KINSHIP

Lesson 5
 At the end of this lesson I
would be able to;
• Trace kinship ties and social networks.
• Compare different types of kinship based on lineage.
• Discuss the functions of family and marriage.
• Identify the different types of families based on the
number of spouses and residential patterns.
 Contents
1. Principles of Descent
2. Types of Kinship
3. Kinship by Marriage
4. Post-Marital Residency Rules
5. Kinship by Ritual
6. Family and the Household
7. Kinship of Politics
 KINSHIP

It refers to the “web of social

relationships” that humans form as part
of a family, which is the smallest unit of
society.
KINSHIP vs
DESCENT
 Kinship vs Descent
• Kinship (kaugnayan ng magkamag-anak) is
a social institution that refers to relations
formed between members of the society.

• Descent (pinagmulan ng angkan) refers to

the origin or background of a person in terms
of family or nationality. It is a biological
relationship.
Principles of
Descent
Principles of Descent

• Unilineal descent - This is usually traced

through a single line of ancestors either
from the patrilineal or matrilineal
descent but not both.
 Principles of Descent
• Patrilineal descent - An individual traces his
or her kinship through the male’s line only.
This promotes a passing down of name and
inheritance to the male offspring only, while
allowing the female offspring to be part of
another family through marriage. This is also
referred to as agnatic descent.
 Principles of Descent
• Matrilineal descent - It leads an
individual to trace kinship relations
through the female line. This implies that
the surname and inheritances of a family
are passed on from one female to the
other.
 Principles of Descent
• Bilateral descent - This means that an
individual can recognize both his or her
parents’ relatives as his or her own relatives.
In this type of kinship, everyone knows how
he or she is connected to everyone. This
provides a limit on the extent to which
kinship ties can be recognized.
Types of
Kinship
 Types of Kinship
• Consanguineal Kinship or Kinship based on blood
(kadugo) is considered the most basic and general
form of relations. The relationship is achieved by birth
or blood affinity. It is commonly called relatives by
blood
• Examples are the relationship or connection between
parents and their children, between siblings, between
nephews/nieces and aunts/uncles.
 Types of Kinship
• Affinal Kinship or Kinship based on
marriage refers to the type of relations
developed when a marriage occurs. The
husband forms new relations with his wife and
her family likewise the wife forms new relations
with his husband and his family.
Kinship by
Marriage
 Marriage
Is defined as the “socially or ritually
recognized union or legal contract between
spouses that establishes rights and
obligations between them, between them
and their children, and between them and
their in-laws”
Patrifocal and Matrifocal Family

This type of family is focused on one

parent: a father (patrifocal) or a mother
(matrifocal).
Patrifocal and Matrifocal Family

This type of family is often associated with the terms

patriarchal, the rule of the father, and matriarchal,
the rule of the mother. It does not solely imply that
there is only one parent. In some situations, one
parent is deemed more important than the other due
to the economic or political positions he or she holds
in the family and in society.
Types of
Marriage
 Marriage Across Cultures

• Endogamy or compulsory marriage, refers

to marriage within their own clan or ethnic
group.
• Exogamy or out-marriage, refers to
marriage outside their own clan or ethnic
group.
 Marriage Across Cultures

• Monogamy refers to a marriage where an individual

has only one spouse at a time.
• Polygamy refers to a marriage of having more than
one spouse at a time. It can be polygyny, if the
marriage of one man having multiple female partners
at the same time or polyandry is the marriage of one
woman having multiple male partners at the same
time.
 Types of Arranged Marriage

• Child Marriage. The parents of a small child

arrange a future marriage with another child’s
parents. The children are betrothed to each other.

• Exchange Marriage. This form of marriage

involves a reciprocal exchange of spouses between
two nations, groups, or tribes.
 Types of Arranged Marriage

• Diplomatic Marriage. Marriages are arranged for

political reasons, to cement alliances between
royal families. The monarchs of Europe were all
related by blood due to frequent diplomatic
marriages. This form of marriage occurs when an
arranged marriage has been established between
two royal or political families in order to forge
political or diplomatic alliances.
 Types of Arranged Marriage

• Modern Arranged Marriage. The parents

choose several possible mates for the child,
sometimes with the help of the child (who may
indicate which photos he or she likes, for
example).
 Post-Marital
Residency Rules
 Post-Marital Residency Rules

• Patrilocal Residence. Occurs when the

married couple stays with or near the
husband’s kin or relatives.
• Matrilocal Residence. Occurs when the
married couple stays with or near the wife’s
kin or relatives.
 Post-Marital Residency Rules

• Biological Residence. This happens when

the couple stays with the husband’s kin or
the wife’s kin alternately.
• Neolocal Residence. This happens when
the couple stays or builds a home
independently from the husband or wife’s
kin.
Kinship by Ritual
 Kinship by Ritual
• Compadrazgo, literally translated as ‘godparent’
(ninong and ninang). This can be done through the
performance of Catholic rituals like baptism,
confirmation, and marriage.
• This “compadrazgo” becomes the spiritual parent of
the child or co-parents.
• The godson or goddaughter is called inaanak.
Family and the
Household
Family and the Household

The Family is considered the basic unit of

social organization. It is made up of a group
of individuals who are linked together by
marriage, blood relations, or adoption.
Family and the Household

A Nuclear Family is a type of family that

is made up of a married couple (parents)
and their biological or adopted children.
Family and the Household
An Extended Family is composed of two or
more nuclear families in a household. Some of
the relatives are living with the nuclear
family. It is an expanded household of three
or more generations.
Family and the Household
A Blended Family is a type of family where
both the parents have children from previous
marital relationships but all the members stay
in one household to form a new family. This is
called a stepfamily, reconstituted family, or
complex family.
Family and the Household
A Conditionally Separated Family is a
type of family where a member is
separated from the rest of the family due
to employment, military service, sickness,
etc.
Family and the Household
A Transnational Family is a type of
family that lives in more than one country.
They may spend part of each year from
one country to the other. This is caused by
to employment or military service of
parents.
Kinship of Politics:
Political Dynasties
and Alliances
 Kinship of Politics
Kinship does not only create social ties
among individuals. In some cases, politics
and kinship are interrelated, allowing for
the creation of political alliances and
dynasties.
 Kinship of Politics
In the Philippines, Political Dynasties
refers to the continuous political rule of
one family. Most politicians elected in
public offices and government positions
are relatives.
 Kinship of Politics
Political Alliances. Political parties tend
to align or agree to cooperate to each
other for common political agenda; to
ensure victory in the elections or
guarantee the passage of legislation.
Thanks !
☺