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COMMUNICATION
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
The process of sharing and conveying messages or
information from one person to another within and 1.Sender generates a message and encodes it
across channels, contexts, media, and cultures 2. Message is transmitted through a channel
3. Receiver gets the message
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
4. Receiver decodes / interprets the message
1.SENDER / SPEAKER – transmit a message or
5. Receiver provides a feedback or response
convey an expression through words or actions

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2. MESSAGE – the information, idea, thought, or
emotion conveyed through words or actions
3. ENCODING – the process of speaking, writing, 5 feautures of language
acting, or conveying the message

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4. CHANNEL – medium used to send or convey the 1. PHONOLOGY
message The study of the sound system in a language.
5. DECODING – the process of interpreting / 2. Semantics
understanding the message received It is the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences in a

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6. RECEIVER - the recipient of the message language
7. FEEDBACK – the reaction / response to the 3. Morphology
message received Is a the study of the formation of words. Words consist of
8. CONTEXT – the environment / setting where morphemes - a letter or syllable of a word with a particular meaning
communication takes place 4.Syntax

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9. BARRIER – the hindrance / problem faced in the Is the study of how words are put together to form grammatically
correct sentences in a language
Communication process
5. Pragmatics
It is the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences in a
COMMUNICATION MODELS language

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shows the pattern or flow of communication as
well as the elements involved in that particular Types of Communication Models according to Famous People
kind of communication. Communication models have
1. ARISTOTLE’S MODEL
evolved through the years and experts have the
• Devised during 5 BC.
process more detailed and updated.
• A linear or one-way model.
1. LINEAR MODEL • Focused on the speaker and the message.
It is unidirectional model. • "Setting" dictates the message.
it presents a simple communication act. • The three settings were legal, deliberative, and ceremonial.
It involves persuasion, not mutual understanding. 2. SHANNON-WEAVER MODEL
It values psychological effects over social effects • By Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver
2. INTERACTIVE MODEL • Based off of the Telephone model.
It is an improved process. It still begins with a • Gave the concept of "Noise" which Is a barrier to communication.
sender, in which a speaker encodes a message using 3. SCHRAMM’S MODEL
different channels. The receiver listens as he • By Wilbur Schramm
decodes the message. Feedback is the next stage of • Modified the Shannon-Weaver Model.
the process, where the receiver sends a response • Each person has a field of experience that
to the sender that continues the communication should overlap for communication to take place.
• Introduced the concept of feedback
cycle.
4.WHITE’S MODEL
3. TRANSACTIONAL MODEL
• By Eugene White
Is more detailed and involves more elements of
• Tells us that communication is circular and
communication. There are principles involved in this type
continuous and has no beginning nor end.
of communication • Communication can be observed from any point
Participation is continuous and simultaneous. in the cycle.
All communication have a past, present and
future all communication play roles
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different techniques

DIFFERENT TYPES OF BARRIERS FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION

1. PHYSICAL BARRIER– environment /

1. CONTROL/REGULATION – manage actions and behaviors.
surroundings
2. SOCIAL INTERACTION – to interact, socialize,
2. PROCESS BARRIER- show that one of the
elements in the communication process blocks form bonds, and strengthen relationships.
3. MOTIVATION – to make someone feel better /

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the flow of messages
3. PSYCHOSOCIAL BARRIER – within the mind/ believe they can be better.
one's perception 4. EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION – to express feelings.
4. SEMANTIC BARRIER– with words or language 5. INFORMATION – to make others aware of data. It
used

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also includes communicating to be informed
INTERCULTURAL Communication
TYPES OF ORAL TEXT
INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION IS

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THE VERBAL AND NONVERBAL
1.Proverb – a short saying, popularized by a
INTERACTION BETWEEN PEOPLE FROM
DIFFERENT CULTURAL BACKGROUND.
society or particular groups in a society.
2.Poetry – is another way to animate the

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1. SYMBOLIC EXCHANGE
words in metric form
Symbols and signs can be an option to bridge
miscommunication brought about by language. 3.Song – lyrics and notes become
2. IRREVERSIBLE PROCESS meaningful when they are sung.

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It means that a communicator may not be 4. Riddle – is a question in a form of a
changing his/her cultural communication But can
statement or even a one-word hint for the
adjust to cultural communication of others
3. DIFFERENT CULTURAL COMMUNITIES brainteaser to be identified by
It is composed of interacting individuals with the listeners
shared beliefs and way of life. 5. Narrative- is a story delivered by an
4. NEGOTIATE SHARED MEANINGS
orator or performer. It can be in a form of
Agree on general objective of the intercultural
communication encounter. a myth, legend, fable and fantasy.
5. INTERACTIVE SITUATION
It involves the physical setting like seating
arrangement and psychological features such as CATEGORIES OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION
behavior, cognitive concepts, social skills, etc.
1. KINESICS
SOCIO-cultural aspects of deals with body movements, facial expressions and gestures
COMMUNICATION 2. Haptics
Deals with communication through touch like shaking a
1. CULTURAL IDENTITY
hand, hugging and touching a person’s arm.
refers to the membership and acceptance into a larger cultural
group that share a system of tradition, norms and values. 3. Paralanguage
2. GENDER ROLE Refers to the nonverbal cues of the voice such as volume,
is not necessarily limited to male and female. People do not have pitch, intonation and tone.
the authority to judge or condemn other's sexual orientation. 4. Appearance
3. AGE IDENTITY Refers to the physical look that conveys a message.
refers to how people feel and think about themselves as they age.
5. Artifacts
4. SOCIAL CLASS
is the rank assigned by the society to its members according to Are simply objects used as tools to convey message like
their income, titles, possessions etc. pictures, instruments, maps and other objects.
5. RELIGIOUS IDENTITY
refers to the active or inactive membership of a person to a
certain religious organization
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CONTEXT IN SPEECH SPEECH STYLES

is the situation that brings people to a conversation or a speaking 1. INTIMATE – private topics and sensitive talks
event. It involves the particular time and place of the
communication. 2. CASUAL – conversational, daily chats, simple
and relatable
TYPES OF CONTEXT
1. Intrapersonal - 3. CONSULTATIVE – conversation with a more
when the person communicates within himself or herself. knowledgeable other or with someone of a
A. The Physical self - is the material body with its internal functions & outward higher position / status.

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appearance.
B. The Emotional self - is the affective side of people. They show their emotional 4. FORMAL – imparts information while using
self when they decide on circumstances. correct grammar, good diction, technical
C. The Intellectual self - is the cognitive part of a human being vocabulary, and exact definitions.
D. The Moral self - is the ethical beliefs and values being observed by people.

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5. FROZEN – static, ritualistic, memorized and
2. Interpersonal - recited.
Deals with communication through touch like shaking a hand, hugging and
touching a person’s arm.

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A. Learning- it allows people to gather information about themselves, other
SPEECH ACT
people, past, present or future events.
B. Helping - It provides people advice, emotional support or assistance that can
help them. is performed by a way of an utterance with
c. Influencing - It allows people to
intended actions.
persuade another person to provide help, share an activity, change in attitude,

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counsel a relationship. For example, speech can be used to make
D. Relating - It allows people to experience closeness or distance, agreement or statements, ask questions, apologize,
disagreement. describe, or persuade, among many other
E. Playing - It allows people to experience humor, camaraderie, celebration or
pass time.
uses. In a speech act, words are used to do

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something, not just to say something.
TYPES OF SPEECH (BY PURPOSE)

1. INFORMATIVE – gives data / imparts knowledge LEVELS OF SPEECH ACT

• Definition – discusses the meaning
• Demonstrative – how to do something
(guide/tutorial) 1.Locutionary Act -
• Explanatory – concepts and complex topics is the performance of an utterance; phonology,
• Descriptive – creates a vivid picture syntax and semantics
utterance / producing sounds or words
2. PERSUASIVE – convinces, calls to action, or 2. Illocutionary Act -
change opinions is the intended action of the utterance; pragmatics
intention or purpose
3. INSPIRATIONAL – uplifts and motivates
3. Perlocutionary act -
4. ENTERTAINMENT – lets the audience enjoy
it’s the actual effect; persuading, inspiring, asking
and so on
COMMUNICATIVE STRATEGIES response or feedback
1. NOMINATION –
start a conversation
collaboratively and productively establish a topic.
2. RESTRICTION – TYPES OF SPEECH ACT
setting rules / boundaries
limitations you may have as a speaker. 1. ASSERTIVE –express a belief or own truth
3. TURN-TAKING –
everyone gets to speak 2. DIRECTIVE – makes the receiver perform an
process by which people decide who takes the conversational floor action.
4. TOPIC CONTROL – develop topic / stay on topic
3. COMMISSIVE – makes a commitment.
5. TOPIC SHIFTING – change the topic
6. REPAIR – 4. EXPRESSIVE – show feelings or emotions.
solve communication issues 5. DECLARATIVE – takes effect after being uttered
refers to how speakers address the problem in speaking, listening, and
comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation.
by the right
7. TERMINATION – end a conversation