S3 Biology Chapter 8: Transport in Humans

i Chapter 8: Transport in Humans

Learning objectives:
Students should learn Students should be able to
 General plan of the circulatory system  Relate the structure of various components
 Composition and functions of blood of the circulatory system to transport.
 Exchange of materials between blood  Describe the exchange of materials
and body cells

A. Need for transport system

nlivicnts from the surroundings,


oxygen
All cells need a continuous supply of __________ and ___________
Clurbon
and a rapid removal of ______________ mefwholic
and other _____________
^

wastes to the outside.

dioxide
 Unicellular organisms, such as amoeba, have a large surface area to volume ratio. Diffusion is
sufficient to transport substances throughout their bodies.

 However, for multicellular organisms, such as mammals, some tissues are far away from the
surfaces of the body. Diffusion alone is not sufficient to move substance over long distances
and cannot provide rapid delivery of oxygen and nutrients to these tissues and remove their
wastes. A transport system is therefore necessary.

 Circulatiry system (心血管系統)

In human, the transport system can be divided into the ______________
and the ______________
lymph system (淋巴系統).
 Our circulatory system consists of three main parts: blood, blood vessels and the heart.

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S3 Biology Chapter 8: Transport in Humans

B. Human circulatory system – Blood

Different parts of the blood can be separated by using a centrifuge (離心機). It spins at high speed
to exert a force which causes different parts to settle out.

(I) Plasma (血漿)

 Plasma is a yellowish fluid which consists mainly of water (90%) and of a variety of dissolved
substances (10%) in solution form.
 The substances present includes:
 plasma proteins (e.g. antibodies, albumin and fibrinogen)

 soluble food substances (e.g. glucose, amino acids)

 minerals (e.g. sodium ion, calcium ion, hydrogencarbonate ion)

 dissolved gases (e.g. dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen)

 metabolic wastes (e.g. urea)

 hormones

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 S3 Biology Chapter 8: Transport in Humans

(II) Blood cells (血細胞)

Red blood cells (紅血細胞), White blood cells (白血細胞) Blood platelets (血小板)

Two major types: Very small pieces of cell

fragments
Phagocyte (吞噬細胞)
whole
Lobed nucleus

large round nucleus

section

Lymphocyte (淋巴細胞)
non
livingcell
-

Shape  Biconcave disc shape 

__________________________ Irregular shape  Irregular shape

 Phagocyte are quite large

Size  Quite small  Very small
 Lymphocyte are small

Number
(per mm3 of  About 5.4 millions  About 7000  About 250 000
blood)

Colour  Red due to the pigment  Colourless  Colourless

pigment haemoglobin
________________ (血紅蛋白)

Nucleus  No nucleus when mature  Large round or lobed  No nucleus

Site of  bonemarrow
In _______________________  spleen
In bone marrow and _________  In bone marrow
production (骨髓) of bones like limb bones, (脾); mature in lymph nodes (淋
ribs and vertebrae (椎骨) 巴結)

Life span  About 120 days  For most, less than 3 days  7 – 10 days

Site or  In the liver and spleen;  Some are killed by germs or  In the liver and spleen
method of haemoglobin is broken down passed out of the body in faeces
destruction bile
into iron and _______________

pigment
__________________________

Function  Contain haemoglobin to carry  Protect our body against  Involved in

blood
oxygen
__________________________ diseases by killing germs ____________________

Clotting
____________________
to prevent further blood
loss and entry of germs
into our body

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S3 Biology Chapter 8: Transport in Humans

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 S3 Biology Chapter 8: Transport in Humans

C. Human circulatory system – Blood Vessels (血管)

Oxysen
There are three types of blood vessels: >
 hear
Arteries (動脈) carry blood from __________________ to body tissues. →
nutrieuts

body heart
tissue back to __________________.
Veins (靜脈) carry blood from ____________________

 Capillaries (微血管) are the smallest type of blood vessels. They connect the
vein
artery
____________________ to the ____________________.
There are also different types of arteries and veins:
“

—
"

比
☆

:
x
…
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 S3 Biology Chapter 8: Transport in Humans

(I)

∅
Arteries and veins

· q

:
…

.
, Cwal
⼦
、

Artery Vein
秉
Direction of blood flow
away from heart foward the heart
Location Deep inside the body Closer to the body surface

σWall
thikre thinner -

味
Lumen → Smallr larfer
∞Presence of valves
N0 4es
0Nature of blood …
(Oxygenated / Deoxygenated) blood ∞
(Oxygenated / Deoxygenated) blood

(except in the pulmonary artery (except in the pulmonary veins and

and the umbilical arteries 臍動脈) the umbilical vein 臍靜脈)

Force for blood flow Provided by the pumping action of Provided by the contraction of the
p heart
the _______________ muscleskeletal
_______________ _______________

that squeeze the vein

Blood pressure Higher; due to the pumping action Lower; the pressure drops after blood

of the heart
Capillary
passing through __________________

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 thingyicial
S3 Biology
feature Chapter 8: Transport in Humans

Features of arteries: Adaptation ( special

 Blo 0 i
The thick walls of the arteries allow the arteries to withstand high _______________
0 (functiou
presiuvee
_______________ due to the pumping action of the heart.
)

 elastic _______________
The thick layer of _______________ tissue allows the arteries to distend
(擴張) and recoil (反衝). This helps maintain a continuous blood flow.

( function
When the heart artery distends
a
contracts 
 When the heart contracts, blood
 is forced into the artery.

 The blood pressure stretches out

b When the heart the artery (the artery distends).
relaxes

Recoil of the artery pushes

blood forward.

artery recoils

 How elastic recoil of the artery maintains a continuous blood flow

0
 In the arterioles, the thick layer of muscles contract (收縮) or relax (放鬆) to change the

lumen
size of the _______________. This helps regulate the amount of _______________
0 Blo d
flow
_______________ to different parts of the body.
( lxception )
Features of veins

 lumen
The large _______________ of the veins reduces the resistance (阻力) to the blood flow

inside the veins. feature


valves are present in veins to prevent the backflow of blood. function )
_______________ (瓣膜)
(
 The force for blood flow in veins is mainly provided by the contraction of the

Sheletou musle
⼀
_______________
⼀ _______________ lying next to the veins. When the muscles contract, the
⼀

→
veins are squeezed and blood is forced to flow towards the heart.
=

funcfion skeletal

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S3 Biology Chapter 8: Transport in Humans

 Contraction of skeletal muscles near the vein forces the blood forward, and the
presence of valve prevents backflow of blood.

(II) Capillaries
 In the body tissues, arterioles (小動脈) branch into networks of capillaries, forming
Lx
capillavies bed &
_______________ _______________ (微血管床) for exchange of materials between the blood

and body cells. , ( importancelfunction

9 imtrieak .01
 The lumen of capillaries is only slightly larger than the diameter of a red blood cell. The

one cell
capillary wall is made up of _______________-_______________ thick endothelium. It is

differentially
_______________ permeable and has no muscle layer.

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S3 Biology Chapter 8: Transport in Humans

Adaptation of capillaries for exchange of materials between blood and body cells:
Feature Adaptation


highly branched
_______________ _______________  surface
Provides a large _______________

capillary bed area

_______________ for rapid exchange of

materials between the blood and body cells

 CroSS
Large total (38) _______________-  0
Blood flows (quickly / slowly) in the capillaries,

Secfional area
_______________ thus allowing a longer time for exchange of
≡

materials

 One-cell thick capillary wall  Short

Provides a _______________ distance for rapid

diffusion of materials

endothelium

 Section of a capillary

0
c
B

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 S3 Biology Chapter 8: Transport in Humans

D. Blood pressure and rate of blood flow along different blood vessels
  

fluctuate←
total cross-sectional area of
⼀ blood vessels (cm 2)

rate of blood flow (cm s–1)

Contractios blood pressure (mm Hg)

0
relaxation aorta arteries capillaries
⼀vena cava
veins >

arterioles venules
叉 …
Blood pressure Rate of blood flow
>

 In arteries  0
(High / Low) due to the  0
(High / Low) in the arteries

and arterioles
pumping
_______________ action of due to the pumping force of

the heart the heart

/ decrease

peviodically
Changes _______________ as 
drop
_______________ in the

the heart contracts and relaxes arterioles as the total cross-

sectional area of arterioles

increases

 In capillaries  Drops significantly because  Zero

Drops to nearly ___________

the small diameter of the because the total cross-

capillaries results in a high sectional area is the

vesistance to blood flow

_____________ greatest
_______________

 In veins and  Eero

Drops to nearly ___________  increase
_______________ due to
:
venules because the blood has Contractiou of skeletal
_______________

overcome great muscles lying next to the

resistauc of the blood

_______________ veins

vessel walls after travelling a

long distance

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 Bloodpressur
⼆
71
-

Vein

:
Vein
Artery ↓
↓
↓
incease aflr

1
Bloodpresswe lowest Blood Pessurc
highes
Capil ay
=

∞
±

↓ ↓
∵
thehearfheaves fravel
( Because) longest
distance
∞
↓ muscle
away from
∵
:
…
.
pumping
⼀
actionofthe

heart heartd contvaction

ofskeletal
0
greater force
generateby greatest
resistance
pumpins action ofheart
masde
rate of Blood
Capillary fton

∵
lower Blood Pressure

Small diamefer
↓ Artery
↓
highest rate of Blood flov
:
high resistance
↓
(therefore )
(B

pumping foroe
)
" cs
greatest
Capillary ↓
decrease in arteriole
lowegt rate of Blood
flv
total cross seetionalarea
'

:
c
! fofal -

Cross -

increase
sectiual area

greatest
 S3 Biology Chapter 8: Transport in Humans

Concept Check
1. Which of the following is a correct comparison that can be applied to all arteries and veins?
Arteries Vein
A. High glucose content Low glucose content
B. Without valves With valves

C. The blood inside is red The blood inside is bluish

D. Higher blood pressure Lower blood pressure

2. Which of the following components of blood helps to prevent the entry of pathogens into
human body?
A. Blood platelets
B. Lymphocytes
C. Phagocytes
D. Antibodies

+3. The diagram below shows a capillary network connecting two blood vessels, P and Q, in the
lungs. The lung cells are not shown in the diagram.

Judging from the direction of fluid movement shown in the above diagram, which of the
following comparisons about the composition of the blood in blood vessels P and Q is
correct?
Blood vessel P Blood Vessel Q

A. Less oxygen More oxygen

B. Less carbon dioxide More carbon dioxide

C. More glucose Less glucose

D. More protein Less protein

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S3 Biology Chapter 8: Transport in Humans

E. Heart Cardiac = heart

 The heart wall is made up of ____________ muscles which contract and relax regularly
in order to pump blood around the body.

aorta

Semilunar
Valves
bicuspid
valves
fricuspid
Vahes

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S3 Biology Chapter 8: Transport in Humans

Structures of the Mammalian Heart

Structure Feature and function

Atria 
σ
Have a (thinner / thicker) muscular wall than the ventricles
女

σ
The right atrium receives (oxygenated / deoxygenated) blood from the

Vena
_______________ Cava
_______________ and pushes it to the right ventricle


σ
The left atrium receives (oxygenated / deoxygenated) blood from the

pulmonary lein and pushes it to the left ventricle

_______________ _______________

Ventricles 
0
Have a (thinner / thicker) muscular wall than the atria

 leff 女
Among the two ventricles, the _______________ ventricle has a thicker

wall because it has to provide greater force to pump blood to all parts of

the body (except the lungs)

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S3 Biology Chapter 8: Transport in Humans

 0
The right ventricle pumps (oxygenated / deoxygenated) blood to the lungs

pulmonary artery
via the _______________ _______________

 σ
The left ventricle pumps (oxygenated / deoxygenated) blood to the rest of

aorta
the body via the _______________

Heart  The bicuspid and tricuspid valves prevent the backflow of blood into the

valves atrium
_______________

 Semilunar valves prevent the backflow of blood into the

ventricles
_______________

Transverse section of a heart to show the presence of valves

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S3 Biology Chapter 8: Transport in Humans

Adaptive features of Heart for pumping blood

Structure Adaptation

Cardiac muscles fatigue

Can contract and relax continuously without _______________

Have a thick muscular wall that provides a strong force of

Veutricdes
contraction to drive blood over a long distance to all parts of the body

Bicuspid valve, backf 1 ow of blood in the heart to ensure blood flow

Prevent _______________

tricuspid valve and in one direction

semilunar valves

Prevent the bicuspid and tricuspid valves from turning inside out
tendon

Extra reading:
Blood pressure refers to the pressure of the flowing blood that exerts on the walls of the heart
chambers and blood vessels
 Arterial blood pressure includes systolic pressure (highest blood pressure during ventricular
systole) and diastolic pressure (lowest blood pressure during ventricular diastole).
 Blood pressure of blood vessels can be measured by sphygmomanometer.
 Significance of blood pressure:
(i) Keep the blood circulation
(ii) Facilitate capillary exchange
(iii) Facilitate ultrafiltration in kidneys

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S3 Biology Chapter 8: Transport in Humans

0
vena Cara

pulmonary Vein

Gorta

pulmonaryartery

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S3 Biology Chapter 8: Transport in Humans

F. Blood circulation
 In humans, blood flows through the heart twice in one complete circulation. This is
described as a double circulation and is the most efficient type of circulation in animals.
 The circulatory system consists of two circuits: pulmonary circulation (肺循環) and
systemic circulation (體循環).

pulmonary artery lungs

aorta pulmonary vein
2 2
vena cava
4
right atrium 1 1 4
left atrium
right ventricle left ventricle

3 Key:
pulmonary circulation

systemic circulation
deoxygenated circulation

All other parts of the body oxygenated circulation

 Double circulation:
Pulmonary circulation – from the heart to the lungs and back
Systemic circulation – from the heart to the body and back
☆ ☆
_
Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation

Pathway Right atrium → right ventricle →

—
Left atrium → left ventricle →
_

pulmonary artery → aorta

_______________ → all parts of

參
_______________ → the body except the lungs →

pulmonary veins → left atrium venae cavae → right atrium

Change of

blood ≈
Becomes _______________

(oxygenated / deoxygenated)
Becomes _______________

(oxygenated / deoxygenated)

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S3 Biology Chapter 8: Transport in Humans

Advantages of double circulation

Separate


 Oxygenated blood is _______________ from deoxygenated blood by the septum

efficicnt)
between left and right sides of the heart. ax effectivet
 This can ensure a more _______________ supply of oxygenated blood to body
tissues.
rapid -
fime
 This allows a more rapid circulation of blood to body tissues without

damase
_______________ the delicate capillaries in the lungs.

00 - 0U
—

End of Chapter 8

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