SOLVE OF LINEAR PARTIAL DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION

A. Lagrange’s Method:

 Examples based on Rule-I:

1. Solve the partial differential equation:

( b−ca ) yzp+( c−a

b ) xzq=(
a−b
c ) ∂z
xy , where p= ∧q=
∂x
∂z
∂y
[VIT]

Solution:
Given PDE is,

( b−ca ) yzp+( c−a

b ) xzq=(
c )
a−b
xy

Which is a linear PDE of the form

Pp+Qq=R , where P= ( b−ca ) yz , Q=( c−a
b ) xz , R=(
c )
a−b
xy

So, the auxiliary equation be,

dx dy dz
= =
P Q R
Ie,
dx dy dz
= =
( ) ( ) ( )
b−c
a
yz
c−a
b
xz
a−b
c
xy

Taking first two terms, Taking last two terms,

dx dy dy dz
= =
( ) ( )
b−c
a
yz
c−a
b
xz ( ) ( )
c−a
b
xz
a−b
c
xy


H( ) ( )
c−a
b
xdx=
b−c
a
ydy ( ) ( )
c−a
b
zdz=
a−b
c
ydy

∫ ( ) ( )
c−a
b
xdx=∫
b−c
a
ydy ∫ ( ) ( )
c−a
b
zdz =∫
a−b
c
ydy

(
b ) 2 ( a ) 2
(
b ) 2 ( c ) 2
2 2 2 2
c−a x b−c y c−a z a−b y
. − . =C 1 . − . =C 2

Hence the required solution of the given equation be,

Ф ( u , v )=0
Where u=( ac−a ) x −( b −bc ) y ∧v=( c −ac ) z −( ab−b2 ) y 2.
2 2 2 2 2 2

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  Examples based on Rule-II:

1. Find the general solution of p+3 q=5 z+ tan ⁡( y−3 x). [VIT]

Solution:
Given PDE is,
p+3 q=5 z+ tan ( y−3 x )
Which is a linear PDE of the form
Pp+Qq=R , where P=1 , Q=3 , R=5 z + tan ( y−3 x )
So, the auxiliary equation be,
dx dy dz
= =
P Q R
Ie,
dx dy dz
= =
1 3 5 z+ tan ( y−3 x )

Taking first two terms, Taking first and last terms,

dx dy dx dz
= =
1 3 1 5 z +tan ( y −3 x )
 dy =3 dx dx dz
 = , using(1)
 ∫ dy=∫ 3 dx 1 5 z +tan ( C 1 )
H
 y−3 x=C 1---------------- (1) dx dz
 y−3 x=Constant
 ∫ 1 =∫ 5 z + tan ( C )
1
1 1
 x= log|5 z + tan ( C 1 )|+ C 2
5 5
 5 x−log |5 z +tan ( y −3 x )|=C2 ------- (2)
 5 x−log |5 z +tan ( y −3 x )|=Constant

Hence the required solution of the given equation be,

Ф ( u , v )=0
Where u= y−3 x∧v=5 x−log |5 z+ tan ( y−3 x )|.

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 2. AA

Solution:

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  Examples based on Rule-III:
1. Solve the partial differential equation: x 2 ( y −z ) p+ y 2 ( z−x ) q=z 2 ( x− y ). [VIT]
Solution:
Given PDE is,
x ( y −z ) p+ y ( z−x ) q=z ( x− y ).
2 2 2

Which is a linear PDE of the form

2 2 2
Pp+Qq=R , where P=x ( y−z ) ,Q= y ( z−x ) , R=z (x− y )
So, the auxiliary equation be,
dx dy dz
= =
P Q R
Ie,
dx dy dz
2
= 2 = 2 −−−−−(1)
x ( y−z ) y ( z−x ) z (x − y)

Taking 1 , y as multipliers, we get, from (1),

1
2
∧1
2 2
x z
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2
dx + 2 dy+ 2 dz 2
dx + 2 dy + 2 dz 2
dx+ 2 dy + 2 dz
x y z x y z x y z
Each fraction of ( 1 )= = = −−−−
1 2 1 2 1 2 y −z+ z−x + x− y 0
. x ( y−z ) + 2 . y ( z−x ) + 2 . z ( x− y )
x2 y z

Taking yz , zx∧xy as multipliers, we get, from (1),

yzdx + zxdy+ xydz yzdx+ zxdy + xydz y
Each fraction of ( 1 )= 2 2 2
= 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
=
yz . x ( y −z )+ zx . y ( z −x )+ xy . z ( x− y ) x y z −x y z + xy z −x y z + x y z −x y z

From equations (1) & (2), From equations (1) & (3),
1 1 1  yzdx + zxdy+ xydz =0
 dx+ 2 dy + 2 dz dy=0
x
2
y z  d ( xyz )=0
1 1 1  ∫ d ( xyz )=0
 ∫ x 2 dx +∫ y2 dy+∫ z 2 dz=0
 xyz=C 2−−−−−−−−−(5)
H −1 −1 −1 −1
 + + =
x y z C1
1 1 1 1
 + + = −−−−−−−(4)
x y z C1
Hence the required solution of the given equation be,
Ф ( u , v )=0
1 1 1
Where u= + + ∧v=xyz .
x y z
2. AA

Solution:

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  Examples based on Rule-IV:

1. Solve: ( z 2−2 yz− y 2 ) p+ ( xy + zx ) q=xy−zx . [VIT]

Solution:
Given PDE is,
( z 2−2 yz− y 2 ) p+ ( xy + zx ) q=xy−zx .
Which is a linear PDE of the form
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 Pp+Qq=R , where P=( z 2−2 yz − y 2 ) ,Q=( xy+ zx ) , R=xy−zx
So, the auxiliary equation be,
dx dy dz
= =
P Q R
Ie,
dx dy dz
= = −−−−−(1)
( z −2 yz− y )
2 2
( xy + zx ) ( xy−zx )

Taking x , y andz as multipliers, we get, from (1),

x . dx + y . dy + z . dz x . dx+ y . dy + z . dz x . dx+ y
Each fraction of ( 1 )= = 2 =
x . ( z −2 yz− y ) + y . ( xy+ zx )+ z .(xy −zx) x z −2 xyz−x y + x y + xyz + xyz + x z
2 2 2 2 2

From equations (1) & (2), Taking last two fractions of (1),
 x .dx + y . dy + z . dz=0 dy
=
dz

 ∫ xdx +∫ ydy +∫ zdz =0 ( xy+ zx ) (xy−zx )
dy dz
x y z C1
2 2 2
 + + =  =
2 2 2 2 x ( y + z ) x ( y −z)
H 2 2 2 dy dz
 x + y + z =C 1−−−−−−−(3)  =
( y+ z ) ( y−z)
 ydy −zdy= ydz + zdz
 ydy-zdz-d(yz)=0
 ∫ ydy −∫ zdz−∫ d ( yz)=0
2 2
C
 y − z − yz= 2
2 2 2
2 2
 y −z −2 yz=C 2−−−−−−−( 4)

Hence the required solution of the given equation be,

Ф ( u , v )=0
Where u=x + y + z ∧v= y −z −2 yz .
2 2 2 2 2

2. Find the general solution of the PDE: ( y + z ) p+ ( z+ x ) q=(x + y ). [VIT]

Solution:
Given PDE is,
( y + z ) p+ ( z+ x ) q=(x + y ).
Which is a linear PDE of the form
Pp+Qq=R , where P=( y + z ) , Q=( z + x ) , R=(x + y )
So, the auxiliary equation be,
dx dy dz
= =
P Q R
Ie,
dx dy dz
= = −−−−−(1)
( y+ z ) ( z + x ) (x+ y)
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 Taking 1 ,1∧1 as multipliers, we get, from (1),
1. dx +1. dy +1. dz dx +dy + dz dx+ dy+ dz
Each fraction of ( 1 )= = = −−−−−−−−−−−−−−(2)
1. ( y + z ) +1 . ( z + x ) +1. (x+ y) y+ z+ z + x + x + y 2( x+ y + z )

Taking 1 ,−1∧0 as multipliers, we get, from (1),

1. dx−1. dy +0 . dz dx−dy dx−dy
Each fraction of ( 1 )= = = −−(3)
1. ( y + z )−1 . ( z+ x ) +0 .(x + y ) y + z −z−x ( y−x )

Taking 0 , 1∧−1 as multipliers, we get, from (1),

0 .dx +1. dy−1 . dz d y −d z d y−d z
Each fraction of ( 1 )= = = −−(4)
0 . ( y+ z ) +1 . ( z+ x )−1 .(x + y ) z + x−x− y (z− y )

From equations (2) & (3), From equations (2) & (4),
dx +dy +dz dx−dy dx +dy +dz dy−dz
 =  =
2 ( x+ y+ z ) ( y −x) 2(x+ y+ z) ( z− y)
1 dx + dy+ dz dx−dy 1 dx + dy+ dz d y−d z
 . + =0  . + =0
2 ( x+ y + z ) (x − y) 2 ( x+ y + z ) ( y−z)
H 1 dx+ dy +dz dx−dy 1 dx+ dy +dz d y−d z

2
∫ ( x+ y+ z ) +∫ (x− y ) =0 
2
∫ ( x+ y+ z )
+∫
( y−z )
=0

1 1 1 1
 log |x + y + z|+log |x− y|= A  log |x + y + z|+log | y −z|= A
2 2 1 2 2 2
 log |x + y + z|+2 log |x− y|=A 1  log |x + y + z|+2 log | y−z|= A2
 log (x− y)2 .|x+ y+ z|=¿ A1 ¿  log ( y−z )2 .|x+ y+ z|=¿ A2 ¿
 (x− y )2 .|x + y + z|=e A 1
 ( y− z)2 .|x + y + z|=e A 2

 (x− y )2 .|x + y + z|=C 1−−−−(5)  ( y− z)2 .|x + y + z|=C 2−−−−(6)

Hence the required solution of the given equation be,

Ф ( u , v )=0
Where u=(x− y ) .|x + y + z|∧v=( y−z ) .|x + y + z|.
2 2

3. Find the general solution of the partial differential equation:

( x 2− yz ) p+ ( y 2−zx ) q=z 2−xy , where p= ∂ z ∧q= ∂ z . [VIT]
∂x ∂y
Solution:
Given PDE is,
( x 2− yz ) p+ ( y 2−zx ) q=z 2−xy .
Which is a linear PDE of the form
Pp+Qq=R , where P=( x 2− yz ) ,Q=( y 2−zx ) , R=z 2−xy
So, the auxiliary equation be,
dx dy dz
= =
P Q R
Ie,
dx dy dz
= = −−−−−(1)
( x − yz )
2
( y −zx ) (z −xy )
2 2

Taking 1 ,−1∧0 as multipliers, we get, from (1),

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 1. dx−1. dy+ 0 . dz dx−dy dx−dy dx−dy
Each fraction of ( 1 )= = = 2 2 =
1. ( x − yz ) −1 . ( y − zx ) +0 .(z −xy ) x − yz− y + zx x − y − yz + zx ( x− y ) ( x+ y )+ z(x −
2 2 2 2 2

Taking 0 , 1∧−1 as multipliers, we get, from (1),

0 . dx +1. dy−1 . dz d y−d z d y−d z dy−dz
Each fraction of ( 1 )= = = 2 2 =
0 . ( x − yz ) +1 . ( y − zx )−1 .(z −xy ) y −z x−z + x y y −z −z x + x y ( y−z ) ( y + z ) + x (
2 2 2 2 2

Taking −1 , 0∧1 as multipliers, we get, from (1),

−1. dx+ 0 . dy+ 1. dz d z−d x dz−dx dz−dx
Each fraction of ( 1 )= = = 2 2 =
−1. ( x − yz ) + 0 . ( y −zx ) +1 .(z −xy) z −x y −x + y z z −x −x y + y z ( z−x )( z + x ) + y
2 2 2 2 2

From equations (2) & (3), From equations (3) & (4),
dx−dy dy −dz dy −dz dz−dx
 =  =
( x− y ) ( x + y + z ) ( y−z ) ( x + y + z ) ( y−z ) ( x + y + z ) ( z−x )( x + y + z )
dx−dy dy −dz dy−dz dz −dx
 ∫ ( x− y ) −∫ ( y−z ) =0  ∫ ( y−z ) −∫ ( z −x ) =0
H
 log |x− y|−log| y −z|= A1  log | y −z|−log|z−x|= A2
|x− y| | y−z|
 log =A  log =A
| y−z| 1 |z −x| 2
 | |
x− y
y −z
=C 1−−−−−−−(5) 
Hence the required solution of the given equation be,
| |
y−z
z −x
=C 2−−−−−−−−−−−( 6)

Ф ( u , v )=0

Where u= |x−y−zy|∧v =| z−x

y−z
|.
4.

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