1


Q.1) Given a uniform plane wave E  3 jax  Aa y  2az e   j 60 ( x  y )
in a

lossless and simple medium ( 0 r , 0 ) , find:

a) the constant A

b) E (r , t )

c) wavelength 
d) Phasor magnetic field intensity vector
SOLUTION:

a) The general form of the phasor electric (or magnetic) field intensity vector in
a lossless medium is
 j ( xk x  yk y  zkz )
E ( x, y)  E0e jk r  E0e
where

r  xax  yay  zaz

is the position vector and

k  k x ax  k y a y  k z az

is the wave number vector. So

k  r  60 x  60 y  xk x  yk y

k x  60 , k y  60 ; k  60 ax  60 a y

for a lossless medium

k    260 rad/m.

Then the unit vector in the propagation direction is

 2

k 60 ax  60 a y 1 1
n   ax  ay
k (60 )2  (60 )2 2 2 .

For a plane wave electric field, magnetic field and propagation direction must be
perpendicular to each other:

EH n
means that

E  n  E0  n  0 ;   1
3 jax  Aa y  2az  
 2
ax  
1 
ay   0
2 

3 j 3A
 0; A j.
2 2

b) Using A  j , the electric field intensity vector can be expressed as


E ( x, y)  3 jax  jay  2az e j 60 ( x y ) 
and the time dependent expression of the field will be


E (r , t )  Re e jwt E ( x, y ) 
 
E (r , t )  Re e 3 e jwt j 900
ax  e j 900

a y  2az e  j 60 ( x  y ) 

E (r , t )  Re (3ax  3a y )e jwt e  j (60 ( x  y ) 90 )  2az e jwt e  j 60 ( x  y )
0



E (r , t )  Re (3ax  3a y )e j ( wt 60 x  60 y 90 )  2az e j ( wt 60 x  60 y )
0


E (r , t )  (3ax  3a y ) cos  wt  60 x  60 y  900   2az cos  wt  60 x  60 y 

E (r , t )  (3ax  3a y ) sin( wt  60 x  60 y )  2az cos  wt  60 x  60 y 

V/m.
 3

2 2 2
   
2
c)
 ;
 260 60
m.

d) H
1 1

 2
ax 
1 
 
a y  x 3 jax  ja y  2az e j 60 ( x  y )
2 

H
3
2
 
 2 a x  2 a y  j 2a z e j 60 ( x  y ) .

Q.2) Consider a plane wave travelling in free-space is incident upon a perfectly

conducting half plane which occupies z  0 . The phasor magnetic field intensity
of the incident wave is given as:

H i  a y 102 e j 5 ( x  z ) A/m
Find:

a) the angle of incidence  i in degrees,

b) the unit vector in the direction of propagation of incident and reflected waves

c) the expression for the phasor field Ei of the incident wave,

d) the expression for the phasor field Er and H r of the reflected wave,

e) the phasor surface current density J s at the air-conductor interface.

 4

x
air perfect
( 0 , 0 ) conductor
reflected
wave

r y
 z
i
incident
wave

SOLUTION:

a) The general form of the fields is

 j ( xk x  yk y  zk z )
H i ( x, z )  H 0 e  jk0 r  H 0 e

where

r  xax  yay  zaz

is the position vector and

k  k x ax  k y a y  k z az
is the wave number vector. So

k  r  5 x  5 z  xk x  zk z ; k x  5 , k z  5

k  5 ax  5 az

 kx  1  5 
i  tan 1    tan    45 .
0

 kz   5 
 5

b) The unit vector in the propagation direction of the incident wave is

k 5 ax  5 az 1 1
ni    ax  az
k (5 )2  (5 )2 2 2

The unit vector in the propagation direction of the reflected wave is

k 5 ax  5 az 1 1
nr    ax  az
k (5 )2  (5 )2 2 2

c) The phasor electric field vector for the incident wave in terms of the magnetic
field vector is

E  0 Hxn
So,

 1 
E  120  a y 102 e j 5 ( x z )  x 
1
ax  az 
 2 2 

  1 1 
E  1.2 e  j 5 ( x  z )  a y x  ax  az  
  2 2 

 1 1 
E  1.2 e j 5 ( x  z )   az  ax 
 2 2 
d) the unit vector in the direction of the propagation of the reflected wave will
be (from the figure)

1
nr   ax  az 
2
and the reflection coefficient on the boundary is

2 cos i 1 cos t

   1 ; (2  0)
2 cos i  1 cos t
 6

Er
i
x
x perfect
Hr conductor

r y
 z
i
Ei i


Hi

Ei  Ei  ax cos i  az sin i  e jk ( x sini  z cosi )

Ei
Hi  e jk ( x sini  z cosi ) a y
0
Er  Er  ax cos i  az sin i  e jk ( x sini  z cosi )

Er
Hr   e jk ( x sini  z cosi ) a y
0
and

Er
   1 ; Er   Ei
Ei
So

a a 
Er  1.2  x  z  e j 5 ( x  z ) and H r  102 e j 5 ( x  z ) a y
 2 2
 7

x
 Hr perfect
conductor
Er

r y
 z
i
Ei i

 Hi

d) J s  ân x H i  az x 102 e j 5 x a y   102 e j 5 x ax

z 0

(Here ân is the unit vector from the conducting surface to the free space)

Q.3) Consider the figure given below. Electric field intensities of the incident
and reflected waves are given in non magnetic media as follows:

air x
( 0 , 0 ) ( r  0 , r 0 )

reflected
wave transmitted
wave

r t
 z
i y

incident
wave
 8

2 ( x  z )
Ei  ay 4e j10 V/m Er  a y 2e j10 2 ( x  z )
V/m.

It is known that the angle of incidence is i  45 and the frequency is 3 GHz.

0

Find

a) the dielectric constant  r of the dielectric medium,

b) the angle of transmission  t ,

c) electric and magnetic field intensities Et and Ht of the transmitted wave.

SOLUTION:

a) Reflection coefficient for the perpendicular polarization:

Er 2  cos i 1 cos t

    0.5  2
Ei 4 2 cos i  1 cos t
and from Snell's law we have that

sin i  2 w  r  0 r 0
   r r  1 )
sin t 1 w  0 0
(since

sin i sin 2 i
sin t  and cos t  1  sin t  1 
2

r r

r 
 2  0  0
and r r
so,
 9

120 sin 2 450

cos 45  120 1 
0

r r
0.5 
120 sin 2 450
cos 45  120 1 
0

r r

1 1
 1
2 r 2 r
0.5 
1 1
 1
2 r 2 r

and,

1 1 1 1
0.5  0.5 1    1
2 r 2 r 2 r 2 r

1 1 2.25  1 
1.5  0.5 1   0.25 1  
2 r 2 r
;
2 r  2 r 

and finally

2.25 0.25 2.5 2.5

  0.25   0.25 and  r   5.
2 r 2 r 2 r 2(0.25)

b)

sin i 1/ 2 1  1 
sin t    ; t  sin 1    18.435 .
0

r 5 10  10 

c) the transmission coefficient is

0 1 1
2 cos 450 2
22 cos i r 2
5 2
      0.5
2 cos i  1 cos t 0 1 1 1  10(0.9487)
cos 45  0 cos18.4350
 0.9487
r 5 2
 10

Et  Ei  (0.5)4  2

nt  ax nt sin t  az nt cos t ; nt  ax 0.3162  az 0.9487

Then

2 f
Et  a y Ei e j2nt r ;  2  w  r  0  r 0   r  20 5
c

5 (0.3162 x  0.9487 z )
Et  2a y e j 20 .

Ht 
1
0 / 5
 ax 0.3162  az 0.9487  x 2a y e j 20  5 (0.3162 x  0.9487 z )

2 5  j 20
Ht  e 5 (0.3162 x  0.9487 z )
 ax 0.3162  az 0.9487  xay
120

5  j 20
Ht  e 5 (0.3162 x  0.9487 z )
 az 0.3162  ax 0.9487  .
60

4) For an incident wave with parallel polarization find the relationship between
the critical angle and Brewster angle for nonmagnetic media.

Solution:

For nonmagnetic media r1  r 2  1 and

 n2   2  2
 c  sin    sin 
1 1
 or sin  c 
 1
n 
 1 1

cos iB  2 
 1 cos iB  2 1  sin 2 iB 
1/ 2
sin iB 
sin iB 2 1 1
 11

2 2 2
sin iB   sin iB
1 1

    1
sin iB 1  2   2
2 sin iB 
1
 1  1
;
1
2
Considering the following right angle triangle

1
1  2
1
iB

1 /  2

one can easily conglude that

1 2
tan iB  
1 1
2

means that tan iB  sin c .

5) Consider a plane wave in air impinging obliquely on a large, thick slab of

polyethylene (  r  2.25 ). The wave is parallel polarized. Find the magnitude of
the reflected and transmitted electric field intensity vectors and the transmission
0
angle if the incidence angle is 60 and the amplitude of the incident electric field
intensity is 10 V/m..

Solution:

The transmission angle is

 12

 n1   1 
t  sin 1  sin i   sin 1  sin 600   35.260 .
 n2   2.25 
The reflection end transmission coefficients are

 n1  1
  cos t  cos i cos 35.260  cos 600
  2
n 2.25
  0.042
 n1  1
cos 35.26  cos 60
  cos t  cos i
0 0

 n2  2.25

Et 2n1 cos i
    0.638
Ei n2 cos i  n1 cos t

and the amplitudes of the reflected and transmitted fields will be

Er   Ei  0.042(10)  0.42 V/m

Et   Ei  0.638(10)  6.38 V/m

4. A uniform plane wave with a phasor electric field intensity vector

Ei ( z )  Ei e  j 1z a x

in medium-1 (1 , 1 ) is incident normally onto a lossless dielectric slab ( 2 , 2 )

of a thickness d backed by a perfectly conducting plane as shown below.

x perfectly
conducting plane

Ei

ni z
Hi
medium  1 medium  2
1 , 1  2 , 2
z0 zd
 13

Find both reflection and transmission coefficients at z  0 . Determine the

thickness d that makes E1 ( z ) (total field in medium-1) the same as if the
dielectric slab were absent.

SOLUTION:

The incident fields in medium-1:

Ei ( z )  Ei e  j 1z a x Er ( z )  Er e j 1z a x

Ei Er
Hi ( z)  e j1z a y H r ( z)   e j1z a y
1 1
The total fiels in medium-1 are:

E E 
E1 ( z )  ( Ei e  j 1z  Er e j 1z )a x H1 ( z )   i e  j 1z  r e j 1z  a y
 1 1 

The transmitted and reflected back fields from the conducting plate in medium2
are:

Et ( z )  Et e  j 2 z a x Er 2 ( z )  Er 2e j2 z a x

Et Er 2
Ht ( z)  e  j 2 z
ay H r 2 ( z)   e j 2 z a y
2 2
The total fields in medium-2 are:

E E 
E2 ( z )  ( Et e  j 2 z  Er 2 e j 2 z )a x H 2 ( z )   t e  j 2 z  2 r e j 2 z  a y
 2 2 

Boundary condition at zd

E2 (d )  0 ; Et e j2d  Er 2e j2d  0  Er 2  Et e j 2 2d

so the total fields in medium-2 will be
 14


E2 ( z )  Et e  j2 z  e j 2 ( z 2 d ) a x  and

H 2 ( z) 
Et
2
e  j 2 z
 e j 2 ( z 2 d ) a y
Boundary conditions at z  0 ;

E1 (0)  E2 (0)

Ei  Er  Et (1  e j 2 2d ) (1)

H1 (0)  H 2 (0)

Ei
1

Er
1

Et
2
1  e  j 2 2 d
 (2)

Solving (1) and (2) in terms of the ratios Er / Ei and Et / Ei , the reflection and
transmission coefficients can be determined as follows:

From (1)

Ei  Er
Et 
1  e j 2 2d
by substituting into (2)

1 Ei  Er
 j 2 d 
Ei  Er  1  e j 2  d  2

2 1  e 2

1 e j d (e j d  e j  d )
2 2 2

Ei  Er  ( Ei  Er )  j d j d  j d
2 e (e  e 2
) 2 2

1 2cos  2 d
Ei  Er  ( Ei  Er ) 
2 2 j sin 2 d

j2 tan  2 d ( Ei  Er )  1 ( Ei  Er )
 15

Ei (1  j2 tan  2 d )  Er (1  j2 tan  2 d )

Er 1  j2 tan  2 d

 
Ei 1  j2 tan  2 d .

From (1)


Er  Et 1  e j 2 2d  Ei 
by substituting into (2)

1
 
Ei  ( Et 1  e j 2 2d  Ei ) 
2
Et 1  e j 2  d 2

  
  
2 Ei  Et  1  e  j 2 2 d  1 1  e  j 2 2d 
2
 
 
(1  2 2e j 2 2d  1e j 2 2d
2Ei  Et
2
Et 22
 
Ei 1  2  (1 2 )e j 2 2d
If there were no dielectric slab:

Er   Ei i.e j2 tan 2 d  0

2 2 n
tan 2 d  0 ; tan d 0 d  n d
 
;
2 .

5) Two dielectric medium have a plane interface ay y  0 ( xz plane) as shown

below. If a plane wave impinges to the interface by an angle of  i , find the
reflection and transmission coefficients on the interface. Express the total fields
in each region.
 16

(1 , 0 ) z ( 2 , 0 )
nr
nt
medium  1
r t
y
i
medium  2
ni
Ei

Hi
y0

SOLUTION:

ni cos i  cos i z
in y-direction cos i

y
i

ni
ni sin i  sin i
i in z-direction
Ei

Hi
H t cos i
H t sin i in -z-direction

in y-direction

Use the geometry given above for the unit vectors in propagation directions for
each wave:

ni  cos i a y  sin i a z

nr   cos r a y  sin r a z
 17

nt  cos t a y  sin t a z

where  i   r and the position vector is defined as

r  xa x  ya y  za z .

For losslees media   j  and the general expression for the phasor electric
field intensity vector is

E  E0 e  nr  E0e  j  nr .

So the incident fields in medium-1 are;

Ei  Ei e  j  ni r  Ei e  j 1 ( y cosi  z sin i ) a x
1
Hi  ni xEi
1
1
Hi  (cos i a y  sin i a z ) xEi e j1 ( y cosi  z sini ) a x
1
Ei
Hi  (sin i a y  cos i a z )e j1 ( y cosi  z sini )
1
The reflected fields in medium-1 are;

Er  Ei e  j  nr r  Er e  j 1 (  y cosr  z sinr ) a x

1
Hr  nr xEr
1
Er
Hr  ( cos r a y  sin r a z ) xe j1 (  y cosr  z sinr )
1
 18

Er
Hr  (sin r a y  cos r a z )e j1 (  y cosr  z sinr )
1
The transmitted fields in medium-2 are;

Et  Et e  j 2 nt r  Et e  j 2 ( y cost  z sin t ) a x

1
Ht  nt xEt
2
Et
Ht  (sin t a y  cos t a z ) xe j2 ( y cost  z sint )
2

Boundary conditions are y  0 (Sum of the tangential components must be equal)

Ei e j1z sini  Er e j1z sinr  Et e j2 z sint

Using the phase condition;

e  j 1z sin i  e  j 1z sin r  e  j 2 z sin t

the first equation is obtained as

Ei  Er  Et (1)

Applying the boundary condition for the tangential componenets of the magnetic
field intensity vector:

Ei Er Et
 cos i  cos i   cos t
1 1 2 (2)

From (1) and (2) can be solved for the reflection and transmission coefficients as

Er 2 cos i 1 cos t Et 22 cos i

  and  
Ei 2 cos i  1 cos t
.
Ei 2 cos i  1 cos t
 19

6. The uniform plane wave in air with the following phasor expression for electric
field intensity vector

3y z )
E ( y, z )  5(a y  3 a z )e j 6(
is incident on a perfectly conducting plane at z  0.
a) Find the frequency and the wavelength of the wave

b) Find the time dependent expressions of electric and magnetic field intensity
vectors

c) Determine the angle of incidence

d) Find the phasor expressions of the reflected electric and magnetic field vectors

e) Find the phasor expressions of the total electric and magnetic field vectors

SOLUTION:

The general expression of the phasor field is in the form of:

E  E 0 e  r
where    n

is the propagation vector in the propagation direction and

r  xa x  ya y  xa z
is the position vector for a point in the space. So,

Ei  E 0 e  ni r  E 0 e  j 0 ni r

since for the air  0 and   j  . Now for the given field we have

 j  0 ni  r  j 6( 3 y  z )   j 6( 3 y  z )

 j 6( 3 y  z )   j 6( 3 a y  a z )  ( ya y  za z )
 20

means that

 0 ni  6( 3 a y  a z )
or

6( 3 a y  a z ) 6( 3 a y  a z ) ( 3 a y  a z ) ( 3 a y  a z )
ni    
0 6(  3 a y  a z )
 3 2
2
(  12 )

now

 ( 3 a y  a z ) 
 0 ni  12   and then;  0  12 rad/s.
 2 
OR Alternatively !!!!

 j ( x x a x  y y a y  z x a z )
E  E 0 e j  r  E 0 e
means that

 j ( x x a x  y y a y  z x a z )  j 6( 3 ya y  za z )   j 6( 3 ya y  za z )

then the components of the propagation vector will be

 y  6 3 and  z  6 ;   6 3 a y  6a z

    6  3 a y  6a  6( ( 3)2  1)  6( 4)  6(2)  12 rad/s

and

 6 3 a y  6a z
ni    0.5( 3 a y  a z )
 12

2 2 2
a)       0.5236 m.
  12
 21

3x108
b) f 
c
  5.73x108 Hz.  w  2 f  11.46 x108 rad/s.
 0.5236

E i ( y, z, t )  5(a y  3 a z ) cos(11.46 x108 t  6 3 y  6 z )

Hi 
1
0
ni xE i 
1
120
 
0.5( 3 a y  a z ) x 5(a y  3 a z )e j 6( 3y  z )

1 3yz )
Hi  ( 3 a y  a z ) x(a y  3 a z )e j 6(
48

1 3y z )
Hi  ( 3a x  a x )e j 6(
48

e j 6( 3 y  z )
Hi   ax 
12

H i ( y, z, t )  0.0265cos(cos(11.46 x108 t  6 3 y  6 z) a x
c) The boundary and the unit vector for the incident wave is given below:

z0
y
ni
a z i z
x
r

nr

 ni  ( a z )  0.5( 3 a y  a z )  ( a z )  cos i

cosi  0.5  i  600

d) From Snell's law we have that  i   r ; Then the unit vector in the propagation
direction for the reflected wave is
 22

3 1
n r   n r sin 600 a y  n r sin 600 a z  nr   a y  az
2 2
Then the reflected electric field intensity vector is

Er  E r e nr r  E r e j0 nr r
3 1
 j12(  a y  a z ) ( y a y  z a z )
3 a y  a z )( y a y  z a z ) 3 y a y  za z )
Er  E r e 2 2
 E r e j 6(  E r e j 6(

at z 0

Eiy ( y, 0)  Ery ( y, 0)  0 ; 5(a y )e j 6 3y

 E ry e j 6 y 3ay
0

E ry  5 .
So;

E r  5(a y  3 a z )e j 6( y 3 z)
. (Note that: nr xEr  0 , since n r  Er )

and

1
Hr  n r xEr
0

H r ( y, z ) 
1
48

3a x  a x e j 6( y  3 z)

e j 6( y 3  z )
12
ax


e) E1  E i  E r  5(a y  3 a z )e
j 6( 3y z )
  5(a y  3 a z )e j 6( y 3z)

E1  5a y e j 6(  3y z )
 e j 6( y 3z)
5 
3 a z e j 6( 3yz )
 e j 6( y 3z)

E1  5a y e j 6 3y
e  j6z
 e j6z   5 3a ze j6 3y
e  j6z
 e j6z 
 23

E1  5(2 j )a y e j 6 3y e j6z
 e j 6 z 
 5 3(2)a z e j 6 3y e  j6z
 e j6z 
2j 2


E1 ( y, z )  a y 10 j sin(6 z )  10 3 a z cos(6 z ) e j 6  3y
(standing wave)

similarly the total magnetic field in the this medium can be derived as;

H 1 ( y, z )  H i ( y, z )  H r ( y, z )

ax
H 1 ( y, z )   cos 6 ze j 6 3y
(standing wave).
6

7. A 100 MHz uniform plane wave travelling in a lossy dielectric ( r  1 ) has the
phasor magnetic field intensity vector

H ( x)  (a y  j 2a z )e0.2 x e j 2 x
Find the associated phasor and time dependent expression of the electric field
intensity vector.

SOLUTION:

    j   0.2  j 2

jw j (2 x100 x106 )(4 x107 )

   392.84 5.710 .
 0.2  j 2

The wave is propagating in x-direction:


E ( y, z )   H xn  382.84e j 5.71
0

  (a y  
 j 2a z )e 0.2 x e  j 2 x x a x


E ( y, z )  e 0.2 x a z 382.84e j 5.71  a y 765.68e j 90 e j 5.71 e  j 2 x
0 0 0


E ( y, z, t )  e0.2 x 382.84cos(2 x108 t  2 x  5.710 )a z  e0.2 x 765.68cos(2 x108 t  2 x  5.710  900 )a y

E ( y, z; t )  e0.2 x 382.84cos(2 x108 t  2 x  5.710 )a z  e0.2 x 765.68cos(2 x108 t  2 x  5.710 )a y