Safety Audits:
o 252 black spots identified and corrective measures taken.
o 255 kilometers covered by the latest Road Safety Audit.
o Previous audits of 500 kilometers (FY 2017-18) and 300 kilometers (FY 2020-21).
• Toll Collection: In FY 2023-24, the RHD collected Tk. 1,173.97 crore in tolls:
o Tk. 1,159.31 crore from roads and bridges.
o Tk. 14.66 crore from ferry tolls.

Local Government Engineering Department (LGED)

• Master Plan (2005-2030): LGED's long-term plan aims for balanced development across
the country, with a target of developing 372,755 kilometers of roads.
• Road and Bridge Development:
o 1,45,459 kilometers of road developed.
o 15,22,674 meters of bridges and culverts constructed, out of a target of 19,27,754
meters.
• Disaster Preparedness: LGED has constructed 1,965 cyclone shelters out of a planned
9,220.
• Environmental and Infrastructure Initiatives:
o Tree plantations along 25,995 kilometers of roads.
o Addressed waterlogging across 8,07,531 hectares of land.

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 • Urban Infrastructure: The department has made significant progress in the development
of urban roads and footpaths, as well as the construction of urban bridges and culverts.
• Financial Reforms: LGED has adopted several financial management systems:
o Unified Financial Management System (UFMSC) for World Bank and ADB-
funded projects.
o TOMPRO software for IFAD-funded projects.
o iBAS++ software for managing procurement and employee salaries.
Key Achievements in Transport Infrastructure under LGED (FY 2023-24):
• Improvement of Roads: 7,529.4 km of roads improved.
• Bridge Construction: 21,000 meters of new bridges built.
• Urban Infrastructure: 507 km of urban roads and footpaths improved.
The combined efforts of the RHD and LGED showcase significant progress in Bangladesh's
transport sector, improving connectivity, road safety, and infrastructure to support economic
growth and regional development.
Chapter 7: Poverty Alleviation
Poverty reduction has been remarkable, with rates falling below 20% by 2024. Initiatives like
social safety nets, microfinance, and rural employment programs have played critical roles.
However, the Gini coefficient indicates growing urban inequality. Poverty Alleviation in
Bangladesh

Poverty reduction is a key focus of Bangladesh's socio-economic development, and significant

progress has been made in this area over the years.
Poverty Trends:
• 2005: The poverty rate was 40.0%.
• 2016: The poverty rate decreased to 24.3% (according to the Household Income and
Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2016).
• 2022: The current poverty rate is 18.7%, with the extreme poverty rate at 5.6% (according
to the HIES 2022).
Poverty Measurement Methodology:
• Cost of Basic Needs (CBN) method is used to estimate poverty in Bangladesh. This
method involves calculating the minimum per capita expenditure required to meet basic
needs, including food and non-food necessities.
o Upper Poverty Line: Represents the threshold above which individuals can afford
to meet both basic food and non-food needs.

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 o Lower Poverty Line: Represents the minimum level of expenditure to meet only
the basic food needs.
• Head Count Rate (HCR) is a key indicator in this methodology. It measures the
percentage of individuals living below the poverty line, either upper or lower, and provides
a clear picture of the extent of poverty in the population.
Current Status:
As of 2022, Bangladesh has made notable strides in reducing poverty, with the poverty rate now
at 18.7%, reflecting ongoing efforts to improve economic conditions and support marginalized
populations. However, challenges remain in addressing extreme poverty, which affects 5.6% of
the population. These figures highlight the progress made, while underscoring the need for
continued and targeted poverty alleviation measures.

Above Figure: Trends in Poverty Reduction

Chapter 8: Development in Education and Skill

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Education enrollment has surged, with literacy rates crossing 75%. The focus on technical
education and skill-building aligns with global workforce demands. Government programs
prioritize inclusivity, targeting underprivileged groups. Over the past few decades, Bangladesh has
made significant progress in the development of its education and skill sectors, contributing to the
country’s socio-economic transformation. The government has implemented numerous policies aimed at
improving access to quality education at all levels, from primary to tertiary. One of the key achievements
is the near-universal enrollment rate at the primary school level, which has been a result of various
initiatives, such as the Food-for-Education program, stipends for girls, and the expansion of school facilities
in rural areas. The literacy rate in Bangladesh has steadily increased, reaching approximately 74.7% by
2022, with significant progress in female education, where girls now outperform boys in both enrollment
and completion rates at the secondary level.

The secondary and higher education sectors have also seen rapid growth, with a notable increase
in the number of institutions, students, and faculty members. The government has prioritized the
expansion of technical and vocational education and training (TVET), recognizing the importance
of skill development to meet the demands of the labor market. This has led to the establishment of
numerous technical institutes and polytechnics across the country. Programs such as the National
Skills Development Policy (NSDP) have been designed to bridge the skills gap and create a
workforce equipped with the necessary technical abilities to support industrial growth.

Below figure demonstrate the Enrollment rate of boys and girls ---

Moreover, there has been a focus on modernizing the curriculum and incorporating digital
education tools. The introduction of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in schools

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and universities is transforming learning, with online platforms and e-learning gaining popularity,
especially in rural and underserved areas. As a result, the education and skills sector in Bangladesh
is steadily evolving, ensuring that future generations are better prepared to compete in a globalized
economy, contributing to the country's ongoing development and growth.
Chapter 9: Development in Health and Sanitation
Healthcare access has improved, with life expectancy at 73 years. Immunization programs and
improved sanitation reduced child mortality. However, urban-rural disparities in healthcare persist.
Bangladesh has made remarkable strides in improving health and sanitation over the past few decades,
significantly enhancing the overall quality of life for its population. One of the most notable achievements
has been the substantial reduction in infant and maternal mortality rates. The country has successfully
expanded access to basic health services, particularly through the implementation of a robust network of
community clinics and health centers, reaching rural and underserved areas. This has been complemented
by various national health programs focused on immunization, nutrition, and maternal health, leading to
improved health outcomes across the country.

The government’s emphasis on immunization programs has played a key role in reducing the
prevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases such as polio, measles, and tuberculosis. With a high
vaccination coverage rate, Bangladesh has made significant progress in child health, as reflected
in the sharp decline in under-five mortality rates. Similarly, the country’s family planning program
has helped control population growth, empowering women and improving maternal health by
providing access to contraceptive methods and reproductive health services.
Bangladesh’s health sector has also benefited from partnerships with international organizations,
which have supported efforts to address key public health challenges, such as malaria, HIV/AIDS,
and waterborne diseases. The government’s National Health Policy and the Health, Population,
and Nutrition Sector Development Program (HPNSDP) have set clear goals for strengthening
health systems, improving the availability of healthcare professionals, and expanding essential
services.
Sanitation has also seen notable improvements, especially in terms of access to clean drinking
water and proper sanitation facilities. According to the World Bank, nearly 100% of Bangladesh’s
population now has access to improved drinking water sources, and over 90% have access to
sanitation facilities. The government’s commitment to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6
(clean water and sanitation) has been reflected in the large-scale installation of sanitation
infrastructure, such as latrines and waste management systems, particularly in rural areas.
Moreover, the promotion of hygiene practices, including handwashing with soap, has helped
reduce the spread of diseases like cholera and diarrhea.
Despite these advancements, challenges remain in terms of the quality of healthcare services,
equitable access in rural areas, and addressing the growing burden of non-communicable diseases.
However, continued investments in healthcare infrastructure, sanitation, and health education,
along with effective policy implementation, are expected to bring further improvements,
contributing to the overall health and well-being of the Bangladeshi population
Chapter 10: Development in Safety and Security
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Enhanced law enforcement and disaster preparedness have bolstered national safety. Cybersecurity
measures and counter-terrorism efforts address evolving threats.

Over the years, Bangladesh has made significant strides in enhancing the safety and security of its
citizens, focusing on both internal and external threats. A well-established and evolving security
framework, alongside comprehensive policy reforms, has contributed to the country’s relative
stability. The government has placed a priority on improving law enforcement, disaster
management, and cyber security, while simultaneously making strides in enhancing national
defense and border security.

One of the key areas in safety and security has been law enforcement. Bangladesh’s police force,
which has undergone considerable reforms, plays an essential role in maintaining public safety.
The Bangladesh Police have introduced community policing, crime prevention initiatives, and
improved training for officers. They are also working on better coordination with other law
enforcement agencies, including the Rapid Action Battalion (RAB), a special force aimed at
tackling terrorism, organized crime, and drug trafficking. The country’s judicial system has also
evolved, with an increased focus on ensuring justice and addressing human rights issues, although
challenges persist in terms of delays in legal proceedings and access to justice.

In addition to internal safety concerns, Bangladesh has made efforts to improve its disaster
management capabilities. The country is prone to natural disasters such as cyclones, floods, and
landslides, and the government has invested heavily in disaster preparedness and response. The
establishment of the Bangladesh Disaster Management Bureau (BDMB) and the strengthening of
early warning systems have been vital in reducing the loss of life and property during natural
calamities. Furthermore, initiatives like cyclone shelters and resilient infrastructure in disaster-
prone areas have saved many lives. Bangladesh’s successful disaster response has earned
recognition internationally, with the country being hailed for its effective handling of cyclone and
flood events, particularly after the 1991 cyclone disaster.

In terms of national security, Bangladesh has continued to bolster its defense capabilities, with a
focus on modernizing its armed forces. The Bangladesh Army, Navy, and Air Force have improved
their training, equipment, and operational readiness. The defense sector has benefited from
increased government spending, as well as strategic partnerships with countries such as the United
States and China for military cooperation and support.

Border security is another important aspect of national safety, with Bangladesh working to
strengthen its borders, particularly along the India-Bangladesh border. Measures have been
implemented to curb cross-border illegal activities such as trafficking, smuggling, and terrorism.
The country also participates in regional security frameworks, like the South Asian Association
for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical
and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), to foster regional cooperation on security issues.

In addition to physical security, Bangladesh has also started focusing on emerging threats like
cyber security. With the rapid digitalization of the economy and society, the government has taken
steps to protect critical infrastructure from cyber-attacks and promote online safety. The

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introduction of the Digital Security Act (DSA) in 2018 has been a significant development, though
it has raised concerns over freedom of expression and privacy.

In conclusion, while Bangladesh has made considerable progress in enhancing the safety and
security of its citizens, challenges such as ensuring justice, tackling terrorism, and responding to
emerging cyber threats remain. However, continued investment in law enforcement, national
defense, disaster management, and emerging security challenges is expected to contribute to
greater stability and safety for the population in the future.

Chapter 11: Development in Human Happiness

Economic progress, improved health, and better education have elevated national happiness.
Challenges remain in addressing mental health and urban stress. In recent years, Bangladesh has
focused on improving human happiness through multi-faceted approaches that combine economic
growth, social welfare programs, healthcare improvements, and enhanced quality of life. The government,
along with various stakeholders, has sought to not only advance the country's GDP but also prioritize the
well-being and happiness of its citizens. This holistic approach to development has contributed to
significant strides in human happiness in Bangladesh.

Economic development plays a pivotal role in enhancing human happiness. Bangladesh has
achieved impressive economic growth, with its GDP expanding consistently over the past decade.
This growth has led to improvements in living standards, employment opportunities, and access to
essential services. A growing middle class, rising household incomes, and an expanding job market
have all contributed to greater financial security and personal well-being for many citizens.
Programs aimed at poverty alleviation have been successful, with the poverty rate declining
significantly from 40 percent in 2005 to around 18.7 percent in 2022. The reduction in poverty has
allowed many Bangladeshis to experience a higher quality of life, contributing to overall
happiness.
Social welfare programs have also played a critical role in fostering human happiness. The
government has expanded safety nets for vulnerable populations, including elderly citizens,
children, and those with disabilities. Initiatives such as social security pensions, stipends for school
children, and support for women entrepreneurs have worked to enhance social inclusion and
reduce inequality. The development of a robust healthcare system has ensured that people have
better access to medical services, which directly affects their quality of life and mental well-being.
The health sector has seen marked improvements, with the availability of vaccines, maternal care,
and healthcare infrastructure becoming more widespread.
Furthermore, the government has invested in education to improve happiness in the long run.
Educational reforms have made access to quality education more inclusive, with a focus on
reducing gender gaps and providing skills that equip citizens for the modern workforce. A better-
educated population leads to greater life satisfaction and personal empowerment, both of which
are key components of happiness.
Physical and mental well-being are also being actively addressed. The government has worked to
increase public health awareness, emphasizing the importance of healthy lifestyles, mental health

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support, and access to psychological services. Bangladesh has increasingly recognized the link
between mental health and overall happiness, promoting programs and policies that reduce stigma
and offer support for mental well-being. The rise in digital platforms has helped people access
resources related to mental health, further empowering them to prioritize self-care.
Environmental factors also influence happiness, and Bangladesh has made efforts to improve
living conditions through environmental sustainability initiatives. These include clean water
access, waste management systems, and air quality monitoring. Urban planning has aimed to create
greener spaces and improve living conditions in cities. Public parks and recreational areas have
increased, fostering physical activities and community engagement, which are essential for a
balanced and happy life.
Additionally, the social and cultural fabric of Bangladesh plays a significant role in the happiness
of its people. The country’s rich traditions, family-oriented culture, and sense of community
provide emotional support and connection. Social relationships are a strong foundation of
happiness, and Bangladeshis’ commitment to supporting one another, especially during difficult
times, contributes to the collective well-being. Festivals, cultural events, and religious practices
also create moments of joy, bonding, and meaning, contributing to the overall happiness of
individuals.
While Bangladesh has made significant progress, challenges remain. Issues such as income
inequality, unemployment, and the mental health crisis still need attention. Moreover, the impact
of climate change continues to affect the most vulnerable, particularly those living in flood-prone
and coastal areas. Nevertheless, Bangladesh's commitment to improving the human condition has
positively impacted the happiness of its citizens, and ongoing reforms and initiatives are expected
to further enhance well-being.
In conclusion, Bangladesh has made considerable strides in improving human happiness through
a combination of economic, social, educational, and environmental developments. Although
challenges persist, the country's commitment to its people’s well-being has resulted in tangible
improvements in quality of life. As Bangladesh continues to evolve, its focus on happiness and
well-being is likely to remain a central component of its development agenda.
Conclusion
Bangladesh’s journey underscores resilience and commitment to sustainable growth. Future
policies must balance economic, social, and environmental needs to ensure inclusive development.
The economic development of Bangladesh from 1971 to 2024 has been a remarkable story of resilience,
transformation, and growth. From the devastation of the liberation war and the challenges of rebuilding
an impoverished nation in the 1970s, Bangladesh has made impressive strides in various sectors,
establishing itself as one of South Asia's fastest-growing economies. The country's journey has been
marked by steady progress in agriculture, industrialization, infrastructure, and human development,
contributing to poverty reduction and improved living standards for millions of its citizens.

In the 1980s and 1990s, the foundations for economic growth were laid through structural reforms,
market liberalization, and the rise of key sectors such as the ready-made garment industry. The

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2000s saw the economy benefiting from increased remittances, export growth, and infrastructure
development, which facilitated further industrialization and urbanization. Throughout these
periods, Bangladesh's commitment to social sectors, including education, health, and sanitation,
also played a critical role in improving the quality of life and addressing poverty.
From 2010 onwards, Bangladesh experienced rapid economic growth, reaching annual GDP
growth rates of 7-8%, driven by the expansion of its export-oriented industries, especially the
textile and garment sector, along with a growing services sector and rising remittances. The
country made substantial investments in infrastructure, digital technology, and sustainable
development initiatives to support its growing urban population and modernize its economy.
Despite challenges like political instability, climate change risks, and infrastructure bottlenecks,
Bangladesh's economy has shown remarkable resilience, particularly during the global COVID-
19 pandemic.
As of 2024, Bangladesh stands at the threshold of achieving middle-income status, with ambitious
goals set for the future, including becoming a high-income country by 2041. The focus on
diversification, human development, and sustainable growth offers a path to continued prosperity.
The economic development of Bangladesh from 1971 to 2024 serves as a testament to the nation's
resilience and its ability to overcome challenges while fostering long-term economic and social
progress.

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Bibliography
1. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS)
2. Economic Review of Bangladesh 2023, Ministry of Finance
3. World Bank Reports
4. UNDP Human Development Reports
5. Academic Journals on South Asian Development
Appendix
• Statistical tables on GDP, poverty rates, literacy, and health indicators.

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