NOTE URBAN DESIGN

Topic 1

Introduction to Urban Design and Conservation

WHAT IS URBAN DESIGN?

 Urban Design involves the design and coordination of all elements that makes up cities. The art
of making places that attracts PEOPLE. Creating identity. Formation of physical setting.
 Urban design shapes how the city look and how people experience it as they live, work and move
around in the city.
 Urban design is about PEOPLE and how they connect to their SURROUNDING.

URBAN DESIGN SHAPES THE MANY FEATURES THAT MAKE THE CITY:

 the street
 the building
 the parks
 the plazas
 all the spaces in between

 urban design can affect what people see and how they feel as they move through the city
every day

 urban design a big role in making the city more enjoyable and comfortable for all, a big role in
supporting everyone’s quality of life, well-being and health, a big role in influencing how the
city looks and feels, and a big role in fostering a sense of belonging and civic pride.

 The spaces you might move through every day and how experience and perceive those spaces

 Can see how the building stand in relation to the street and in relation to one another.

 Upper parts of tall building are pushed away from the sidewalk. This allows more natural light
to reach out to the street.

 When stop the shop, the street around may feel lively with stores and shop windows lining the
sidewalk.

 Good urban design means it alleviates the wellbeing of our communities and it ensures better
livability and more sustainable and efficient cities.
 It enhances places value.
 It can be measure by its functions, enjoyable and feeling safe and healthy.
  Public spaces •Streets •Parks •Paths • Functionality • Engaging • Comfortable • Accessible •
Safe

Permeability refers to the extent to which the urban structure permits, or restricts, the movement of
people or vehicles through an area, and the capacity of the area network to carry people or vehicles

The legibility of an area refers to the ease with which a person is able to find their way around and
navigate through the area.

TOPIC 2
Function and Urban Form Evolution and Theories
INTRODUCTION

o Function dictates the form of human settlements, towns and cities

o Urban form evolves through time in response to the needs of society, new economics, technology
enhancement and innovative means of communication.

ROOTS OF URBAN FORM

Early cities (Pre 1300s):

o Cities exist because humans are social beings, variously tribal, communal and mutually supportive.
o From nomadic beginnings, came agricultural settlements that eventually clustered for reasons of
religion, administration, defence or economics.
o With the emergence of surplus economies, hierarchical societies appeared and supported the
growth of villages, then towns, and finally cities.
o There are two basic city forms emerged in the early cities: the organic and the geometric which is
shaped based on geography, climate and land distribution.
o The first true urban settlements appeared around 3,000 B.C. in ancient Mesopotamia, Egypt, and
the Indus Valley.

ORGANIC CITIES
GEOMETRIC CITIES
• Arose by chance and accretion.
• Slow process of growth, producing complex, irregular • Typically planned, functional and rational.
• Geometric city forms represent design in some
patterns.
• Developed around regional crossroads, safe harbours, fashion – comprised blocks formed by rows of streets
at right angle (Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in the
river crossings, access to mountain passes or other
Indus River Valley).
geographic features crucial to trade or defence.
• Rectilinear patterns also appear in excavated towns
• From these beginnings, streets and public ways arose
in Babylon and China.
from paths of people and animals travelling according
• Follow a rigid gridiron plan.
to topography.
• Often planned in advance as central places for
• Land distribution is governed by a variety of factors
including original settlement patterns, allotment by religion and commerce, control of regional
rulers, negotiation and trades. populations or colonial encampments with defence
• Often the result was a radioconcentric plan as small and control as priority.
• The grid offered a practical method for allotting
villages merged and eventually spread into town and
land in colonial settlements and for demarcating land
then a city
according to use and function
European Cities in the Middle Ages (1300s)

o After the fall of Rome, few new European cities arose with military considerations: bastides in
France and Zähringer towns in Germany.
o Inspired by Roman military outposts, these towns were originally walled towns, built on a strict
Miletian pattern around a central market square. The houses set in narrow streets, often to a
grid layout.
o The bastides were fortified to protect the inhabitants from outside attack.
o Zähringer towns is also fortified towns built by the dukes to tighten control over their domain.

Medieval urban design

Renaissance Forms Reshape Cities
characteristics?
o The emerging of humanist concept of urban design
• Fortified towns
which heavily influenced the European ideas about
• Narrow streets, grid layout
cities.
• Central market square
o Advocating the creation of public places.
• Europe’s most renowned
o Prohibiting noxious and noisy activities within town
public spaces (due to major
precincts – early instance of land use zoning.
renovations and expansion)

The New World Turns Toward the Grid

o The growth and pattern of Western cities is influenced by the vast geometry – grid system.
o The grid is basically a method of enforcing power and control as for distributing land.

The Industrial Revolution and Reaction (1800s)

• Before Industrial Revolution, forces such as trade, agriculture and defense determined the shape of
cities in North America and Europe – whether planned or unplanned.
• Large scale factories, enormous structures, flood of immigrants, hazardous environment, slums etc.
• New industry brought new means of travel: first railroads, then streetcars and subways.
• Americans began to yearn to a new Eden in the healthful and wholesome countryside.

Garden City
o Garden City build new settlements that would at once resolve those problems of town and
country.
o The idea was to divert population growth to new urban centers.
o Fulfil the need of the citizens for a peaceful life of the country, and have all the facilities and
amenities that a town offer.

City Beautiful Movement (CBM)

• Imitated baroque city-reconstruction plans.
• The impulse for beautifying American cities reached back to the 1840’s where bucolic countryside
began to be romanticized.
• Hundreds of acres of land are allocated for a park in Manhattan (Manhattan’s Central Park
comprising of 843 acres of land).
• Modernize the city with the aim of improving public health, opening streets to light and air, and
enhancing circulation and safety

DECENTRALIZATION: THE GROWTH OF MODERN CITY

Europe and Modernism
The Contemporary City:
o In Paris 1922, Le Corbusier unveiled his Ville Contemporaine, a conceptual city for 3 mil. people.
o 60-storey cruciform glass-and-steel skyscrapers (offices a departments of elite industrialist)
formed its main office district.
o Sat within large parks framed by the zigzagging housing blocks for the proletarian workers.
o The plan separated vehicular roadways and pedestrian pathways throughout. The Contemporary
City
o Multilevel transportation centre is designated at the centre at the city’s centre, which housed
depots for buses and trains as well as highway intersections and at the top, a landing strip for
aircraft.
o The Plan segregated the pedestrian circulation paths from the roadways, and glorified the use of
the automobile as a means of transportation.

Utopian Socialist City:

o Inspired by Ebenezer Howard’s Garden cities, Tony Garnier designed a utopian socialist city, Cité
Industrielle, which influence many later plans.
o Garnier zoned the city rigorously, with the industrial area clearly separated from residential
neighborhoods and hospitals.
o Medieval towns are also preserved and incorporated within the city border.

RECENTRALIZATION: THE CITY AS THE FUTURE

CIAM and the Birth of Urban Design:
o Congrès Internationaux d’Architecture Moderne (CIAM) became the significant force in shaping
cities.
o Support 2 concept advocated by Le Corbusier: centralized land planning and the functional city
(based on zoning that separated land uses by function)
o The need for urban design which is neither strictly architecture nor city planning but some
combination of the two that is necessary to salvage the cities

WHAT IS URBAN REGENERATION?

Comprehensive integration of vision and action to resolve urban problems and improve the
economic, physical, social, and environmental conditions of deprived urban areas (Roberts, Sykes &
Granger (2017), mostly the dilapidated historic areas (Said et al., 2014)

Urban Regeneration / Urban Renewal:

1. Urban Redevelopment
2. Urban Rehabilitation
3. Urban Conservation
4. Urban Revitalisation
 1. Characteristics of urban decay can be divided into 3 aspects, namely, physical,
social, and economic.

For the physical aspect, lack of maintenance of the buildings in old town is one of the
signs of urban decay. The symptoms are mouldy walls and collapsing mortar work.ho
Next, urban decay old town usually has some social issues such as public drinking and
prostitution which will threaten the safety of surrounding neighbourhood. Social issues
discourage visitor to come. Lastly, deindustrialization and high unemployment rate
cause the urban decay under economy aspect

2. (how)Urban design and conservation proposal can improve the area by conserving
the heritage building instead of focusing on adding the property value. Heritage
buildings will attract tourists interests to the Old Town. This is able to stimulate the
economy of Old Town in order to revitalize the decayed town.

Besides, the local government can implement a pedestrian friendly environment by

creating safe streetscape, installation of proper street lightning.

TOPIC 3
Urban Design Elements
INTRODUCTION

The goal of urban design is to create functional, attractive, and sustainable urban environments.
There are seven (7) essential elements of urban design that are crucial for creating successful urban
spaces.

Element which considers public spaces and also considers “element” that effect spaces such as:

o Parks: large public parks, pocket parks

o Gathering places: people places, open spaces, informal ones
o Bridges: as part of city’s identity/urban sculptures
o Water bodies: incorporating the river, lakes and water features
o Public building: government. School
o Private building
o Infrastructure arcades/fenestration
o Plazas: public and private
o Parking areas: open and structures
o Landscaped areas: visual pleasures, functional, recreational
o Lighting: all aspect (street, building, design,safety)
o Signage: commercial and directional
ELEMENTS OF URBAN DESIGN:
1. Buildings
2. Public spaces
3. Streets
4. Transport
5. Landscape

BUILDING

• Buildings are the most distinct elements of urban design - they shape and articulate space by
forming the streetwalls of the city
• Well-designed buildings and groups of buildings work together to create
• Well-designed buildings might also have creative and appealing design aspects that accentuate the
personality and uniqueness of their surroundings, such as spectacular facades, vivid colors, and
unusual shapes.
• High-quality building design can significantly improve city’s livability and vibrancy.

BUILDING FAÇADE AND INTERFACE

BUILDING DESIGN
• Building design includes both the architecture • Building façade, is an interface
and design of specific buildings found in urban between inner and outer space.
settings.
• It is an essential component of urban design • The relationship of buildings to the
that has a big impact on the general feel and site, street and neighboring
standard of a street or neighbourhood. buildings (alignment, setbacks,
• In addition to improving the aesthetic appeal boundary treatment) and the
of its surroundings, a well-designed building architectural expression of their
can also improve the built environment’s use facades (projections openings,
and sustainability through green design patterns and materials).
elements such as green roofs, passive solar
heating, and rainwater harvesting systems.
PUBLIC SPACE

o Urban design concerned much with the design and management of publicly used space (also
referred to as the public realm or public domain) and the way it is experienced and used.
o The public space includes the natural and built environment used by the general public on a day-
to-day basis such as streets, plazas, parks and public infrastructure
o Some aspects of privately used space such as the bulk and scale of buildings, courtyards and
entries that are navigated by the public or gardens that are visible from the public realm, can
also contribute to the overall result.
o At times, there is a blurring of public and private realms, particularly where privately owned
space is publicly used.
 Indicators of Successful Streetscape
• Comfortable and safe for pedestrian and the disabled.
Street main functions are: • A street designed to accommodate all sorts of functions, not
• Circulation for pedestrians, cyclists and dominated by any one function.
vehicles • Visually simple and free of clutter (regardless of whether a
• Transit access street is a straightforward or complex space, what matters is the
• Access to buildings, and the provision of simplicity and clarity of its paving, street furniture, lighting and
light and ventilation for buildings landscaping)
• A route for utilities • Well maintained, and where utilities or advertising/signage are
• Storage space, especially for vehicles subordinate to all other street functions.
• Public space for human interaction; • The design and detail of a street is sympathetic to local
everything from parades and gatherings character and the activities in the right of way (e.g. village main
to chance encounters street - the street should not be designed to move cars at high
speeds).
• Making appropriate provision for access, deliveries and storage
of vehicle

TRANSPORT AND ACCESSIBILITY

• Accessibility describes how easily and conveniently people can travel around a city.
• This includes a variety of components that promote mobility in metropolitan settings, including
sidewalks, bike lanes, and other infrastructure.
• The functionality and livability of cities are directly impacted by accessibility, making it a crucial
element of urban design.
• Cities that are accessible are more likely to attract both residents and tourists.
• Accessible transportation options can help reduce dependency on private vehicles and encourage
active and healthy lifestyles.
• Cities can build more vibrant, interconnected communities that benefit all citizens by giving
accessibility a higher priority in urban planning.

LANDSCAPE
• Landscape is the green part of the city that weaves throughout - in the form of urban parks, street
trees, plants, flowers, and water in many forms.
• The landscape helps define the character and beauty of a city and creates soft, contrasting spaces
and elements.
• Green spaces in cities range from grand parks such as Central Park in New York City and the
Washington DC Mall, to small intimate pocket parks.
• Landscape includes the topography of landforms, water courses, flora and fauna—whether natural
or introduced. It may be in the form of rivers and creeks, lakes, bushland, parks and recreational
facilities, streetscapes or private gardens, and is often referred to as ‘green infrastructure’.
ELEMENTS OF URBAN FORM MACRO TO MICRO

hierarchical relationship between the elements of urban design.

URBAN STRUCTURE
• Urban structure is the arrangement of land use in urban areas, or how a city’s land use is laid out. •
The overall framework of a region, town or precinct.
• It shows relationships between zones of built forms, land forms, natural environments, activities
and open spaces.
• It encompasses broader systems including transport and infrastructure networks.

THREE CLASSICAL MODEL OF URBAN STRUCTURE

Several models have been developed that explain the relationships between the types of people and
businesses that tend to exist to exist within the urban setting
URBAN GRAIN
• The balance of open space to built form and the nature, and the extend of subdividing an area into
smaller parcels of blocks.
• For example, a ‘fine urban grain’ might constitute a network of small or detailed streetscapes.
• It takes into consideration the hierarchy of street types, the physical linkages and movement
between locations, and modes of transport.

DENSITY AND MIX USES

The intensity of development and the range of different uses (such as residential, commercial,
institutional or recreational uses).

URBAN FORM

• Urban form generally encompasses a number of physical features and non-physical characteristics
including:

a) Size b) Shape c) Scale d) Density e) Land uses building types f) Urban block layout

g) Distribution of green space which are categorised into five broad and inter-related elements that
make up urban
• Urban form is closely related to scale and has been described as the ‘morphological attributes of an
urban area at all scales.
• Characteristics therefore range from at a very localized scale (features such as building materials,
façades and fenestration) to, at a broader scale (housing type, street type and their spatial
arrangement, or layout).
• The scales at which urban form can be considered or measured include the individual building,
street, urban block, neighbourhood and city.
• These levels of spatial disaggregation influence how urban form is measured, analysed and
ultimately understood.

SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC FABRIC

• The non-physical aspects of the urban form include social factors (culture, participation, health and
well-being) as well as the productive capacity and economic productivity of community.

• It incorporates aspects such as demographics and life stages, social interaction and support
networks

HEIGHT AND MASSING

• The scale of buildings in relation to height and floor area, and how they relate to surrounding land
forms, buildings and streets.
• It also incorporates the building envelope, site coverage and solar orientation.
• Height and massing create the sense of openness or enclosure, and affect the comfort of streets,
spaces and other buildings.

DETAILS AND MATERIALS

• The close-up appearance of objects and surfaces.
• The selection of materials in terms of detail, craftsmanship, texture, colour, durability, sustainability
and treatment.
• It includes public and private structures and space, street furniture, paving, lighting and signage.
• It contributes to human comfort, safety and enjoyment of the public or private area.
• The use of local materials, traditional building styles, and indigenous plants contribute to a place’s
identity
TOPIC 4
Sustainable Urban Design Concept & Principles

INTRODUCTION:

Sustainable Development:
Development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of
future generations to meet their own needs.

The need to integrate sustainable development aspirations in urban design to achieve the current
Sustainable Development Agenda (SDG) specifically under SDG11.

• Affordable housing and basic services

• Sustainable transport systems for all (inclusiveness)
• Sustainable urbanization and capacity for participatory
• Protect cultural and natural heritage
• Disaster risk management
• Environmental impact of cities (air pollution and waste)
• Safe, inclusive and accessible, green and public spaces
• Mitigation and adaptation to climate change
• Utilizing local materials

Sustainable urban design principles

o Diversity and mix of uses
o Sustainability and balance with nature
o Connectivity (ease of movement)
o Visual richness
o Continuity and enciosure
o Safety and comfort
o Structure, legibility and character

DIVERSITY AND MIX OF USES

• Diversity of activity is essential to the sustainability of cities.
• Variety of activities would attract a diverse group of people to live or visit the place – eventually
create a more vibrant environment and safer place through the constant presence of people.
• A place with mix of uses and diversity will create an environment that enriches the experience and
visual qualities in the townscape as well as meeting the various needs of different groups in the
society.
• Activities both inside buildings and in the outdoor spaces of the city stimulate vitality to the urban
environment.
• Restaurants, shops, offices, recreational facilities, entertainment establishments and cultural events
are amongst the activities that give life to the physical form of the city
Principles on Creating Diversity and Mix of Uses
1. Encourage activities and building uses that enhance the role of the place
2. Provide a diverse range of activities and services to enhance the vitality and excitement of
the place
3. Develop activities and building uses that reflect the local character and unique sense of
place, including its climate, natural amenities and historical elements
4. Encourage public events, food vendors, sidewalk cafes, street entertainment to add vitality
and animation to the place.
5. Encourage cultural facilities that enrich and add diversity to the urban experience
6. Encourage varied and active street level uses such as retail shops and restaurants that create
high levels of pedestrian activity

SUSTAINABILITY AND BALANCE WITH NATURE

• Places should strike a balance between the natural and manmade environment, and utilize each
site’s intrinsic resources such as the climate, landform, landscape and ecology, to maximize energy
conservation and amenity.
• Thus, a thorough investigation of a site’s natural resources will lead to an overall design response
that integrates:
a) Various needs of the new development
b) Identifies possibilities that the site offers
c) Recognizes the site’s limitations

The principles for future development (to balance with nature) should encourage :
1. The efficient use of resources through green design and technology
2. Minimizing negative impacts to the environment
3. Climatic consideration in the design of buildings as it helps to minimize energy consumption
4. Flexible design that can accommodates changing needs and consideration of the natural
resources such as the river and topography

CONNECTIVITY (EASE OF MOVEMENT)

• Places need to be easy to get to and be integrated physically and visually with their surroundings.
This requires attention to how to get around by foot, bicycle, public transport and the car – and in
that order.
• Places should always be easy for everyone who uses it, whether they are on foot, bicycle, car or by
using public transport.
• Pedestrians in particular, should be able to get around safely and conveniently.
• Making a place more walkable and accessible will help reduce car use, and consequently reduce
congestion and air pollution – improve public health.
• Good urban design ensures connectivity into and through the city for all, creating a safe
environment both day and night.
• Getting the movement right affects uses and activities, density, security and the impact of the
development on neighbouring places.
• The movement framework concerns the structural aspects of movement, focusing on the street
and footpath networks.
Principles for A Successful Movement Framework
1. Provide the maximum choice for how people will make their journeys.
2. Take full account of the kinds of movement a development will generate.
3. Make clear connections to existing routes and facilities.

VISUAL RICHNESS
• Visual appreciation of urban environments is a product of perception and cognition – that is, what
stimuli we perceive, how we perceive them, how we process, interpret and judge the information
gathered, and how it appeals to our mind and emotions.
• Attractive image that is outstanding can create good perspective towards urban setting.
• According to Kevin Lynch, image may be analysed according to these three components which
always appear together:

STRUCTURE
IDENTITY
An image must include MEANING
An image must have different
internal space or Objects must have
character which implies its
interrelation between meant either practical or
distinction from others, its
object and observer or emotion.
recognition as a separable entity.
other objects.

According to Kevin Lynch, urban image, too can be divided into five elements which are landmark,
path, district, node and edge.

LANDMARK PATH
DISTRICT
A type of point reference Channels along which the
which are usually simply observer moves such as Medium-to-large sections
defined physical object streets, walkways, transit of the city, which are
such as building, sign, store lines, canals, railroads recognizable as having
or mountain. etc. People observe the some common identifying
city while moving character.
through it.

NODE
EDGE
Points, the strategic spots
in a city which are the Linear elements not used
intensive foci to and from or considered as paths by
which he is travelling. the observer. They are the
Mainly the junctions, boundaries between two
public transportation segments, linear breaks in
station, a crossing or continuity such as the
convergence of path, shores, highway, edges of
street corner hangout, development, walls, etc.
enclosed square etc.
• All the 5 elements are integrated and not isolated.
• Districts are structured with nodes, defined by edges, penetrated by paths, and sprinkled with
landmarks.
• Elements regularly overlap and pierce one another

CONTINUITY AND ENCLOSURE

• A common building line creates continuity of frontage and provides definition and enclosure to the
public realm.
• It can also help ensure new development is properly integrated into an existing street.
• Minimizing setback distances increases the ability of a building to interact with the public realm.
• Where buildings are permitted to step back from the building line, care needs to be taken to
ensure resulting spaces are useable and attractive (English Partnership, The Housing Corporation).

Enclosure

• Enclosure refers to an area where public and private spaces are clearly distinguished.
• Buildings can define open spaces by enclosing them.
• Buildings can also secure private open spaces by closing them off and overlooking them.
• The activities inside buildings can bring life and activity to the edges of public spaces

SAFETY AND COMFORT

• A sense of safety and security is an essential prerequisite of successful urban design (Mathew,
2003).
• People feel comfortable and confident using areas where there is good visibility and effective
lighting, where they feel that they can be seen and heard by other people.
• Thoughtful design is an important instrument in enhancing everyone’s sense of well-being and
making places more user-friendly, easy to understand and secure.
• It can help open up areas to as many groups of users as possible and create shared sense of
confidence in the use of streets and other facilities.

Principles in Building Safety

• Ensuring natural surveillance and human presence – this can be achieved by :
a) Making buildings front onto the public realm
b) Putting ‘eyes on streets’ and minimizing blank facade
c) Mixing uses, particularly at ground level, adding vitality at different times of the day and night and
over time.
d) Designing an integrated network of streets, rather than more vulnerable cul-de -sacs
e) Locating parking in front of buildings on - street or in secure private courtyards.

• Minimizing conflict by providing safe routes for walking and cycling.

• Designing-in territoriality and community involvement – when people view public space as their
own, they begin to take responsibility for it. Places can be designed to foster a sense of ownership,
mutual protection and belonging
LEGIBILITY & CHARACTER

Legibility
• Legibility refers to condition of easy navigation.
• Successful places are easy to find. People intuitively use all sorts of clue to navigate.
• The size and type of buildings tell us whether we are on an important route or a side street.
• Buildings, landscape or public art can stand out from the ordinary fabric of a place, making its
location more memorable.
• This is important for people who are visiting for the first time and want to feel confident and enjoy
a place and all its attractions, and not anxious about getting lost.
• It is also very important for people with learning disabilities, who do not necessarily find ordinary
signage helpful.

Character
• Character is defined as a place having its own unique identity, elements that are present in a
certain place that creates special character to the public and creates a unique value towards the
identity of the place.
• This includes a unique identity involving landscape, traditional buildings and unique materials, local
culture and other factors that would make a city different from the rest.
• Camberwell emphasized on the area’s feel, atmosphere or ambience. The character is almost the
feeling it creates in you.

Principles for Building up Character for a Place

1. Taking into consideration the condition of the site or place and the natural characteristics
during the process of development and planning.
2. Integrating new development with the natural landscape of the area to reduce effects of
pollution or intrusion of the natural surrounding and local forest.
3. Maintaining and priotizing traditional / heritage building design or a suitable design for the
area to strengthen the ‘sense of place’ of the area.
4. Using natural materials for buildings and surroundings to maintain the local environment.

TOPIC 5

URBAN DESIGN METHOD & ANALYSIS: TOWNSCAPE APPRAISAL

INTRODUCTION

The Need for Townscape Appraisal

• Protecting the uniqueness of townscape by recognizing the important components of the

townscape that contribute to the sense of place.
• Townscape appraisal is an important tool in any urban design practices to assess and evaluate the
relationship between elements that make up the urban fabric in terms of its distinctiveness.
 Approach to Townscape Appraisal

PHYSICAL EVALUATION

• The physical evaluation of the townscape is concerned with:

a) The physical elements and the characteristics of the elements that are distinctive and easily
identifiable by the observer.
b) The quality of views experienced by the observer.
• It involves analysing the content and fabric of the town as well as understanding the art of
relationship between elements that make up the town and giving its personality.
• The physical evaluation covers the following survey techniques:

a) Visual Survey
b) Perceptual Structure
c) Permeability Studies: Movement Pattern
d) Sensory Survey

Visual Survey

Analyses the urban form that shapes the city. It is looking at the city from a holistic perspective and
assessing the profile of the city and the image it projects to the observer.

• The survey is done by qualitative visual assessment based on certain design criteria and principles.
• Physical elements assessed:

 Profile and setting

 Urban Form
 Urban Spaces
 Landscape and Natural Elements
 Land use Characteristics
 Architectural Features

Profile and Setting

• The profile of town influenced the perception of the townscape from far (skyline).
• The profile of major towns are mainly dominated by the skyline of post-independence where high
rise development tends to dwarf the traditional two storey shophouses.
Landscape character
The natural environment includes the topography of landforms, water and environment

Land use Characteristics

• Land use character influences the townscape due to the different building typology and human
activities associated with different types of use.
• Land use is one of the fundamental elements of urban form.
• Land use and associated pedestrian activities have a major influence in establishing the street
character and the activities it support.

Perceptual Structure
The legible city is a city that is easily visualised in the mind and resulted in a clearly defined, easily
recognised and distinctive perceptual structure.

• Perceptual structure can be assessed by identifying the five elements that people use to structure
cities in their minds (Lynch, 1960):
 Path
 District
 Edges
 Nodes
 Landmark

Permeability Studies : Movement Pattern

Permeability is a quality that depicts the extent to which an environment allows people a choice of
access through if from one place to the other (Bentley et al., (1985)

• Permeability can be assessed by studying the blocks that are created as a result of the network that
allows movement of both vehicular and pedestrian.
• Places need to be easy to get to and be integrated physically and visually with their surroundings.
This requires attention to how to get around by foot, bicycle, public transport and the car – and in
that order.
• Places should always be easy for everyone who uses it, whether they are on foot, bicycle, car or by
using public transport.
• Pedestrians in particular, should be able to get around safely and conveniently.
• Making a place more walkable and accessible will help reduce car use, and consequently reduce
congestion and air pollution – improve public health.
• Good urban design ensures connectivity into and through the city for all, creating a safe
environment both day and night.
• Getting the movement right affects uses and activities, density, security and the impact of the
development on neighbouring places.
• The movement framework concerns the structural aspects of movement, focusing on the street
and footpath networks.

Sensory Survey
Involves assessing the townscape by recording the sensory effects of experiencing the townscape
through the sense of vision, smell, sound, kinaesthetic and feelings. Of all these the sense of vision
has a significant impact to the townscape.
The sensory qualities of the townscape can be assessed by three means :
a) Quality of views
• People’s perception of a place is significantly influenced by the quality of view of the place.
• Assessment of the views involves recording the types of views experienced and identifying
objects that become the focal point or elements that direct the attention of the eye
b) Place (Kinesthetic Experience)
Assessment of place involves identifying places in the townscape that have the :
 Quality of enclosure,
 Segregation of pedestrian and vehicular movement
 Linkage between place
 Courtyards and squares

c) Contents of the town

• This is related to the townscape in terms of the fabric that make up the townscape i.e
colour, texture, style, character, personality and uniqueness.
 This richness in fabric helps to distinguish one own to another.
 Assessment of the contents involved the reaction towards each elements as we
explore the townscape.

SOCIO-CULTURAL EVALUATION : BEHAVIOURAL SURVEY

Behaviour is a manifestation of the cultural values and reflects the direct human response to the
environment.

• The socio-cultural evaluation is a mean of identifying cultural differences in the use of public spaces
as well as ascertaining the human activities that are unique to a place.
• It analyses the symbiotic relationship between behavior and environment in which both affect the
other.
• Climate also plays crucial role in influencing behavior pattern – townscape that response to the
climate will display unique behavioural responses and design features.
• The combination of behavior and the physical setting influence the townscape’s character.

METHOD : OBSERVATION
• Assessing what people do, where, when, how and who are involved in the activity.
• Establish the routine of the local people over a cross section in a day from early
morning until night.
• Identify the activity spots where a lot of things happen and to observe the activity
pattern.
• Record the physical characteristics of the physical elements that support the activities
as well as noting down unique activity pattern or types of activities engaged by the
locals.
• Observation should also include unique behavior patterns that are influenced by the
local culture and tradition.
• Recording the setting where the behavior occurs – indicate the influence of built
environment design to the people’s behavior.
The outcome of the observation is a behavioural map that :
• Identifies the types of behavioral activities and their location.
• Gives indication as to the effectiveness of the design of the built environment in supporting human
activities.

HISTORICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY

The knowledge of the town’s history helps in understanding how the township is forms and gives
meanings to the townscape.

• The accumulation of buildings from different periods (from the early beginnings of the town until
present time forms the township.
• Study of morphological form of the city is important in order to understand the forces that shape
the city as well as establishing its identity through spatial pattern.

MORPHOLOGY STUDIES
• Morphology – study of the layout and structure of the town based on its origins, growth and function of the
town.
• It is a technique that examines the evolution of city by studying the pattern and urban form.
• It is a means of assessing historical development of a city from physical point of view through analyzing the solid
and voids as the city evolves through time.
• Morphology study must identify aspects that relate to the structure of the town such as :
 Physical quality
 Layout
 Town function
 Main transportation route
 Lots and spaces (either open or built)
 Architecturally significant buildings having distinct quality

TOPIC 6

AREA CONSERVATION PRINCIPLES & TECHNIQUES

WHAT IS HERITAGE?

Heritage is generally related to relics, or anything related to something passed down from one
generation to another. It represents the memory of the whole life of a nation that symbolizes the
civilization of that nation.

BY NATIONAL HERITAGE ACT 2005:

o Heritage is any heritage site, heritage object, underwater cultural heritage or any living person
declared as National Heritage (under section 67). Under section 2, heritage is definably into two
categories:
• Cultural Heritage: a tangible or intangible form of cultural or heritage object, property,
structure, performance, dance, song, music that is pertinent to the historical or contemporary
way of Malaysians, on or inland or underwater cultural heritage but including natural heritage
 • Natural Heritage: a natural feature of any area which consists of earthly physical, biological
formation, geological or physiographical features, mountains, river, stream, rock formation,
seashore or any natural sites of OUV from the point of view of nature, science, history
conservation or natural beauty including flora and fauna of Malaysia

Category of Heritage

HERITAGE

CULTURAL NATURAL

TANGIBLE INTANGIBLE

IMMOVABLE MOVEABLE

AREA MONUMENT BUILDING SITE

BY UNESCO

Heritage is a legacy from the past, what we live with today, and what we pass on to future
generations. Cultural and natural heritage are both irreplaceable sources of life and inspiration.

The concept of heritage is invariable. UNESCO‟s Convention Concerning the Protection of the World
Cultural and Natural Heritage (1972) has defined cultural heritage by the following classifications:

▪ Monument: architectural, monumental sculpture and painting works, structures of an

archaeological nature, inscriptions, cave dwellings and combinations of features, (OUV from the
point of view of history, art or science)
▪ Groups of buildings: separate or connected buildings due to their architecture, homogeneity or
place in the landscape, (OUV from the point of view of history, art or science)

▪ Sites: works of man or the combined works of nature and man, and areas including archaeological
sites, (OUV from the historical, aesthetic, ethnological or anthropological points of view)
HERITAGE HIERARCHY

WHAT IS HIA (HERITAGE IMPACT ASSESSMENT)?

Impact Assessment:

• IA is a structured process of considering the implications, for the public and the environment, of a
proposed action while there is still an opportunity to modify (or even, abandon) the proposal.
• An important tool used during the early decisionmaking to help inform decisions at a certain level
& setting the parameters. Also applied to all levels of decision making.
• “ the process of identifying the future consequences of a current or proposed action “
(International Impact Assessment Association, IAIA).
• IA encouraged and emphasized a participatory (inclusive) approach, that recognized different types
of knowledge, & the importance of representing the views of different groups in society and
background
• Originated from the late addition of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) to the United States
National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) in 1970.
• Nowadays commonly linked to the sustainability concept.

IA aims to:
• To provide information for decision-making that analyses the biophysical, social, economic and
institutional consequences of proposed actions;
• To promote transparency and participation of the public in decision-making;
• Identify procedures and methods for the follow-up (monitoring and mitigation of adverse
consequences) in policy, planning and project cycles; and
• To contribute to environmentally sound and sustainable development.

By ICOMOS
• (Cultural) Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) is a process of identifying, predicting, evaluating &
communicating the probable effects of a current a proposed development policy or action on the
heritage values (including OUV within a WH site), cultural life, institutions & resources of
communities, then integrating the findings & conclusion into the planning & decision-making
process, with a view to mitigating adverse impacts & enhancing positive outcomes.
• HIA was introduced by ICOMOS in 2011 to evaluate effectively the impact of potential development
on the Outstanding Universal Values (OUV) of World Heritage (WH) properties.
• Resulted by the disappointing result of the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) on addressing
the cultural elements of WH properties, especially on matters related to the OUV.
• BY 2016, over 100 HIAs have been requested by UNESCO.

By JWN
• A Heritage Impact Assessment (HIA) is a report of the impact or impact of a proposed
development, restoration or renovation project.
• This guideline has been prepared to assist people in the preparation of an HIA, explaining the level
of detail required and providing questions and instruction to help guide the HIA consultant in what
should be considered in the context of a heritage site.
• It will be used to help assist the Technical Review Panel of the Local - Authorities.
• HIA evaluates the impact of proposed development or site alteration on the following aspects: OUV
(for WHS), Visual, Environment, Traffic, Culture, Skyline, Roofscape, Noise, Tourism

When is HIA Required?

• In Malaysia, an HIA report is required at the Planning Permission Application stage together with
the Laporan Cadangan Pemajuan (LCP), for change of use and for new development projects.
• The HIA report is to be submitted to the local planning authority, and the Department of National
Heritage (for sites listed under Act 645).
• The requirement for an LCP and its content is outlined in Section 21A (1A), Town and Country
Planning Act 1976 (Act 172) and Section 40, National Heritage Act 2005 (Act 645).
• Compliance with the HIA guidelines is necessary to ensure the upholding of the Outstanding
Universal Values acknowledged by UNESCO to ensure that the status of the area as a UNESCO World
Heritage Site is preserved.

Cont. from Section 40:

3. For the purpose of paragraph 2(c), neighbouring land meansa)
- Any land adjoining within 200 metres from the boundary of the land
- Any land separated from the land by any road, lane, drain or reserved land, the width does
not exceed 20 metres and adjoining the land had not been separated by such road, lane,
drain or reserved land; or
- Any land located within 200 metres from the boundary of the land

4. The Commissioner shall advise the local planning authority to impose conditions when aprroving
planning permission or a development order involving a heritage site which may include
- Requiring compliance with any conservation guidelines and procedures issued by the
minister;
- Require the repair of any damage caused by any heritage site after the works permitted by
the planning permission or development orders have been completed; or
- Requiring the protection and retention of any specified feature of the heritage site.

5. Once planning permission is approved, the Commissioner shall liaise, cooperate and coordinate
with the local planning authority to monitor and supervise that the terms and conditions of
heritage conservation are imposed and complied with.
National Heritage Act 2005 (Act 645)
Section 40: Application for planning permission for the heritage site.
1. The Commissioner shall coordinate and advise the local planning authority before any planning
permission or development order is granted involving a heritage site.
2. Any application for planning permission or development order to the Commissioner, such
application shall contain –
a) Sufficient identify the monument, including its layout plan, measured building plan and
photographs of its every angle, including the exterior and interior of such monument:
b) Other plans and drawings as are necessary to describe the work
c) Measures that have been taken to secure the safety of the heritage site and the neighbouring
land; and
d) Other particulars as may be required by the commissioner

Town and Country Planning Act 1976 (Act 172)

Section 21: An application for planning permission for development shall be made to the local
planning authority and shall be in such form and shall contain such particulars and be accompanied
by such documents, plans, and fees as may be prescribed.

Section 21(A): The applicant shall submit a development proposal report which shall contain the
following:
a) The development concept and justification;
b) A location map and a site plan;
c) Particulars of land ownership and restrictions, if any;
d) (i) a description of the land including its physical environment, topography, landscape, geology,
contours, drainage, water bodies and catchments and natural features thereon;
(ii) a survey of the trees and all forms of vegetation; and
(iii) particulars of a building, which may be affected by the development;

Town and Country Planning Act 1976 (Act 172)

Cont. Section 21(A): The applicant shall submit a development proposal report which shall contain
the following:
e) a land-use analysis and its effect on the adjoining land; (ea) an analysis of and mitigation
measures for the social impact and other impacts as determined by the local planning authority;
(A1522)
f) layout plans, the details of which are specified in section 21B; and
g) such other matters as may be prescribed by the local planning authority

How HIA is Prepared?

A Heritage Impact Assessment Report (HIA) should contain the following:
1. Introduction
• Summary of historical buildings, areas, or sites and background of the project to be carried
out.
• Statement of significance with reference to the Outstanding universal values that have
been recognised the UNESCO.
• Complete inventory of buildings, sites and/or monuments involved.
2. Field/ Site Surveys
3. Related legal instruments
 4. Description of the proposed project
5. Impact assessment of the proposal
6. Mitigation Measures (refer to attached Guidelines for the preparation of the report).
7. Appendices

The requirements for the preparation of this heritage impact assessment report are:
1. In general, the preparation of the Heritage Impact Assessment is required if it involves:
• Heritage/National Heritage/ World Heritage Site core zone
• Heritage/National Heritage/ World Heritage Site buffer zone
• Areas adjacent to the buffer zone.

2. Heritage Impact Assessment Report must be prepared if it involves :

• Construction of new buildings or structures
• Large-scale restoration work

*information and details of the area must be obtained from the National Heritage Department (JWN)
or the Local Authority

Who can prepare HIA?

• All reports can be done by experts in related cultural heritage, which will be assessed and approved
by committee assessment at the state level, comprising representatives of the Department of
National Heritage (State Party).
• HIA consultants shall be, Heritage Architect, Town Planner, Building Conservator, Engineer, Building
Surveyor, Interior Designer, Urban Landscape Design & Archaeologist.
• In Malaysia, the HIA report can be done only by a Registered Conservator under JWN. He or she
shall be independent and not biased towards the client, developer, local authorities, NGOs or any
heritage movement.

What is CMP (CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT PLAN)?

A Conservation Management Plan is a document that describes the importance of a heritage
site/building and explains the methods to maintain that importance and includes the core zone and
buffer zone for a heritage site/building

By World Heritage Convention

• Under WHC, a management plan or other documented management system are required as part of
the protection and management requirement, one of the three pillars of Outstanding Universal
Values (OUV) of a World Heritage Site.
• Aim of CMP is to ensure that the value, authenticity and integrity of the property are sustained for
the future through managing the attributes. The Statement of OUV shall be the key reference for
management.
• Designed to be holistic in nature and relevant to conservation of the property as whole and has
regard to all its values.
• Need to establish realistic vision for medium to long term future of the property, including
highlighting the possible changes and challenges that could arise from the inscription.
• To identify the stakeholders which may include local people, indigenous people, property owners
and managers, government sector, commercial interests' parties and NonGovernmental
Organizations.
When is CMP Required?
• To ensure that the objective of conservation of heritage sites/buildings is achieved, then changes to
any heritage sites/buildings must be done through the best methods.
• The Conservation Management Plan is known as the best method while acting as a guide in
carrying out conservation work, new development and ongoing care. Each Conservation
Management Plan must be monitored and improved every 5 years or as required from time to time.

How is CMP Required?

A conservation plan is simply a document that helps you to understand why heritage is valued and by
whom. It helps make an overall view, and it sets out a framework of policies that will help make
decisions about how to look after heritage whilst ensuring it continues to be used, enjoyed and made
accessible.

QUESTION

1. What are some key elements that urban design shapes in a city?

Urban design plays a crucial role in shaping various elements within a city to create functional,
attractive, and sustainable urban environments. Some key elements that urban design shapes in a
city include:

Buildings: Well-designed buildings not only provide shelter but also contribute to the overall
aesthetic appeal of the city. They define the character of streets and neighborhoods, creating a
sense of place and identity (Page 6).

Public Spaces: Urban design focuses on the design and management of publicly used spaces such
as streets, plazas, parks, and public infrastructure. These spaces are essential for social interaction,
recreation, and community engagement (Page 6).

Streets: The design of streets influences how people move through the city and interact with their
surroundings. Street layout, width, landscaping, and amenities all contribute to the overall urban
experience (Page 6).

Transport: Urban design considers transportation systems and infrastructure to ensure efficient
movement within the city. This includes public transit, pedestrian pathways, cycling lanes, and
road networks (Page 6).

Landscape: The integration of green spaces, landscaping, and natural elements into urban design
enhances the visual appeal of the city, promotes biodiversity, and contributes to environmental
sustainability (Page 6).

Identity and Image: Urban design creates a unique identity for a city through landmarks,
architectural styles, and public art. These elements contribute to the visual richness of the urban
environment and help define the city's character (Page 14).

Social Fabric: Urban design influences social factors such as community engagement, cultural
activities, and social interactions. It plays a role in fostering a sense of community and belonging
among residents (Page 11).

Economic Productivity: Urban design impacts the economic productivity of a city by shaping the
 built environment in a way that supports businesses, tourism, and local economies. Well-designed
urban spaces can attract investment and stimulate economic growth (Page 11).

By considering and integrating these key elements, urban design professionals can create cities
that are not only visually appealing but also functional, sustainable, and conducive to the well-
being of their inhabitants.

2. What are some key elements that urban design shapes in a city?

Urban design plays a crucial role in shaping various elements within a city to create
functional, attractive, and sustainable urban environments. Some key elements that urban
design shapes in a city include:

Buildings: Well-designed buildings not only provide shelter but also contribute to the
overall aesthetic appeal of the city. They define the character of streets and
neighborhoods, creating a sense of place and identity (Page 6).

Public Spaces: Urban design focuses on the design and management of publicly used
spaces such as streets, plazas, parks, and public infrastructure. These spaces are essential
for social interaction, recreation, and community engagement (Page 6).

Streets: The design of streets influences how people move through the city and interact
with their surroundings. Street layout, width, landscaping, and amenities all contribute to
the overall urban experience (Page 6).

Transport: Urban design considers transportation systems and infrastructure to ensure

efficient movement within the city. This includes public transit, pedestrian pathways,
cycling lanes, and road networks (Page 6).

Landscape: The integration of green spaces, landscaping, and natural elements into
urban design enhances the visual appeal of the city, promotes biodiversity, and
contributes to environmental sustainability (Page 6).

Identity and Image: Urban design creates a unique identity for a city through landmarks,
architectural styles, and public art. These elements contribute to the visual richness of the
urban environment and help define the city's character (Page 14).

Social Fabric: Urban design influences social factors such as community engagement,
cultural activities, and social interactions. It plays a role in fostering a sense of
community and belonging among residents (Page 11).

Economic Productivity: Urban design impacts the economic productivity of a city by

shaping the built environment in a way that supports businesses, tourism, and local
economies. Well-designed urban spaces can attract investment and stimulate economic
growth (Page 11).

By considering and integrating these key elements, urban design professionals can create
cities that are not only visually appealing but also functional, sustainable, and conducive
to the well-being of their inhabitants.
3. How does urban design impact the daily experiences of people living and working in
a city?

Urban design has a significant impact on the daily experiences of people living and
working in a city in several ways:

Quality of Life: Well-designed urban spaces enhance the quality of life for residents by
providing access to amenities such as parks, public spaces, and cultural facilities. These
spaces promote social interaction, recreation, and a sense of community (Page 13).

Accessibility: Urban design influences the ease of movement within a city, affecting how
people navigate their surroundings. Accessible transportation options, pedestrian-friendly
streets, and well-connected pathways contribute to a more convenient and efficient urban
experience (Page 7).

Health and Well-being: Urban design can promote active and healthy lifestyles by
encouraging walking, cycling, and outdoor activities. Access to green spaces, recreational
facilities, and safe pedestrian infrastructure supports physical and mental well-being
(Page 13).

Sense of Place: Thoughtfully designed urban environments create a sense of place and
identity for residents. Landmarks, architectural styles, and public art contribute to the
unique character of a city, fostering a sense of belonging and pride among its inhabitants
(Page 1).

Safety and Security: Urban design plays a role in creating safe and secure environments
for residents and workers. Well-lit streets, clear wayfinding signage, and well-designed
public spaces contribute to a sense of safety and reduce the risk of crime (Page 13). > Nur
Farisya: Social Interaction: Urban design shapes the opportunities for social interaction
and community engagement. Vibrant public spaces, gathering areas, and mixed-use
developments encourage social connections and foster a sense of community among
residents (Page 13).

Environmental Sustainability: Sustainable urban design practices, such as green

infrastructure, energy-efficient buildings, and public transportation systems, contribute to
environmental sustainability and help mitigate the impact of urban development on the
natural environment (Page 13).

Economic Opportunities: Urban design can stimulate economic growth by creating

attractive environments for businesses, tourism, and investment. Well-designed urban
spaces can enhance property values, attract visitors, and support local economies (Page
13).

By considering the needs and experiences of people living and working in a city, urban
designers can create environments that are not only visually appealing but also functional,
inclusive, and conducive to a high quality of life for all residents.
4. What role does urban design play in fostering a sense of belonging and civic pride in
a community?
Urban design plays a crucial role in fostering a sense of belonging and civic pride in a
community by creating environments that reflect the identity, history, and values of the
residents. Here are some ways in which urban design contributes to this:

Identity and Character: Urban design shapes the physical environment of a city,
including its architecture, public spaces, and landmarks. By incorporating elements that
reflect the local culture, history, and traditions, urban designers can create a sense of
place that resonates with residents and instills a feeling of belonging (Page 1).

Community Engagement: Well-designed public spaces, such as parks, plazas, and

community centers, provide opportunities for social interaction, gatherings, and events.
These spaces serve as focal points for community activities and help strengthen social
connections among residents, fostering a sense of community and belonging (Page 7).

Historic Preservation: Urban design can incorporate historic buildings, landmarks, and
heritage sites into the fabric of the city. By preserving and showcasing these elements,
urban designers help residents connect with their past and heritage, fostering a sense of
pride in the community's history and identity (Page 5).

Inclusivity and Accessibility: Urban design that prioritizes inclusivity and accessibility
ensures that all members of the community can participate in and enjoy public spaces.
Designing streets, buildings, and amenities with diverse needs in mind promotes a sense
of inclusivity and belonging for residents of all ages, abilities, and backgrounds (Page
12).

Public Art and Cultural Facilities: Integrating public art, cultural facilities, and creative
expressions into urban design enhances the aesthetic appeal of the city and celebrates its
cultural richness. Artistic installations, murals, and cultural events contribute to a sense of
pride and identity among residents, fostering a shared appreciation for the community's
cultural heritage (Page 13).

Sense of Ownership: Engaging residents in the urban design process, such as through
participatory planning initiatives and community consultations, can create a sense of
ownership and empowerment. When residents have a voice in shaping their built
environment, they are more likely to feel connected to their surroundings and take pride
in their community (Page 5).

By considering the cultural, social, and historical context of a community in the urban
design process, designers can create environments that not only meet the functional needs
of residents but also nurture a sense of belonging, pride, and attachment to the place they
call home.