VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. PROJECT TITLE: FACTORS AFFECTING INTERNAL

RESISTANCE

1 What is the aim of your project?

To study the various factors affecting the internal resistance of a cell.
2 What is a cell?
A cell is a source of electrical energy which maintains a steady
unidirectional current in a circuit.
3 What factors have been studied in the project?
a) Separation between the electrodes of the cell.
b) Temperature of the electrolyte.
4 What factors could possibly affect the internal resistance of a cell?
a) Distance between the electrodes of the cell.
b) Area of the electrodes.
c) Concentration of the electrolyte.
d) Temperature of the electrolyte.
5 What is internal resistance of a cell?
The resistance offered to the current by the electrolyte of the cell.
6 What is the internal resistance of an ideal cell?
Zero.

7 What is the formula for internal resistance of a cell?

𝐸−𝑉 𝑙1 − 𝑙2
𝑟=( )𝑅 = ( )𝑅
𝑉 𝑙1

𝑙1 – Balancing length corresponding to emf of the cell.

𝑙2 – Balancing length corresponding to terminal voltage of the cell.
R – Eternal resistance.
8 What is emf of a cell?
The difference in potential between the terminals of a cell in an open
circuit.
9 What is terminal voltage of a cell?
The difference in potential between the terminals of a cell in a closed
circuit.
10 What is the difference between the emf and terminal voltage of a
cell?
EMF TERMINAL VOLTAGE
It is defined as the difference in It is defined as the difference in
potential between two terminals of potential between two terminals of
 a cell when no current is drawn a cell when current is drawn from
from it. it.
Its value is independent of the It is directly proportional to the
resistance external resistors. value of the external resistance.
The emf of a cell is greater than Its value is less than the emf.
the terminal voltage.
11 Which apparatus is used in the project? Potentiometer.
12 What is a potentiometer?
It is a device used to measure the potential difference. It is also called an
ideal voltmeter.
13 What is the principle of potentiometer?
Potential difference across the potentiometer wire is directly proportional
the length of the wire.
14 What is meant by potential gradient?
Potential per unit length of the potentiometer wire.
15 Which material is used for the potentiometer wire? Why?
Alloys such as constantan or manganin. They have high resistivity and
less temperature coefficient (less sensitive to temperature).
16 Why metals like copper are not suitable for potentiometer?
They have low resistivity and high temperature coefficient (high sensitive
to temperature).
17 What is the conclusion of your project?
a) The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the
separation between the electrodes.
b) The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
temperature of the electrolyte.
18 What are the uses of a potentiometer?
a) It is used to measure the potential difference.
b) It is used to measure the internal resistance of a cell.
c) Compare the emf of two cells
19 What are the differences between potentiometer and ordinary
voltmeter?
Potentiometer Ordinary Voltmeter
It acts like an ideal voltmeter of It is an ordinary instrument of
infinite resistance. finite resistance.
It worked on the null method. It worked on the deflection
method.
No current is drawn by it from the Some current is dawn by it from
cell to be measured. the cell to be measured.
Sensitivity is high Sensitivity is low
It is a very accurate device. It is an approximate device.
2. PROJECT TITLE:
DETERMINATION OF INTERNAL RESISTANCE USING
POTENTIOMETER

1 What is the aim of your project?

To determine the internal resistance of a cell using a potentiometer and a
voltmeter and to find the difference in the two values.
2 What is a cell?
A cell is a source of electrical energy which maintains a steady
unidirectional current in a circuit.
3 What is internal resistance of a cell?
The resistance offered to the current by the electrolyte of the cell.
4 What factors could possibly affect the internal resistance of a cell?
a) Distance between the electrodes of the cell.
b) Area of the electrodes.
c) Concentration of the electrolyte.
d) Temperature of the electrolyte.
5 What is the internal resistance of an ideal cell?
Zero.
6 What is the formula for internal resistance of a cell?
𝐸−𝑉 𝑙1 − 𝑙2
𝑟=( )𝑅 = ( )𝑅
𝑉 𝑙1
𝑙1 – Balancing length corresponding to emf of the cell.
𝑙2 – Balancing length corresponding to terminal voltage of the cell.
R – Eternal resistance.
7 What is emf of a cell?
The difference in potential between the terminals of a cell in an open
circuit.
8 What is terminal voltage of a cell?
The difference in potential between the terminals of a cell in a closed
circuit.
9 What is the difference between the emf and terminal voltage of a
cell?
EMF TERMINAL VOLTAGE
It is defined as the difference in It is defined as the difference in
potential between two terminals of potential between two terminals of
a cell when no current is drawn a cell when current is drawn from
from it. it.
Its value is independent of the It is directly proportional to the
resistance external resistors. value of the external resistance.
The emf of a cell is greater than Its value is less than the emf.
the terminal voltage.
10 Which apparatus is used in the project?
Potentiometer and voltmeter.
11 What is a potentiometer?
It is a device used to measure the potential difference. It is also called an
ideal voltmeter.
12 What is the principle of potentiometer?
Potential difference across the potentiometer wire is directly proportional
the length of the wire.
13 Which material is used for the potentiometer wire? Why?
Alloys such as constantan or manganin. They have high resistivity and
less temperature coefficient (less sensitive to temperature).
14 Why metals like copper are not suitable for potentiometer?
They have low resistivity and high temperature coefficient (high sensitive
to temperature).
15 What is the conclusion of your project?
a) The internal resistance of a cell is directly proportional to the
separation between the electrodes.
b) The internal resistance of a cell is inversely proportional to the
temperature of the electrolyte.
16 What are the uses of a potentiometer?
a) It is used to measure the potential difference.
b) It is used to measure the internal resistance of a cell.
c) Compare the emf of two cells
17 What are the differences between potentiometer and ordinary
voltmeter?

Potentiometer Ordinary Voltmeter

It acts like an ideal voltmeter of It is an ordinary instrument of
infinite resistance. finite resistance.
It worked on the null method. It worked on the deflection
method.
No current is drawn by it from the Some current is dawn by it from
cell to be measured. the cell to be measured.
Sensitivity is high Sensitivity is low
It is a very accurate device. It is an approximate device.
3. PROJECT TITLE:
TO ESTIMATE THE CHARGE INDUCED ON A PITH BALL USING
COULOMB’S LAW.

1 What is the aim of the project?

To calculate the charge induced on the pith balls using Coulomb’s law.
2 What is Coulomb’s law?
It is used to calculate the electrostatic force between the charged bodies.
It states that the electrostatic force between two charges is directly
proportional to the product of the magnitude of the charges and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between the two charges.
3 What is the proportionality of Coulomb’s law?
1
𝑘=
4𝜋𝜀𝑜
4 What is Ɛ𝒐 ?
Electrical permittivity of air or free space.
Its value is 8.85 x 10-12 C2 N-1 m-2
5 What is electrical permittivity?
The ability of a medium to oppose electric field in it.
6 How permittivity affects the electrostatic force?
Electrostatic force is inversely proportional to permittivity.
7 What is the permittivity of a conductor? Why?
Infinity. Because it does not allow electric field in it.
8 What are the two types of electrostatic forces?
Attractive force – force between the unlike charges.
Repulsive force – force between the like charges.
9 What is superposition principle?
The electrostatic force acting on a charge is equal to the vector sum of
the forces due to all the surrounding charges.
10 What is a central force?
A force acting between the objects along the line joining the objects is
called a central force.
11 Is electrostatic force a central force? Why?
Yes. Because it acts along the line joining the charges.
12 What is the conclusion of your project?
The charge induced on the pith balls in found to be in the order of micro
coulomb.
4. PROJECT TITLE:
TO STUDY THE COMBINATION OF CELLS IN SERIES AND
PARALLEL

1 What is the aim of your project?

To study the combination of cells in series and parallel combinations.
2 What is a cell?
A cell is a source of electrical energy which maintains a steady
unidirectional current in a circuit.
3 How is a battery different from a cell?
A battery is a combination of cells in series.
4 What are the advantages of series combination of cells?
Series combination is used
a) in high voltage requirements.
b) in solar panels and photovoltaic systems.
c) as a battery for electronic devices.
5 What are the advantages of parallel combination of cells?
Parallel combination is used
a) for high current requirements.
b) for household ac circuit.
6 Comparison of series and parallel combinations.
SERIES PARALLEL
𝐸𝑒𝑞 𝐸1 𝐸2
𝐸𝑒𝑞 = 𝐸1 + 𝐸2 +… = + +⋯
𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑟1 𝑟2
1 1 1
= + +⋯
𝑟𝑒𝑞 = 𝑟1 + 𝑟2 + ⋯ 𝑟𝑒𝑞 𝑟1 𝑟2
Effective internal resistance is Effective internal resistance is less
more than the individual internal than the individual internal
resistance. resistance.
Effective emf is more than the Effective emf is equal to that of
individual emf. individual emf.
This is used for more voltage This is used for more current
requirements. requirements.
7 What is the conclusion of your project?
The combinations of cells in series and parallel are verified. The
difference between the experimental and theoretical values is found to be
very small.
5. PROJECT TITLE:
TEMPERATURE COEFFICEINT OF DIFFERENT ALLOYS USING
METRE BRIDGE

1 What is the aim of your project?

To determine the temperature coefficient of different alloys using metre
bridge.
2 What is temperature coefficient of resistance?
It is a constant for a material which defines the dependence of resistivity
with temperature.
𝑅𝑇 − 𝑅𝑜
𝛼=
𝑅𝑜 (𝑇 − 𝑇𝑜 )
It is also defined as the ratio of change is resistance per unit degree rise
in temperature to the resistance at low temperature (say 20oC).
3 Which apparatus is used in the project?
Metre bridge.
4 Why metre bridge is preferred?
It gives more accurate value of resistance as it is based on the null
deflection method.
5 What is the sign of temperature coefficient (α) for different
materials?

For metals, it is positive (as temperature increases, resistivity also

increases).

For insulators and semiconductors, it is negative (as temperature

increases, resistivity decreases).

For alloys, it is low and positive (as temperature increases, resistivity

increases but negligibly). Hence resistivity of alloys is very less sensitive
to temperature.
6 What is the unit of α?
Per degree celcius (or) per kelvin.
7 What is the formula for resistivity?
𝑅𝐴
In terms of dimensions of a conductor, 𝜌 =
𝑙
𝑚
In terms of intrinsic properties, 𝜌 = 2
𝑛𝑒 𝜏
m – mass of the free electron.
e – charge of the free electron.
n – number density of free electrons.
τ- relaxation time between successive collisions of free electrons.
8 Why resistivity of metals increases, as temperature increases?
Increase in temperature increases the thermal velocity of free electrons.
Hence relaxation time decreases.
1
As , resistivity increases. The effect of temperature on ‘n’ in metals is
𝜏
negligible.
9 Why resistivity of semiconductor decreases, as temperature
increases?
Increase in temperature increases the number density of free electrons.
1
As , resistivity decreases. The effect of temperature on ‘τ’ in metals is
𝑛
negligible.
10 What is conclusion of your project?
The temperature coefficient of different alloys (Nichrome and Steel)
have been determined using metre bridge.
6. PROJECT TITLE:
TO FIND THE REFRACTIVE INDICES OF WATER AND OIL USING
A PLANE MIRROR AND EQUICONVEX LENS

1 What is the aim of your project?

To find the refractive indices of water and castor oil.
2 What is refractive of a medium?
The refractive index (or refraction index) of an optical medium is a
dimensionless number that gives the indication of the light bending
ability of that medium.
(OR)
The ratio of velocity of light in vacuum to the velocity of light in a
𝑐
medium. 𝑛 =
𝑣
3 What is meant by absolute refractive index of a medium?
It is the refractive index of a medium with respect to air or free space.
4 What is relative refractive index of a medium?
It is the refractive index of a medium with respect to any other medium
(other than air or free space).
5 On which principle does Snell’s law depend?
It depends on Fermat’s principle of least time.
6 What is Fermat’s principle?
The path taken by a ray between two given points is the path that can be
travelled in the least time.
7 On what method, is the experiment based on?
It is based on the method of thin lenses in contact.
8 What are the lenses in contact in the experiment?
A thin bi-convex glass lens and a Plano-concave liquid lens.
9 What are the sign conventions focal length of lenses used in this
experiment?
Bi-convex glass lens – positive
Plano-concave liquid lens – negative
Combined lens - positive
10 What is the formula used for refractive index?
𝑅
𝑛=1+
𝑓2
R- radius of curvature of liquid lens.
𝑓2 - focal length of plano-concave liquid lens.
11 What is the formula used to determine the radius of curvature of the
lens?
𝑙2 ℎ
𝑅= +
6ℎ 2
l – average distance between the legs of the spherometer.
 h – sagittal (The depth of a convex or concave lens surface)

12 What is a spherometer?
An instrument that is used for precise measurements of the radius of
curvature of either sphere or a curved surface.
13 What are the scales present in a spherometer?
A spherometer has 10 threads and a circular scale of 100 divisions
14 What is the least count of a spherometer?
0.01 mm
15 What is the conclusion of your project?
The refractive index of the castor oil is found to be more than the
refractive index of the water. Hence castor more optically denser than the
water.
7. PROJECT TITLE:
STUDY OF EARTH’S MAGNETIC FIELD USING A TANGENT
GALVANOMETER

1 What is the aim of your project?

To calculate the horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field.
2 What is meant by horizontal component of Earth’s magnetic field?
The direction Earth’s magnetic is different at different parts of the earth.
Hence it has two components.
The component parallel to the surface of the earth is known as the
horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field.
3 Why is called a Tangent galvanometer?
Because it works on the principle of Tangent law.
4 What is the principle of a Tangent galvanometer?
Tangent law.
5 What is the equation of tangent law?
𝐵 = 𝐵𝐻 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
B – magnetic at the centre of the circular coil.
BH – horizontal component of earth’s magnetic field.
6 What is tangent law?
A freely suspended magnetic needle in a region of two perpendicular
magnetic fields, aligns along the direction of resultant of two fields.
7 What are the two magnetic fields present in this experiment?
The Earth’s magnetic field and the magnetic field due to the coil of TG.
8 How is the plane of the TG coil aligned?
The plane of the coil is parallel to Earth’s magnetic field.
9 What type of galvanometer is a TG?
It is a moving magnet galvanometer.
10 What is the formula used in the experiment?
𝜇𝑜 𝑛 𝐼
𝐵𝐻 =
2𝑎 tan 𝜃
𝜇𝑜 – permeability of air of free space.
n – number of turns of the TG coil.
a – radius of the TG coil.
𝐼
– reduction factor of TG.
tan 𝜃
11 For which range of deflection, is a TG more sensitive and accurate?
Between 30o and 60o.
12 What is the result of your project?
The horizontal component of the earth’s magnetic field was calculated to
be very close to the true value. (true value = 4x10-5 T (or) 0.4 gauss)
13 What is one gauss (G)?
1 gauss = 10-4 tesla
7. PROJECT TITLE:
LDR

1 What is the aim of your project?

To study the variation of resistance of an LDR on power and distance of
light source.
2 What is an LDR?
Light Dependent Resistor is an electronic sensor used to detect light.
Its resistance is light dependent.
3 What is the principle of LDR?
Photoconductivity.
An LDR conducts electricity when it is exposed to light.
4 What is the material used for LDR?
The Light-dependent resistors made with photosensitive semiconductor
materials like Cadmium Sulphides (CdS), and they are placed in a Zig-
Zag shape.
5 Mention the applications of LDR.
Lighting switch: The most obvious application for an LDR is to
automatically turn on a light at certain light level. An example of this
could be a street light.
Camera shutter control.
6 How does the resistance of LDR change with power of light?
Resistance is inversely proportional to the power of light source at a
constant distance.
7 Why does the resistance decrease when the power of light source
increases?
Electrons in the valence band acquire energy in the form of light and get
into the conduction band to become free electrons.
Hence the current through LDR increases.
8 How does the resistance of LDR change with distance?
The resistance of LDR increases with the increase in distance for a given
light source.
As the distance increases, the intensity of light reaching the LDR
decreases. Hence its resistance increases
9 What is the conclusion of your project?
a) Resistance of LDR is inversely proportional to the power of light
source at a constant distance.
b) The resistance of LDR increases with the increase in distance for a
given light source.
7. PROJECT TITLE:
TO INVESTIGATE THE RELATION BETWEEN THE RATIO OF
OUTPUT VOLTAGE AND INPUT VOLTAGE OF A TRANSFORMER

1 What is the aim your project?

To study the ratio of output voltage to the input voltage of a transformer
with the ratio of number of turns of the primary and secondary coils.
23 What is the principle of a transformer?
Mutual induction (electromagnetic induction)
4 What is mutual induction?
The process of inducing an emf in a coil due to the change in current in
the neighbouring coil.
5 What is the use of a transformer?
It is used to transmit the electric power for long distances.
6 What are the types of transformers?
a) step-up transformer
b) step-down transformer
7 Difference between step-up and step-down transformer?
Step-up transformer increases the voltage by decreasing the current.
Step-down transformer decreases the voltage by increasing the current.
8 Can a transformer increase the input power? Why?
No. it cannot increase the power.
It can only modify the voltage or current.
Because it is not a power generating device.
9 What is an ideal transformer?
A transformer which is 100% efficient.
10 Can a transformer have 100% efficiency practically?
No. practically transformers cannot have 100% efficiency as there are
number of factors leading to loss of power.
11 What are the various factors causing power loss in a transformer?

a) Flux loss (flux of primary does not completely link with the
secondary)
b) copper loss (Joule’s heating effect). It can be reduced by using thick
wires.
c) eddy current loss (heating effect of eddy currents). It can be reduced
by using laminated sheets.
d) hysteresis loss (repeated magnetisation and de-magnetisation of the
transformer core). It can be reduced by using a core of least hysteresis
loss.
e) sound loss.
12 What is the material used as the core of a transformer? Why?
Soft iron.
Because, it has high susceptibility and low hysteresis loss.
13 Can a step-up transformer be used as a step-down transformer?
Though it is technically possible, it is not recommended due to potential
safety hazards due to the construction of a transformer for a specific
purpose.
14 Can a transformer be used to step-up (or) step-down DC voltage?
No. electromagnetic induction is not possible with DC source as it
provides a steady voltage and current.
15 What is called a transformer ratio (k)?
It is the ratio of output voltage to the input voltage.
k>1 for a step-up transformer.
k>1 for a step-down transformer.
16 What is the conclusion of your project?
It is found that the ratio of the output and input voltages is equal to the
ratio of the number of turns of secondary to primary.
8. PROJECT TITLE:
FACTORS AFFECTING SELF-INDUCTANCE OF A COIL

1 What is the aim of your project?

To study the factors affecting the self-inductance of a coil.
2 What is self-inductance of a coil?
The property of a coil to oppose the change in current, in itself due to
electromagnetic induction.
3 What is the unit of self-inductance?
henry (H)
4 What is the formula for self-inductance?
𝜇𝑁 2 𝐴
𝐿=
𝑙
µ - permeability of the core of the solenoid.
N – number of turns of the solenoid.
A – area of cross-section of the solenoid.
l – length of the solenoid.
5 What factors can affect the self-inductance?
a) permeability of the core of the solenoid.
b) number of turns of the solenoid.
c) area of cross-section of the solenoid.
c) length of the solenoid.
6 What factors have you studied in your project?
Permeability of the core and the frequency of the source.
7 Does self-inductance depend on the frequency of the source?
No. but inductive reactance depends on the frequency of the ac source.
8 What are the uses of inductors?
 Tuning circuits
 Sensors
 Store energy in a device
 Induction motors
 Transformers
 Choke coils
9 Can an inductor allow DC (or) AC?
An inductor can allow only DC to pass through. Because inductor offers
zero resistance to DC.
10 What are the results of your project?
a) the current in the circuit decreases on inserting the iron core in the
solenoid.
b) current in the circuit increases on decreasing the frequency of ac
source.
9. PROJECT TITLE:
LOGIC GATES

1 What is the aim of your project?

To study the basic logic gates and their truth tables.
2 What are logic gates?
A logic gate is a device that acts as a building block for digital circuits.
3 What are the inputs of logic gates?
What are binary inputs?
It's a digital code that is used to store information in a computer system.
0 (it is also known as low, false and off).
1 (it is also known as high, true and on).
4 What is a truth table?
The relationship between the possible values of input and output voltages
are expressed in the form of a table called truth table.
5 What is the principle of logic gates? Boolean algebra
6 What are the basic logic gates?
There are 6 logic gates.
AND, OR, NOT, NAND, NOR and EX-OR
7 What are called basic logic gates? Why?
AND, OR and NOT are called basic logic gates.
Because, they can be used to construct any other logic gate.
8 What are universal logic gates? Why?
NAND and NOR are called universal logic gates.
Because, they can be used to construct basic logic gates.
9 Which logic gate is known as inverter? Why?
NOT is known as inverter as it inverts the input.
It gives output 1 for the input 0 and vice versa.
10 How are logic gates constructed?
Logic gates are built using transistors combined with other electrical
components like resistors and diodes.
11 Define the truth table of AND gate.

It gives output 1, only when both inputs are 1. Otherwise its output is 0.
12 Define the truth table of OR gate.

It gives output 0, only when both inputs are 0. Otherwise its output is 1.
13 Define the truth table of NOT gate.

It gives output 1, when the inputs is 0 and vice versa.

14 Define the truth table of NAND gate.

It gives output 0, only when both inputs are 1. Otherwise its output is 1.
15 Define the truth table of NOR gate.

It gives output 1, only when both inputs are 0. Otherwise its output is 0.
16 Define the truth table of EX-OR gate.

It gives output 1, only when both inputs are different. Otherwise its
output is 0.
17 What are compound logic gates?
The compound gates are formed by combining the series and parallel
structures of transistors.
Example: NOR, NAND, EX-OR… etc.
18 What are the applications of logic gates?
 Digital Computers.
 Memory Units.
 Data Storage.
 Microprocessors and Microcontrollers.
 Digital Signal Processing.
 Communication Systems.
 Control Systems.
10. PROJECT TITLE:
CONVERSION OF GALVANOMETER INTO AMMETER AND
VOLTMETER

1 What is a galvanometer?
A galvanometer is an electromechanical measuring instrument for small
electric current.
2 What is the principle of a galvanometer?
A current carrying coil placed in a magnetic field experiences torque.
3 What are the types of galvanometers?
a) moving coil galvanometer
b) moving magnet galvanometer
4 What are the types of moving coil galvanometer?
 Suspended coil galvanometer.
 Pivoted-coil or Weston galvanometer.

5 What type of galvanometer are we using for the experiment?

Pivoted-coil (or) Weston galvanometer.
6 Why is this method known as the half deflection method?
Here, the deflection is made half using a shunt resistance S. Hence It is
known as the half deflection method.
7 What is meant by figure of merit of galvanometer?
It is the current required to produce unit deflection.
It is also called the least count of galvanometer.
Its unit is ampere per division
8 What is meant by current sensitivity of a galvanometer?
The deflection produced per unit current.
Division per ampere.
9 What is the relation between figure of merit and current sensitivity?
1
𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑡 =
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦
10 What factors can affect the current sensitivity?
𝑁𝐵𝐴
𝐼𝑠 =
𝐶
N – number of turns of galvanometer coil.
B – magnetic field
A – area of the coil.
C – torsion constant.
11 What factors can affect the voltage sensitivity?

𝑁𝐵𝐴
𝑉𝑠 =
𝐶𝐺
 B – magnetic field
A – area of the coil.
C – torsion constant of hair spring.
Note: number of turns of the coil does not affect Vs, as increase in N
increases G also.
12 How can a galvanometer be used to measure large currents?
It can be converted into an ammeter to measure large currents.
13 What is shunt resistance?
Shunt resistance is a resistance of low value.
14 How can a galvanometer be converted into an ammeter?
By connecting a low resistance (shunt) in parallel with the galvanometer.
15 How can a galvanometer be converted into a voltmeter?
By connecting a high resistance in series with the galvanometer.
16 What is the shape of the magnets used in moving coil galvanometer?
Why?
Concave magnets.
To produce a radial magnetic field.
17 Which produces a counteracting torque on the coil?
The hair spring attached with the coil.
18 Why is radial magnetic field required?
The equation for the torque acting on the coil is 𝜏 = 𝑁𝐵𝐼𝐴 sin 𝜃
In order to maintain the value of sin θ constant, radial magnetic field is
used.
Hence torque will be dependent only on current. Thus the galvanometer
scale becomes linear.
19 What is the use of soft-iron core in the coil?
It is used to increase the magnetic field and also acts as the support for
the coil.
20 How is an ammeter different from a galvanometer?
Ammeter Galvanometer
shows only the magnitude of the shows both the direction and
current magnitude of the current
Is used to measure large currents It is used to measure small
currents
It has very low resistance It has low resistance
21 Differences between an ammeter and a voltmeter.
Ammeter Voltmeter
It is used to measure current. It is used to measure the voltage
across two points.
Resistance is low. Resistance is high.
It is connected in series with the It is connected in parallel with the
circuit and its accuracy is more. circuit and its accuracy is less.
 For ideal ammeter, the value of For an ideal voltmeter, the value of
resistance is 0. resistance is approximately infinity.
It is denoted by a symbol A. It is denoted by a symbol V.
22 How can the range of an ammeter be increased?
By connecting a low resistance in parallel with it.
23 How can the range of a voltmeter be increased?
By connecting a high resistance in series with it.
24 On the galvanometer scale, why is zero placed in the middle?
Zero is placed in the middle of the galvanometer since the galvanometer
needle can deflect on both sides.
25 Why an ammeter is always connected in series in a circuit?
Since the internal resistance of an ammeter is low, it is always connected
in series.
26 Why a voltmeter is always connected in parallel in a circuit?
Since the internal resistance of a voltmeter is high, it is always connected
in parallel.