INTERNATIONAL

RELATIONS
LECTURE 1
CONTENTS
 Diplomatic history
 Law
 Philosophy
 International law
 International organizations
 Nuclearizations
 Increasing economic interdependence and cold war
 Military stratagem and strategic studies
 GATT ,IBRD, IMF
International Relations
Introduction
 Diff theories/ concept/ diplomacy/ international law
 Second part is all practical
 First-third world war
 Overlapping with current affairs
 Very helpful in interview
 Even for understanding the current issues
International Relations
Introduction
 Some doubts regarding whether its scoring subject
or not
 Depends entirely on efforts
 Topics are specific answers are specific
 I think there is hardly any option available particularly
in this group
 Every student should have some background of it
COURSE Contents
 There is some addition to past contents
 Previously there were three parts
 Theory
 Practice in test stage
 Current one
International Relations Introduction
continued..Current division is
 Current division is
 Theory
 All practice[history as well as current topics]
 Start with the objectives
 You know I will discuss this point in current affairs as
well
 8-12 areas
 Prepare those objectives
International Relations Introduction
continued..
 Remember in every paper give full fledge time to
objectives it will leave effect an impact on remaining
questions
 Giving the impression to the examination that this is
a good student
 In social sciences you are making an assessment
 If you have good marks in objective you are going to
get good in subjective
Areas for objective questions current
affairs and IR
 Familiar with the capitals of prominent states
 Currencies
 Airlines of different countries
 News agencies
 Head of states ,governments and foreign ministers
 Nobel prize winners
Areas for objective questions current
affairs and IR continued…..
 Abbreviations
 International Organizations[when was it established,
members, headquarter, founding members, current
members, different organs ]
 Prominent books
 Prominent authors
 International days[such as human rights day]
 There can be question regarding sports
 Prominent personalities
Definition and Scope of international
relations
 Relatively a new subject in universities you would see
 Part of history
 Part of political science
 In quid e azam university it has recently been offered
 Consist of two words
 1.Inter means between or among
 2.National means of nations
 3.Relation means links, contacts or dealings
 So international relation means links , contact,
dealings between or among nations of the world. It
is related to the relations between southern states
Jeremy Bentham
 This word was used for the first time by Jeremy Bentham in the later
call of 18th century 1948-1882[the second half of centaury]
 He was a British philosopher
 Jurist
 Social reformer
 Regarded as founder of modern utilitarianism
 ‘ IR is interaction of states with each other’
 Post back to after the emergence of nation state system
 Pakistan is a state as India is a state we need to find out origin of
nation state system
 Emerged after the treaty of Westphalia 1648[middle of 17th centaury]
 Westphalia a e is a place in Germany
 This treaty brought to an end a thirty years war which ended after
this treaty
 This war was between Catholics and protestant [the two sects of
christen]
4 components for a state[elements of
state]
 Territory of their own
 Population of their own
 Government of their own
 Government should be sovereign
Introduction of IR
 First Three elements were in existence prior to this
treaty of Westphalia before 1648 ,lakin ya to wo
roman empire k under thay ya roman church k
 Even after getting sovereignty relations weren’t truly
international because states weren’t interdependent
on each other
 Lack of communication as agar ek ruler dosry state
ki capital main jata tha to months lagty thay so they
weren’t truly international
Introduction of IR
 There were no interdependence
 Which was increased subsequently
 What’s responsible for truly
 One was industrial revolution[1760-1840]
 As a result Advancement in transportation and
communication facilities came into being
 States came close to each other because of this
industrial revolution
 With the passage of time the activities of state
increased considerably therefore importance of
international relations increased accordingly
DEFINITION AND NATURE OF
IR
 Scholars can be divided into two groups
 One is having a narrow view which is
 ‘IR is official relations between sovereign states
conducted by authorized leaders’
 Ambassador interaction
 Second is having a broader view
 ‘official as well as unofficial interaction among states ,
all movements of people , goods and ideas across the
boundaries/ borders within its preview, it includes
trade, financial interaction, missionary activities, travel
of students, cultural relations’
ANOTHER DEFINITION
 Quency Wright Hoffman and James Rousseau
supports broader view
 Hoffman says ‘IR is concerned with the factors and
the activities which affect the external policies and
the powers of basic units into which the world is
divided’
 Majority of the scholars support broader view of IR
WRITE THREE MORE DEF
Select this paragraph to edit
Scope of IR
 Scope means parameters or range of parameters
being dealt with or studied
 Reason is scope to us is a little different
 What is the scope of this subject
 Koi grad karta ha to yahi kehta ha k master karlu to
koi nokari milay gi k nahi
 Scope here means what are the areas covered in
this particular subject
Scope of IR Continued…..
 Initially the scope of IR was limited to diplomatic history,
law and philosophy having no theory and principles with
science and technological revolution states came close
to each other IR begin to be studied
 Yahan pe hum ne IL nahi kaha domestic law kaha with
the advancements with reference to industrial revolutions
 International law is related to IR
 After the two world war international organization came
into existence which became subject matter of discussion
 League of nations were created after 1st world war
Select this paragraph to edit
 After second world war significant changes took
place
 Such as emergence of bipolar system[US and
USSR]
 nuclearization
 Increasing economic interdependence
 Cold war etc
IN EUROPE 4, 5 POWERS
OPPOSING EACH OTHER
 LIMITED TO EUROPE , these areas remained under
colonialism
 FRANCE
 GERMANY
 SPAIN
After second world war
 Here ussr and us emerged [bipolarization]
 Interdependence
 Globalization
 GENERAL AGREMENT ON TRADE AND TTERRIF
1999
 Continued for 45 long years
Continued
 With the advent of nuclear era military stratagem and
strategic studies became part of IR
 With the expansion of trade various trade in financial
organizations were created which became part of IR
such as
 GATT
 IBRD[international bank of reconstruction and
development]
 IMF

 GATT then became WTO

Current scope
 Scope of IR at present is extensive and it embraces
study of diplomatic history
 International politics
 International organization
 International law
Are part of its scope
Outline for The nation state
system
 Introduction
 Meaning and definition of nation state
 Origin and evolution of nation state
 Elements of the nation state
 Set back to nation state
 Future of nation state
Name of the book
 By Prakash chandar
 By Safdar rehman
Nation state
 When they failed they resort to one of the most
important actor
 These states interacted wiyh each other
 They were mutually independent from each other
 Because of people’s loyality was attached with the
nation state who at times copoerate with each other
o enter into a conflict
Select this paragraph to edit
 Within the nation states most of the states are
multinational states but when we talk about Pakisan
as a entity that is one nation our nationality is
Pakistani’s
Nation
 A nation is large community of people
 Usually sharing a common history
 Language
 And living in a particular territory under one
government
 Nation state means , ‘Nation in a state ‘
 Every state have one nation
Nation in a state
 How can you define a nation state
 First we defined nation then state
 ‘A group of people having a demographic character
and the feeling of community living in a definite
territory with its own independent government’
 Palmer perkenis the pattern of political life in which
people are separately organized into sovereign
states into each other in various degree and various
ways
Origin and evolution of nation state
theory …
 One of the interesting topic
 Existence of a state as it is in 21st centaury
 Nation state emerged in the middle of 17th centaury
 Generally scholars trace the origin of the states system
 From the year 1648 when the treaty of Westphalia was
signed which brought the 30 years war to an end
 The point that we had already discussed in last class
 Ab 17th centaury tk puhanchne k liye let us go back even
before
 The state existed and enter into in relation with each
other but they were not sovereign states
 Roman empire
 Roman church
Select this paragraph to edit
 State was not sovereign from 1st- 5th centaury
 It’s the beginning point of the development and origin
of nation states
 When the roman empire was established [all Europe
was under one roman empire]
 Understanding is roman empire was considered as a
beginning point of
 People’s political loyalty was attached to emperor
 Peoples loyalty would be repeated time again
 Fall of Roman empire resulted in emergence of
feudal system as well as catholic christen church
Origin and evolution of nation state
theory Continued …
 In Greek era city states existed about 300 BC whose
authority was limited to an area of a small village
today, city state ka lafz past main istemal hua hai
 1648 originated
 Prior to that roman empire ka zikr kia roman church
ka zikar kiya
 Us se b pechay chalty hain
 Greek period main b city state existed lakin close to
vilage state they would sit together
Select this paragraph to edit
 Loyalty of the people was divided political
attachment were towards feudal law and religious
loyalty was towards the christen church
 12th centaury main kingship emerged
 In 12st centaury feudalism declined and kings began
to consolidate their powers

 Emergence of kingship
 Ye sari activities Europe main ho rahi hain
Select this paragraph to edit
 Kings were able to strengthen their power because of various factors
 Including royal land
 Developing strong central government
 Increasing revenue taxes
 Marriage of daughters of great novels And getting land as dowry
 18th centaury middle class came into kinghoodship
 Two classes were there One was royal family, middle [in 13th centaury trade
expanding which resulted into middle class they supported the kings as they
needed a big political unit for their expanded economic activities the rise of
kings resulted in kingdoms and political accordingly attached to the kind],
lower
 1415 the clashes between the empire
 st
 Ate church contravercy
 State was represented by the port
 This was the period of renaissance and reformation in Europe[1350-1500]
period of renaissance and reformation, logoun k pas ye jo debate hamary
mulk main chal rahi hai europe main ye batain 13 centaury se chal rahi that
authority should be vested to kings
The end