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Unit-1 Notes Updated

Uploaded by

r730466chandravanshi
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© © All Rights Reserved
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MODULE-1: DC CIRCUITS

1.1 Network / Circuit: An electrical system (or a network) is an


interconnection of electrical elements. In general, an input is applied
to the system then the system performs the desired functions and
results in a response.
1.2 Circuit Elements:
1.2.1 Resistance (R): Electrical resistance is the property of a material by
virtue of which it opposes the flow of electrons through the material.
Thus, resistance restricts the flow of electric current through the
material. Unit: "ohm".
1.2.2 Inductance (L): Inductance is the property of a material by virtue of
which it opposes any change of magnitude or the direction of electric
current passing through the conductor. Unit: "henry".
1.2.3 Capacitance (C): It is the capability of an element to store the electric
charge within it. A capacitor stores electric energy in the form of
electric field being established by the two polarities of charges on the
two electrodes of a capacitor. Unit: " Farad".
1.2 Source: Source is a device which converts mechanical, chemical,
thermal or some other form of energy into electrical energy. Hence,
we can say that source as an active network element meant for
generating electrical energy.
Classification of Source:
sources can be categorized into following categories:
1.2.1 Voltage Source (VS): The source whose unit is given in "volt" is known
as voltage source. Ex: Battery and generators
It can be subdivided into two categories:
1.2.1. Ideal VS: An ideal voltage source is a 2-terminal circuit element that
1 maintains a constant terminal voltage no matter how much current is
drawn from it. The internal resistance of ideal VS is zero.
Symbol Characteristic
1.2.1.2 Practical VS: A practical voltage source consists of an ideal voltage
source in series with an internal resistance.

Symbol Characteristic

1.2.2 Current Source (CS): The source whose unit is given in "ampere" is
known as voltage source. Ex: semiconductor devices like transistor
It can be subdivided into two categories:
1.2.2.1 Ideal CS: An ideal current source is a 2-terminal circuit element that
maintains a constant current no matter how much voltage is exist
across its terminals. The internal resistance of ideal CS is infinite.
Symbol Characteristic
1.2.2.2 Practical CS: A practical current source consists of an ideal current
source in parallel with an internal resistance.

Symbol: Characteristic

1.2.3 All the sources are also categorized on the following category:
1.2.3.1 Direct / Independent Sources: In which the strength of voltage or
current is not changed by any variation in the connected network.
1.2.3.2 Dependent Sources: In which the strength of voltage or current
changes in the source for any change in the connected network. Such
type sources can be subdivided in the following categories:
(a) Voltage dependent voltage source
(b) Current dependent voltage source

(c ) Voltage dependent current source

(d) Current dependent current source

1.3 Source Transformation: A practical voltage source can be converted


into a practical current source or vice-versa.
1.4 Types of Elements:
1.4.1 Linear and Non-linear Elements:
• A linear element shows linear characteristics of voltage and
current. Ex: Resistor, inductor and, capacitor.
• For a non-linear element the current passing through it
does not change linearly with the linear change in applied
voltage. Ex: Diode, transistor.
1.4.2 Active and Passive Elements:
• If a circuit element has the capabilities of enhancing the
energy level of a signal passing through it, it is called active
element. Ex: Voltage source, current source, transistor.
• Passive elements are those elements as they do not have
any capability to enhance the energy level of signal. Ex:
Resistor, inductor and, capacitor.
1.4.3 Unilateral and Bilateral Elements:
• If the magnitude of the current passing through an element
is affected due to change in the polarity of applied volatge,
the element is called unilateral element. Ex: Diode, Op-
amp.
• If the current magnitude remains the same even if the
applied voltage polarity is changed, it is called bilateral
element. Ex: Resistor, inductor and, capacitor.

1.5 Kirchhoff's Law: A German physicist Gustav Kirchhoff developed two


laws enabling easier analysis of an interconnection of any number of
circuit elements. The first law is KCL and second law is KVL.
1.5.1 Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL): " The algebraic sum of all currents at
any node of a circuit is zero."

• I1 - I2 + I3 + I4 + I5 =0
1.5.2 Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (KVL): " The algebraic sum of voltages
(voltage drops) in any closed path of the circuit that is traversed in a
single direction is zero."

E1 - V1 - V2 - E2 - E3 - V3 = 0

1.5.3 Applications of Kirchhoff's Law:


• It is used to find voltage or current or both in any element
/ branch of the circuit.
• Mesh analysis and Nodal analysis are based of KVL and KCL
respectively.

1.5.4 Limitations of Kirchhoff's Law:


• It is not applicable for distributed circuits.
1.6 Mesh Analysis (Based on KVL)

1.7 Nodal Analysis (Based on KCL)


1.9 Star-Delta Transformation

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