Revision questions for C7

Q1.
This question is about organic compounds.
(a) Butane is an alkane with small molecules.
Complete the sentence.
Choose the answer from the box.

fertiliser formulation fuel

Butane can be used as a ______________________________.
(1)
(b) Poly(propene) is a polymer.
What is the name of the monomer used to produce poly(propene)?
Tick (✓) one box.

Propane

Propanoic acid

Propanol

Propene
(1)
(e) Ethanol burns in oxygen.
Balance the equation for the reaction.
C2H5OH + ___ O2 → 3 H2O + 2 CO2
(1)
(f) Two processes for producing ethanol are:
• fermentation
• hydration (reacting ethene with steam).
The table below shows information about the processes.

Process
Feature
Fermentation Hydration
Raw material sugar crude oil
Energy usage low high
Rate of
slow fast
reaction
Purity of
15% 98%
ethanol
Give two advantages and two disadvantages of using fermentation to produce ethanol.
(4)
(Total 11 marks)
Q2.
This question is about ethanol and ethanoic acid.
Ethanol is an alcohol.
(a) The diagram below shows the displayed structural formula of ethanol.

Draw a circle on the diagram above around the alcohol functional group.

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 (1)
(b) An ethanol molecule contains atoms of three different elements.
Complete the table below to show:
• the name of each element
• the symbol for each element
• the number of atoms of each element in one molecule of ethanol.
Use the diagram above.

Number of
Name of Symbol for atoms in one
element element molecule of
ethanol
Carbon C
Hydrogen 6
O 1
(3)
(c) Ethanol removes grass stains from clothes.
What type of substance is ethanol when used to remove grass stains?
Tick (✓) one box.

A solute

A solution

A solvent
Wine contains ethanol.
Wine is produced from grape juice by fermentation.
(1)
(d) Complete the sentence.
Grape juice can be fermented to produce wine because
grape juice contains ______________________________.
(1)
(e) What is added to grape juice to cause fermentation?
(1)
(f) Ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid to produce an ester.
What is the name of the ester produced when ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid?
Tick (✓) one box.

Ethane

Ethene

Ethyl ethanoate
(1)
(g) Ethanoic acid reacts with sodium carbonate.
The equation for the reaction is:
2 CH3COOH(aq) + Na2CO3(s) → 2 CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)
What is the name of the liquid produced by this reaction?
(1)
Q3.
This question is about crude oil and hydrocarbons.
The figure below shows a fractionating column used to separate crude oil into fractions.

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The following table gives information about some of the fractions.

Fraction Boiling point range in °C

Petroleum gases Below 30
Petrol 40-110
Kerosene 180-260
Diesel oil 260-320
Heavy fuel oil 320-400
Bitumen 400-450
(a) Suggest a suitable temperature for the furnace in the figure.
(1)
(b) Explain why diesel oil collects above heavy fuel oil but below kerosene in the fractionating
column.
Use the table above.
(2)
(c) Suggest two reasons why bitumen is not used as a fuel.
(2)
(d) Petrol contains mainly alkanes.
Which of the following compounds is an alkane?
Tick (✓) one box.

C2 H4

C4 H8

C6H14

C8H16
(1)
Large hydrocarbon molecules in the diesel oil fraction are cracked to produce smaller
hydrocarbon molecules.
(e) Describe the conditions needed to crack hydrocarbon molecules from the diesel oil
fraction.
(2)
(f) Explain why large hydrocarbon molecules in the diesel oil fraction are cracked to produce
smaller hydrocarbon molecules.
(2)

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 (g) Complete the equation for the cracking of C15H32
C H → C H + ________________
15 32 12 26

(1)
(Total 11 marks)
Q4.
This question is about hydrocarbons.
Hexane and hexene are hydrocarbons containing six carbon atoms in each molecule.
Hexane is an alkane and hexene is an alkene.
(a) Draw one line from each hydrocarbon to the formula of that hydrocarbon.

Hydrocarbon Formula

C6 H8

Hexane C6H10

C6H12

Hexene C6H14

C6H16
(2)
(b) Bromine water is added to hexane and to hexene.
What would be observed when bromine water is added to hexane and to hexene?
Hexane ____________________________________________________________
Hexene ____________________________________________________________
(2)
(c) Ethane is an alkane and ethene is an alkene.
The diagram below shows the displayed structural formulae of ethane and of ethene.

Compare ethane with ethene.

You should refer to:
• their structure and bonding
• their reactions.
(6)
(Total 10 marks)
Q5.
This question is about alkanes.
The table below shows information about some alkanes.

Number of carbon atoms Boiling point of

in alkane molecule alkane in °C
4 0
5 36
6 69
7 X
8 126
9 151
(a) Plot the data from the table above on the graph below.

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 (2)
(b) Predict the boiling point X of the alkane with seven carbon atoms in a molecule.
Use the table and the graph.
(1)
(c) The graph above is not suitable to show the boiling point of the alkane with three carbon
atoms in a molecule.
Suggest one reason why.
(1)
(d) What is the state at 20 °C of the alkane with four carbon atoms in a molecule?
Use the table above.
(1)
The table in part (a) is repeated below.

Number of carbon atoms Boiling point of

in alkane molecule alkane in °C
4 0
5 36
6 69
7 X
8 126
9 151
The alkane with nine carbon atoms in a molecule is called nonane.
(e) Complete the formula of nonane.
C9H___
(1)
(f) Nonane will condense lower in a fractionating column during fractional distillation than the
other alkanes in the table above.
Explain why.
You should refer to the temperature gradient in the fractionating column.
(2)
(Total 8 marks)
Q6.
This question is about poly(ethene) and polyesters.
(a) Poly(ethene) is produced from ethene.

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 Figure 1 shows part of the displayed structural formula equation for the reaction.
Complete Figure 1.
Figure 1

(2)
(b) Poly(ethene) is a thermosoftening polymer.
Suggest why poly(ethene) is easier to recycle than thermosetting polymers.
(2)
(c) Ethene produces different forms of poly(ethene).
How can different forms of poly(ethene) be produced from ethene?
(1)
(d) Two different forms of poly(ethene) are:
• high density poly(ethene) (HDPE)
• low density poly(ethene) (LDPE).
Figure 2 represents part of the structures of HDPE and LDPE.
Figure 2

Explain why HDPE has a higher density than LDPE.

(2)
Figure 3 shows three monomers, A, B and C.
Monomer A can react with monomer B and with monomer C to produce polyesters.
Figure 3

(e) Draw a circle on Figure 3 around an alcohol functional group.

(1)
(f) Complete the table below to show the formula of the small molecule produced when:
• monomer A reacts with monomer B

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 • monomer A reacts with monomer C.

Reacting Formula of small molecule

monomers produced
A and B
A and C
(1)
(Total 9 marks)
Q7.
This question is about combustion of fuels.
(a) Some central heating boilers use wood as a fuel.
Suggest two reasons why wood is more sustainable than natural gas as a fuel for central
heating boilers.
(2)
Natural gas is mainly methane.
When methane burns it can produce both carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
(b) Explain the process by which carbon monoxide can be produced when methane is
burned.
(2)
(c) Balance the equation for the combustion of methane to produce carbon monoxide.
____CH4(g) + ____ O2(g) → ____ CO(g) + ____ H2O(l)
(1)
Q8.
This question is about cycloalkenes.
Cycloalkenes are ring-shaped hydrocarbon molecules containing a double carbon-carbon bond.
Cycloalkenes react in a similar way to alkenes.
(a) Describe a test for the double carbon-carbon bond in cycloalkene molecules.
Give the result of the test.
(2)
(b) The table below shows the name and formula of three cycloalkenes.

Name Formula
Cyclobutene C4 H6
Cyclopentene C5 H8
Cyclohexene C6H10
Determine the general formula for cycloalkenes.
(1)
Figure 1 shows the displayed structural formula of cyclohexene, C6H10
Figure 1

Chlorine reacts with cyclohexene to produce a compound with the formula C6H10Cl2
(c) Complete Figure 2 to show the displayed structural formula of C6H10Cl2
Figure 2

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 (2)
Q9.
This question is about carboxylic acids.
Carboxylic acids belong to a homologous series.
The table below shows information about the first three carboxylic acids in this homologous
series.

Ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol to produce an ester.

(e) Give the name of the ester produced when ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol.
(1)
(f) Hexanedioic acid and ethanediol join together to produce a polyester.
Ethanoic acid and ethanol join together in the same way to produce an ester.
Which is the displayed structural formula of the ester produced when ethanoic acid reacts
with ethanol?
Tick (✓) one box.

(1)
Mark schemes
Q1.
(a) fuel
1
(b) propene
1
(c) (percentage yield =)

1
= 95 (%)
1
(d) some ethanol changes back into ethene and steam
1

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 some ethanol escapes from the apparatus
1
(e) C2H5OH + 3 O2 →
3 H2O + 2 CO2
allow multiples
1
(f) (advantages)
(fermentation) low energy usage
1
(fermentation) uses renewable raw materials
1
(disadvantages)
(fermentation) produces impure ethanol
1
(fermentation) slow rate of reaction
1
[11]
Q2.
(a)

1
(b)
Number of
atoms in
Name of Symbol for
one
element element
molecule of
ethanol
carbon C 2
hydrogen H 6
oxygen O 1
ignore O2
1
1
1
(c) a solvent
1
(d) sugar
allow named sugar
allow saccharide
1
(e) yeast
1
(f) ethyl ethanoate
1
(g) water
ignore H2O
1
(h) 400 cm3 = 0.40 dm3
1

× 20
allow correct use of incorrectly converted or
unconverted volume
1
= 50 (g)

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 1
alternative approach:
1.0 dm3 = 1000 cm3 (1)

× 20 (1)
allow correct use of incorrectly converted or
unconverted volume
= 50 (g) (1)
[12]
Q3.
(a) a temperature between 400 (°C) and 500 (°C) inclusive
allow a temperature range entirely within 400 (°C) and
500 (°C) inclusive
1
(b)
ignore quoted values for boiling points
ignore references to melting points
ignore references to intermolecular forces or chain
length
allow temperature of vaporisation / condensation for
boiling points throughout
(diesel oil has a) lower boiling point / range than heavy fuel oil
1
(but diesel oil has a) higher boiling point / range than kerosene
allow the boiling range (of diesel oil) is between those
of heavy fuel oil and kerosene for 2 marks.
1
(c)
ignore references to cost
any two from:
• (too) viscous
allow references to difficulty of flow
• not (very) flammable
allow references to difficulty of ignition / burning
do not accept bitumen takes more energy to burn
• boiling point (too) high
allow not (very) volatile
2
(d) C6H14
1
(e)
ignore references to pressure
high temperature
allow a quoted temperature above 320 °C
ignore hot / heat
1
any one from:
• steam
• catalyst
ignore name of catalyst
allow alumina
allow aluminium oxide
allow porous pot
allow zeolite
1
(f)
allow converse argument for larger molecules
greater demand (for smaller molecules)
1

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 any one from:
(because smaller molecules are)
• more useful
• better fuels
• used to make alkenes
• used to make polymers
allow a named polymer
ignore plastics
1
(g) C3 H6
1
[11]
Q4.
(a)

1
additional line from a box on the left negates the mark for that box
1
(b) (remains) orange
must be in this order
allow no (colour) change
1
(becomes) colourless
ignore initial colour ignore clear
1
(c) Level 2: Scientifically relevant features are identified; the way(s) in which they are
similar/different is made clear and (where appropriate) the magnitude of the
similarity/difference is noted.
4−6
Level 1: Relevant features are identified and differences noted.
1−3
No relevant content
0
Indicative content
Structure and bonding
• both are hydrocarbons
• both contain two carbon atoms (per molecule)
• ethane contains six hydrogen atoms (per molecule)
• (but) ethene contains four hydrogen atoms (per molecule)
• both have covalent bonds
• ethane contains a single C—C bond
• (but) ethene contains a double bond
• both contain C—H bonds
• both small molecules
Reactions
• both react with oxygen in complete combustion reactions
• to produce water and carbon dioxide
• both react with oxygen in incomplete combustion reactions
• to produce water, carbon monoxide and carbon

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 • incomplete combustion is more likely with ethene
• ethene decolourises bromine water
• (but) ethane does not decolourise bromine water
• ethene is more reactive (than ethane)
• ethene can react with hydrogen (to produce ethane)
• ethene can react with water (to produce ethanol)
• ethene can react with halogens (to produce halogenoalkanes)
• ethene can undergo addition reactions
• ethene can polymerise (to produce poly(ethene))
ignore physical properties
ignore references to flammability
[10]
Q5.
(a) all five points plotted correctly
allow a tolerance of ± ½ a small square
allow 1 mark for three or four points plotted correctly
2
(b) 98 (°C)
allow a value in the range 92 to 104 (°C)
1
(c) the boiling point is lower than 0 (°C)
allow the graph cannot show negative temperatures
1
(d) gas
allow (g)
1
(e) C9H20
1
(f) (nonane) has a higher boiling point
allow converse for the other alkanes
1
(so nonane) condenses where the column has a higher temperature
allow (so nonane) collects where the column has a
higher temperature
1
[8]
Q6.
(a)

if equation incorrect
allow 1 mark for 5 single bonds
or
allow 1 mark for n
2
(b) (poly(ethene)) melts
allow converse statements about thermosetting
polymers
allow thermosoftening polymers melt
1
(so) can be reshaped (into new products)
1
(c) use different (reaction) conditions
allow use different temperatures / pressures
1
(d) (in HDPE) polymer chains / molecules are closer together

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 allow converse statements about LDPE
allow (HDPE has) unbranched polymer chains /
molecules
1
(so) more atoms per unit volume
allow (so) more molecules per unit volume
1
(e) circle around HO– or –OH on monomer A
1
(f) H2 O
and
HCl
must be in this order
1
[9]
Q7.
(a) wood is renewable
or
(natural) gas is finite
1
(burning) wood produces the same amount of carbon dioxide as the trees absorbed
allow wood is carbon-neutral allow wood does not add
to global warming
or
(burning natural) gas increases the amount of carbon dioxide (in the atmosphere)
allow (burning natural) gas adds to global warming
allow (burning natural) gas adds greenhouse gases (to
the atmosphere)
ignore references to energy / cost
1
(b) not enough oxygen
allow not enough air
do not accept no oxygen / air
1
(so) incomplete combustion
1
(c) 2CH4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO(g) + 4H2O(g)
allow correct multiples / fractions
1
(d)
an answer of 1250 (cm3 oxygen unreacted) scores 4
marks
ratio of O2 : CO2 = 5 : 3
1

allow correct calculation using an incorrectly

determined mole ratio
1
(oxygen unreacted = 7.25 − 6.0) = 1.25 (dm3)
allow correct subtraction of an incorrectly calculated
volume of oxygen
1
(oxygen unreacted = 1.25 × 1000)
= 1250 (cm3)
allow correct conversion to cm3 anywhere in response
1
alternative approach for MP1 and MP2
moles CO2 = 0.15

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 and
moles O2 = 0.25 (1)
(0.25 x 24 =) 6.0 (dm3 oxygen needed) (1)
[9]
Q8.
(a) (test)
(add) bromine (water)
1
(result)
(changes from) brown / orange to colourless
ignore clear
1
(b) CnH2n-2
1
(c)

allow 1 mark for the structure of

1, 1-dichlorocyclohexane or
1, 3-dichlorocyclohexane or
1, 4-dichlorocyclohexane
2
(d) (Mr (C6H10Cl2) =) 153
1

(% chlorine=)
allow correct use of an incorrectly calculated value of
Mr
1
= 46.4 (%)
allow 46.405228758 (%) correctly rounded to at least 2
significant figures
1
[8]
Q9.
(a) HCOOH
allow HCO2H
1
propanoic acid
1
(b) incomplete / partial ionisation
allow incomplete / partial dissociation
1
(because) reaction is reversible
allow (because) reaction is in equilibrium
1
(c) mass (of flask and contents) decreases
1
(because) carbon dioxide is produced
1
(and) carbon dioxide escapes (from the flask)
allow 1 mark for the gas produced escapes (from the
flask)

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 1
(d) (0.01 mol/dm3) methanoic acid has a lower pH
allow converse argument for ethanoic acid
allow (0.01 mol/dm3) methanoic acid is a stronger acid
1
(so 0.01 mol/dm3) methanoic acid has a higher concentration of hydrogen ions
1
(therefore) more collisions per unit time
1
(e) ethyl ethanoate
1
(f)

1
[12]

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