Name:Alishba Nadeem Roll no:BSAI-168

Lab manual

Lab no 1
IP ADDRESS
• An IP (Internet Protocol) address is a unique identifier assigned to
each device connected to a network that uses the Internet Protocol
for communication.
• It serves two primary functions:
• Identifying the host or network interface
• Providing the location of the host in the network.
• Two versions of an IP Addresses
• IPV4 – 4,294,967296 (Total no. of addresses)
• IPV6
Management of an IP Addresses
The Five RIRs
• ARIN (American Registry for Internet Numbers): Covers the United
States, Canada, and parts of the Caribbean.
• RIPE NCC (Réseaux IP Européens Network Coordination Centre):
Covers Europe, the Middle East, and parts of Central Asia.
• APNIC (Asia-Pacific Network Information Centre): Covers Asia and
the Pacific region.
 • LACNIC (Latin American and Caribbean Internet Addresses
Registry): Covers Latin America and parts of the Caribbean.
• AFRINIC (African Network Information Centre): Covers Africa and
parts of the Indian Ocean region.
Internet Service Providers (ISPs)
ISPs are companies that provide internet access to end-users
(both individuals and businesses). They are assigned blocks of IP
addresses by the RIRs.
End-User Organizations:
These are businesses, institutions, or individuals who receive IP
address assignments from their ISPs or directly from the RIRs if
they require large blocks of IP addresses (e.g., large enterprises,
data centers).
Classes of an IPV4 Address:
• Class A
• Class B
• Class C
• Class D
• Class E
Subnet Mask:
A subnet mask is a 32-bit number used in IP networks to divide an IP
address into two parts:
• the network ID and the host ID.
Private & Public IP Addresses:
Public IP Address:
Assigned by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) and are
unique across the entire internet.

Private IP Address:

Reserved for use within private networks and are not routable on the
internet.
Special IP Addresses:

Loopback Address: 127.0.0.1 is used for testing purposes within a host.

Subnetting:
Subnetting is the process of dividing a larger network into smaller,
more manageable sub-networks (subnets).
Subnetting:
192.168.0.0
No of networks=6
Fond the number of bits needed to be converted,2n=23
=3 Bits

Convert Your IP into binary

=192.68.0.00000000
As 3 bits are required so,
192.68.11100000

Find the network Id’s or subnets.

I. 192.168.0.0
II. 192.168.0.32
III. 192.168.0.64
IV. 192.168.0.96
V. 192.168.0.160
VI. 192.168.0.192
VII. 192.168.0.224

a)Find IP in given subnet →192.168.0.1

b)Last IP in given subnet→192.168.0.30
c)Broadcast IP in subnet→192.168.0.31

Find the no of host IP =2n-2=25-2=30

200.168.0.0
Networks=10
1)24=16
2)200.168.0.00000000
200.168.0.11110000
3)
I. 200.168.0.0
II. 200.168.0.16
III. 200.168.0.32
IV. 200.168.0.48
V. 200.168.0.64
VI. 200.168.0.80
VII. 200.168.0.96
VIII. 200.168.0.112
IX. 200.168.0.128
X. 200.168.0.144
XI. 200.168.0.160
XII. 200.168.0.176
XIII. 200.168.0.192
XIV. 200.168.0.208
XV. 200.168.0.224
XVI. 200.168.0.240
XVII. 200.168.0.32
First IP=200.168.0.32
Last IP=200.168.0.46
Broadcast IP=200.168.0.47

No of Host IP=2X-2=24-2=14

Lab no 2
Cables
Network cables:
• Twisted Pair Cables
• Coaxial Cables
• Fiber Optic Cables
Twisted Pair Cables:
A twisted pair cable is a type of wiring where two conductors are
twisted together to cancel out electromagnetic interference (EMI) from
external sources, such as electromagnetic radiation from other cables
and noise from other electronic devices.
There are two main types:
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): The most common form, used in
Ethernet cables (like Cat5e, Cat6), telephone lines, and other data
transmission applications.
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP): Includes additional shielding to protect
against EMI, offering better performance in environments with high
interference.

Straight-Through Cable:
A straight-through cable is the most commonly used Ethernet cable for
connecting different types of devices.

Crossover Cable:
A crossover cable is used to connect two similar devices directly
without the need for a switch or hub.
Rollover Cable (Console cable):
A rollover cable is used to connect a computer to a router or switch's
console port, typically for administrative purposes.

Fiber Optic Cable:

Fiber optic cables use light to transmit data and offer higher speeds and
longer distances compared to copper cables.
Coaxial Cables:
Coax, short for coaxial, is a type of cable used to transmit data, the
internet, video and voice communications. A coax cable is made up of
an aluminum and copper shield with an outer plastic jacket (see below)
with the dielectric insulator helping to minimize signal loss.

LAB NO 3
DHCP:
DHCP is a network management protocol used to automatically assign
IP addresses and other configuration settings (e.g., subnet mask,
gateway, DNS) to devices (hosts) on a network, allowing them to
communicate with other IP networks.
DNS:
DNS is an Internet service that translates human-readable domain
names (e.g., www.example.com) into IP addresses (e.g., 192.168.1.1)
that computers use to identify each other on the network.
HTTP VS HTTPS:
HTTP: Data is sent in plaintext, making it vulnerable to interception and
eavesdropping.
HTTPS: An extension of HTTP that uses SSL/TLS encryption to secure
communication between the client and server, ensuring data privacy
FTP:
FTP is a standard network protocol used to transfer files between a
client and server over a TCP-based network, such as the internet or an
intranet.
 Configuration Modes of Switch
User EXEC Mode

• Prompt: Switch>
• Access Level: Basic monitoring and troubleshooting commands.
• Entry: This is the default mode when you first access a switch. You
cannot configure the switch in this mode, only view its settings.
• How to Enter: Connect to the switch via the console and press
Enter.
Privileged EXEC Mode

• Prompt: Switch#
• Access Level: Allows access to all monitoring commands and some basic
troubleshooting commands.
• How to Enter: From User EXEC mode, type enable.
• Commands Available: Viewing running configurations, basic debugging,
and file management.
Global Configuration Mode

• Prompt: Switch(config)#
• Access Level: Used to make system-wide configuration changes on the
switch.
• How to Enter: From Privileged EXEC mode, type configure terminal or
conf t.
• Commands Available: System configurations, hostname change, setting
passwords, etc.

4. Interface Configuration Mode

• Prompt: Switch(config-if)#
• Access Level: Used to configure a specific interface (Ethernet, FastEthernet,
GigabitEthernet).
• How to Enter: From Global Configuration mode, type interface <interface-
type> <interface-number>, for example, interface gig0/1.
• Commands Available: Configuring interface settings such as IP addresses,
enabling/disabling interfaces, duplex settings, etc.