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Half and Full wave rectifier

half and full wave rectifier

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28 views15 pages

Half and Full wave rectifier

half and full wave rectifier

Uploaded by

joonramparkash1974
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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HALF AND FULL

WAVE RECTIFIER
Overview

§ Rectifier and its operation


§ Half wave rectifier and its operation

§ Full Wave rectifier and its operation


Rectifier

§ A rectifier is an electronic device that converts an alternating current into a direct current by
using one or more P-N junction diodes. A diode behaves as a one-way valve that allows current
to flow in a single direction. This process is known as rectification.
TYPE OF RECTIFIER

The rectifiers are mainly classified into


two types:
ØHalf wave rectifier
ØFull wave rectifier
ØBridge rectifier
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

§ Half wave rectifier is a type of rectifier which converts half


of the AC input signal (positive half cycle) into pulsating DC
output signal and the remaining half signal (negative half
cycle) is blocked or lost. In half wave rectifier circuit, we
use only a single diode.

OPERATION

§ In the defined circuit of the half-wave rectifier, a high AC


voltage as an input is given to the primary side of the step- Figure 1 Half wave rectifier with its operation
down transformer.

§ The diode is in forward bias during the positive half cycle of


AC voltage and it is in reverse bias during the negative half
cycle.
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

Now we will simplify the half-wave rectifier circuit by replacing the


secondary coil with a voltage source

Now for the positive half side of the AC voltage source, the circuit will
be

Whenever the diode of the circuit is in forward bias it works as a closed


switch but when it is in the negative half cycle the AC voltage source is
equivalent to
When the diode is reverse-biased, the circuit acts as an open switch.
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER - Input and output Waveform
IN HALF RECTIFIER
7. Ripple factor: It determines how half wave
1. Average value of current, Idc: Imax/𝜋 rectifier converts AC voltage to DC voltage.
The ripple factor of the Half-wave rectifier is
2. Rms value of current, Irms: Imax/2 1.21.

3. Peak inverse voltage (PIV): Vmax


4. Peak load current, Imax: Vmax/(Rload + Rf)
8. Fundamental frequency of ripple: f
5. Dc output voltage, Vdc: Idc x Rload
9. Voltage regulation: good
6. Rectification efficiency (max): 40.6 %
10. Transformer utilization factor: 0.286
It is the ratio of DC output to AC input
11. Form factor: 1.57
Output dc power
Efficiency = ----------------------- 12. Peak factor: 2
Input ac power
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

§ The full wave rectifier is a type of rectifier


which converts the full AC input signal
(positive half cycle and negative half cycle)
to pulsating DC output signal. Unlike the
half wave rectifier, the input signal is not
wasted in full wave rectifier. The efficiency
of full wave rectifier is high as compared to
the half wave rectifier.
IN FULL RECTIFIER
Average value of current, Idc: 2Imax/𝜋 Fundamental frequency of ripple: 2f

Rms value of current, Form factor:

Peak inverse voltage (PIV): 2Vmax Peak factor:

It is the maximum voltage a diode can withstand in the reverse-biased


direction before the circuit breaks. The peak inverse voltage of a full-
wave rectifier is double that of a half-wave rectifier

Peak load current, Imax: Vmax/(Rload + Rf)

Dc output voltage, Vdc: Idc x Rload (or)

Rectification efficiency (max): 81.2 %

Ripple factor: 0.482


BRIDGE RECTIFIER

§ Another type of circuit that produces the same output waveform as the full wave rectifier circuit above, is that of the Full
Wave Bridge Rectifier. This type of single phase rectifier uses four individual rectifying diodes connected in a closed
loop “bridge” configuration to produce the desired output.
BRIDGE RECTIFIER

During positive half cycle of the source, diodes D1 and During the next half-cycle, the source voltage polarity
D2 conduct while D3 and D4 are reverse biased. This reverses. Now, D3 and D4 are forward biased while D1
produces a positive load voltage across the load resistor and D2 are reverse biased. This also produces a positive
(note the plus-minus polarity across the load resistor). load voltage across the load resistor as before.

Note that regardless of the polarity of the


input, the load voltage has the same
polarity and the load current is in the same
direction.
IN BRIDGE RECTIFIER

§ Average value of current, Idc: 2Imax/𝜋


§ Rms value of current, Irms: Imax/sqr root(2)
§ Peak inverse voltage (PIV): Vmax
§ Peak load current, Imax: Vmax/(Rload + 2Rf)
§ Dc output voltage, Vdc: Idc x Rload (or)
§ Rectification efficiency (max): 81.2 %
§ Ripple factor: 0.482
§ Fundamental frequency of ripple: 2f
§ Voltage regulation: good
§ Transformer utilization factor: 0.812
§ Form factor: 1.11
§ Peak factor: sqr root(2)
BRIDGE RECTIFIER (with filtered output)

§ Initially, the capacitor is uncharged. During the first quarter-cycle, diodes D1 and D2 are forward biased, so the capacitor
starts charging. The charging continues until the input reaches its peak value. At this point, the capacitor voltage equals Vp.
§ After the input voltage reaches its peak, it begins to decrease. As soon as the input voltage is less than Vp, the voltage across
the capacitor exceeds the input voltage which turns off the diodes.
§ As the diodes are off, the capacitor discharges through the load resistor and supplies the load current, until the next peak is
arrived. When the next peak arrives, diodes D3 and D4 conduct briefly and recharges the capacitor to the peak value.
DISADVANTAGE OF BRIDGE RECTIFIER (WITH FILTER)

§ The only disadvantage of the bridge rectifier is that the output voltage is two diode drops (1.4V)
less than the input voltage.

§ This disadvantage is only a problem in very low-voltage power supplies. For instance, if the
peak source voltage is only 5V, the load voltage will have a peak of only 3.6V. But if the peak
source voltage is 100 V, the load voltage will be close to a perfect full-wave voltage (the diode
drops are negligible).

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