-4-

Compound interest Numbers

r n
T  P(1  ) Integers —› -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3 .....
100
T = total (original amount + interest) Postive integers —› 1, 2, 3, 4....
P = the original amount invested Negative integers —› -1, -2, -3, -4, ....
r = the percentage of rate Whole numbers —› 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 ...
n = the number of years compounded . Odd numbers —› 1, 3, 5, 7 ....
Even numbers —› 2, 4, 6, 8 ...
Distance time graph Prime numbers —› 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, ....
* Straight line —› motion with uniform speed Square numbers —› 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36,.....
Distance
* Speed = =gradient a
Time Rational numbers —› (in the form of ) where a and b are
b

* horizontal line —› v = 0 (at rest) rise integers.

run 1 1 22
 0.125,  0.333..., 4, 9,
8 3 7
Speed-time graph
(terminating or recurring decimal)
* Straight line —› uniform acceleration
Irrational numbers —› 2, 3, , e, .....
speed
* acceleration = = gradient (non-terminating, non-recurring decimal)
time

* horizontal lime —› a = 0 (x  y)² = x²  2xy + y²

* an increase in speed is called acceleration; x³  y³ = ( x  y) (x²  xy + y²)
* a decrease in speed is called deceleration . x²  y² = (x + y) (x  y)
* distance travelled = Area under the graph x4  y4 = (x + y) (x - y) (x² + y²)

Average speed = Total distance travelled

Total time taken
 -2- -3-
Properties of exponent and Radical
Average (mean)
1
1. b0 = 1 (b  0) 1. m
a a m
total of all datas
Average =
n number of datas
2. bx × by = bx + y 2. m
an  a m
Total = Average × number
bx
3. by = bx - y 3. m
ab  m a  m b Map scale
It is usually wirtten down as a ratio 1 : n .
m
a a
4. ( ab )x = ax × bx 4. m  Length Area Volume
b m
b
x
x:y x² : y² x³ : y³
a ax
5.   
b bx 1 km = 1000m, 1m = 100 cm, 1 cm = 10 mm , 1 km = 105cm
m m
1 a b
7.  b m   b mn
n
6. a = m ,     
-m
a b a Percentage (profit and loss)
Standard form profit
Profit  price - cost % profit   100 %
It is always express in the form a × 10n , where 1  a < 10. cos t
example —› 3 × 10-2 , 5.1 × 10³ , 9.99 × 10-1 loss
Loss  cost - price % loss   100 %
cos t
Variation
(1) direct variation —› y  x
Original value × (percentage increased) = New value
y = kx (k = constant)
1
(2) inverse variation —› y Simple interest
x
k PRT
y= (k = constant) I=
x 100
P  the principle , which is the original amount
1
(3) Joint variation —› If y  x and y  R  the interest rate
z
x kx T  the time (in year)
then y  ,y=
z z
 -8- -5-
Mensuration STATISTICS
Triangle Mean
A
Area =
1
bh a h
total of all values  fx
2 mean = =
a
h total number of values f
1
B  C Area = ab sin   Median
b b
2
The median is the middle value when the data is put in order.
1
Area = s(s  a)(s  b)(s  c) , where s = (a  b  c) * If there are n observations,
2
Parallelogram n  1 th
If n is odd —› position of median = ( )
2
Area  b × h n n
If n is even —› position of median = ( ,  1)
th
h
Area  ab sin  2 2

b Mode
Rhombus The mode of the datas is the value that occurs the most often.
1
d1 Area  × the product of two diagonals Bar Chart
2
h
d2
1 In a bar chart, frequency is proportional to the height of the
Area   d1  d 2
b 2 bar.
Area  bh * A bar chart measures frequency on the vertical axis.
Rectangle 
Area   × b
Perimeter 2 (  + b) frequency
b

Square
Area = L²

English
Maths

Physics
science
L Perimeter = 4 L
 -6- -7-
Histogram
Histogram is normally used to show the distribution of 3n
upper quartile =
continuous on grouped data. 4
n
* A histogram measures frequency density on the vertical axis. second quartile =
2
* Frequency density is proportional to the area of the bar.
n
* There are no spaces between the bars on the graph because lower quartile =
4
the horizontal scale is continuous.

Interquartile range
frequency(f ) Interquartile range is the difference beween the upper and
frequency density (fd) = class width(cw)
lower quartiles.
fd IQR = Q3  Q1
5
4
Probability
frequency 3
density 2 no of favourable outcomes
Probability = no of possible outcomes
1
n(E)
0
- P (E) = n(S) , where S is the sample space.
5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Height (cm) - 0 P (E)  1, for any event E.
Range
- An event either occurs and it does not occur, P(E) + P(notE)=1
Range = highest value - lowest value
- If A and B are two independent event,
Quartiles then P (A and B) = P(A) × P(B).
The data shown on a commulative frequency curve can be - If A and B are two mutually exclusive events, then
divided into four equal groups called quartiles.
P (A or B) = P (A) + P (B).
 -9-
- 12 -
Trapezium
a
PA and PB are tangents from P. 1
Area =  (a  b)h
(1) PA = PB h 2
(2)  b
(3) OA AP, OB BP Polygon
The sum of all interior angles =180º(n2)
Chord Properties 180º (n  2)
) each interior angle =
n
r r 
OP AB AP = PB ) ext The sum of all exterior angles = 360º
360º
each exterior angle =
n
OP = OQ  AB = CD. 360º
central angle () =
n
Circle
Area = r²
PA × PB = PC × PD circumference = 2 r
Degree Radian
 1
Area of sector   r² A= r²
360º 2
Secant Tangent Properties 
Arc length = s  2 r S=r
360º
PA × PB = PC × PD Cube
Volume = L³
T.S.A = 6L²
PA² = PC × PD
 - 10 - - 11 -
Cuboid Angles in a circle
Volume   × b × h
T.S.A  2 (b  + bh +  h)

Length of the diagonal (d)   ²  b²  h²

Pyramid APB
1 (Angle at the centre = 2× angle at  ce.)
Volume   base area  h h
3
T.S.A  base area + Area of s P

A B
APB = 90º
Cone O (Angle in a semicricle)
1
Volume  r² h
3 
C.S.A  r   
(Angles in the same segment)
T.S.A  r  + r²  

Cylinder A + C = 180º

2r
volume  r² h B + D = 180º
C.S.A  2 r h h
(opposite s of a cyclic quadrilateral)
T.S.A  2r h + 2r² 
(exterior angle = interior opposite angle)
Sphere
4 3
volume  r
3
surface area  4 r² 
(Alternate segment theorem)
* TSA = Total surface area
* CSA = curved surface area
 - 16 - - 13 -
Remainder theorem MATRIX
f (x)  (x  a)  Remainder = f (a) a b
A  c d
f (x)  (x + a)  Remainder = f (a)  
det A  ad  bc
Factor theorem 1  d b 
(x  a) is a factor of f (x) f(a) = 0 A-1  ad  bc  c a


(x + a) is a factor of f(x) f( a) = 0
* If determinant of A = 0. It is called a singular matrix.
* To find the factors of cubic Eqn (eg. x³ + 2x² + 2x + 2 = 0 )
1 0
Use synthetic division (or) long division. * Identity matrix I   0 1 
 

Coordinate Geometry
A  I  I A  A A-1  A  A  A-1  I
y 2  y1
Gradient  m  x  x
2 1 * A+ B= B +A
(1) Gradient of the horizontal line  0
A (B + C) = AB + AC
(2) Gradient of the vertical line  undefined
A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C
(3) 1 //  2  m1  m2
(4) 1   2  m1 × m2  1 A × B B × A (if A, B are not identity matrix)
* Equation of a straight line a b e f
* A = c d , B = g h
y  mx + c  slope intercept form    
y  y1  m (x  x1)  point- slope form
a e bf 
y 2  y1 A + B = c g d  h
y  y1  x  x (x  x1 )  two points form  
2 1
 ae  bg af  bh 
Distance formula A. B =  ce  dg cf  dh 
 
AB = (x 2  x1 )²  (y 2  y1 )²
 - 14 - - 15 -
Transformation Construction
* To bisect a given angle
 0 1 
- Rotation (90º) ,anticlockwise, about the origin —›  1 0 
 
(1) draw arcs A1 and A2 (from centre A)
 0 1 (2) draw arcs B1 and B2 (from centre B)
- Rotation (90º),clockwise, about the origin —›  1 0 
  (3) join A to the point of intersection of
 1 0 B1 and B2.
- Rotation (180º), about the origin —›  0 
1 
 * To bisect a given line
 1 0 
(1) draw arcs A1 and A2 (from centre A)
- Reflection on Y-axis —›  0 1  (2) draw arcs B1 and B2(from centre B)
 
(3) draw the line through the intersection
1 0
- Reflection on X-axis —›  0 1 of arcs.
 
0 1 * equidistance from a point is circle. A
- Reflection on y = x axis —›  1 0 
 
0 1 
- Reflection on y = -x axis —›  1 0
 * equidistance from two points.

1 0
- Enlargement with scale factor k, centre at (0 , 0)—› k    kI
0 1
- Area of image = | det | × Area of object A B
* equidistance from one line

A'B'C') = | det | × ABC)

* equidistance from two lines.

 - 20 - - 17 - A(x1,y1)
Differentiation 1 x1 x2 x3 x1
Area of ABC 
d n d d 2 y y y3 y1
x  nx n 1 [f (x)]n  n[f (x)]n 1 f (x) 1 2
dx dx dx B(x2,y2) C(x3,y3)
d d 1
sin x  cos x sin(ax  b)  a cos(ax  b)  | (x1y2  x 2 y3  x 3 y1 )  (x 2 y1  x3 y2  x1y3 ) |
dx dx 2
d d Ratio formula
cos x   sin x cos(ax  b)  a sin(ax  b) B(x2,y2)
dx dx  nx  mx 2 ny1  my 2 
P 1 , 
d x
e  ex
d ax  b
e  ae ax  b
 mn mn  :n
m P
dx dx If P is the midpoint of AB,
d 1 d a  x  x 2 y1  y 2 
nx  n(ax  b)  P 1 , A(x1,y1)
dx x dx ax  b 
 2 2 

dy Quadratic equation & roots

* gradient of tangent (or) curve at (x , y)  m = |x  x
dx 1
Q. E —› ax² + bx + c  0
* Eqn of tangent at (x1 , y1) : y  y1  m (x x1)
 b  b²  4ac
1 quadratic formula x 
* Eqn of normal at (x1 , y1) : y  y1  (x  x1 ) 2a
m
(1) b²  4ac 0, for real roots.
* To find the
(2) b²  4ac > 0, for real and unequal, different roots. (2 real roots)

}
stationary points
(or)  take dy  0 . (3) b²  4ac  0, for real and equal, repeated root (one real root)
turning points dx (4) b²  4ac < 0, for no real root.

d²y
|x x  0 ,(x1, y1 ) which is a maximum point. * If ax² + bx + c  0 has roots and 
dx² 1
d²y b c
|x x  0 , (x1 , y1 ) which is a minimum point.   , 
dx² 1 a a
For two given roots R1 and R2, QE —› x²  (R1 + R2) x + R1 R2 0
 - 18 - - 19 -
Some useful formulae Binomial Theorem
* ² + ²²  2
 (²² * (a + b)n  an + nC1 an-1 b + nC2 an-2 b² + nC3 an-3 b³+......+bn
 ³³³ n(n  1) n(n  1)(n  2)
* ( 1 + x)n  1 + nx + x² + x³ + .....
 ³³³ 1 2 1 2  3
* ²²²² The expansion is valid when 1 < x < 1 .
 ²² Pascal's Triangle
1
1 1
Quadratic function
1 2 1
y  f(x)  ax² + bx + c can be written in the form 1 3 3 1
y  a (x  h)² + k y  a ( x  h) ² + k 1 4 6 4 1
1 5 10 10 5 1
(1) (1 + x)-1  1  x + x²  x³ + ....
(2) (1  x )-1
 1 + x + x² + x³ + ...
(3) (1 + x) -2  1  2x + 3x²  4x³ + ....
(4) (1  x)-2  1 + 2x + 3x² + 4x³ + .....
Logarithmic fuction

x  ba  logbx  a where x > 0, b > 0, b 1

(1) minimum value  k at x  h (1) maximum value k at x  h 1
(1) logb Ax = xlogb A, (2) log b x A  log b A ,
x
(2) minimum point  (h , k) (2) maximum point (h ,k)
(3) logbb = 1, (4) logb 1 = 0
(3) line of symmetry ; x  h (3) line of symmetry ; x  h A
(5) logb A+ logbB = logb (AB) (6) logb A  logb B = logb ( )
(4) Range ; {y : y  k } (4) Range  {y : y  k } B
log b A 1
(7) logB A= log B (8) logB A = log B
b A
 - 24- - 21 -
Trigonometry Rate of Change
dA
 the rate of change of Area (cm² / s)
dt
x  cos , y  sin  dV
 the rate of change of volume (cm³ / s)
180º  radian dt
dA dA d dV dV d
= × ; = ×
dt d dt dt d dt

Small Change

 dy  x  small change in x
y   dx  x
 x 0 y  small change in y
 dA  A
* A    r , % change in A   100%
 dr  A
 dV  V
* V    r , % change in V   100%
 dr  V
* If y = f(x) , then f (y + y)  f (x + x)
f (y + y)  f (x) + f ' (x) x

Sum and difference formulae Rational function

sin () = sin cos cos sin  f (x)
cos (= cos cos   sin sin  Let y  , x h
xh

tan   tan 
* x  h is vertical asymptote. ( // to Y-axis).
tan ( ) = 1  tan  tan  g(y)
change your function to x  y  k .

* y  k is horizontal asymptote. ( // to X-axis).

 - 22 - - 23 -
Vector in the plane
Arithmetic and Geometric series (AS & GS)
 Y A (x,y)
AS GS x
OA  xi  yj   
U 2 U3 y
d  U2  U1 U3  U2  ... d  0 r  .....r  1   x
U1 U 2 | OA | magnitude of OA = x²  y² O

  U n  a  (n  1)d   U n  ar n 1  OA xi  yj 
unit vector of OA =  = (in the direction of OA )
n a(r n  1) | OA | x²  y²
Sn  {a   } Sn  ,r 1
2 r 1
n a(1 rn ) Section formula :
Sn  {2a  (n  1)d} Sn  , r 1
2 1 r * If AP : PB = m : n , A
For all series if | r | < 1, the series is covergent  
 mOB  nOA m
OP  P
Un = Sn  Sn-1  The sum to infinity exists. mn
n
a * If P is the midpoint of AB,
S = O B
1 r  
 OA  OB
% error (in Sn and S ) = rn × 100 OP 
2
   
Theorem : (1) a  b  (i) | a |  | b |
n
n(n  1)
(1) r  2  
(ii) a // b
r 1
(2) AB  kCD  (i) AB = k CD
n n

(2)  kf (r)  k  f (r) (k = constant)  

(ii) AB // CD

}
r 1 r 1
(3) AB  kBC
n n n    A, B and C are collinear,
(3)  [f (r)  g(r)]   f (r)   g(r)
r 1 r 1 r 1
AB  h AC

n
1
(4)  r²  6 n(n  1)(2n  1)
r 1

n n

(5) 1  n
r 1
(6)  k  kn
r 1
 - 28 - - 25 -
Pythagoras' Formulae
Volume of Revolution sin² + cos²1
tan²+ 1  sec²
b b cot²cosec²
V =   {f (x)}²dx   y²dx
a a

where a  x  b . Double angle formulae

sin 2 2 sin cos
cos 2 2 cos² 1  1  2 sin² cos²  sin²
2 tan 
tan 2
1  tan ² 

b
Power reduce formulae
V =   {(f (x))²  g(x))²}dx 1 1
a sin² (1 - cos 2), cos² (1 + cos 2 )
2 2
b

=   (y 2  y1 )dx
2 2

a Sine Rule A

a b c
  c b
sin A sin B sin C
B a C
Cosine Rule
b b b²  c²  a²
V =   {h(y)}²dy   x²dy a²  b² + c²  2bc cos A , cos A 
2bc
a a
a²  c²  b²
b²  a² + c²  2ac cos B , cos B 
2ac
a²  b²  c²
c²  a² +b²  2ab cos C , cos C 
2ab
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Basic Integration Area
Basic Rule (1)  kf (x)dx  k  f (x)dx
b b
(2)  [f (x)  g(x)]dx   f (x)dx   g(x)dx AR =  f (x)dx   y dx
a a
a a a

(3)  f (x)dx  0,  f (x)dx  2 f (x)dx

a a 0
where a x  b.

b a

(4)  f (x)dx    f (x)dx

a b b

c b c As =  {f (x)  g(x)}dx 1

 f(x)dx   f (x)dx   f (x)dx, [a  c  b]

a
(5)
a a b b

=  (y 2  y1 )dx
2
Formulae
a

(1)  dx  x  c where a  x  b.
x n 1 (ax  b)n 1
(2)  x n dx   (ax  b) dx  c
n
c
n 1 a(n  1)
 cos(ax  b)
(3)  sin xdx   cos x  c,  sin(ax  b)dx  a
c b b

AR =   f (x)dx    ydx
sin(ax  b)
 cos(ax  b)dx 
a a
(4)  cos xdx  sin x  c, c
a where a  x  b.
eax  b
(5)  e x dx  e x  c,  e dx 
ax  b
c
a
1 1 1
(6)  dx  Lnx  c  ax  b dx  a Ln(ax  b)  c
x
b b

AR =  h(y)dy   xdy
a a
 - 32 - - 29 -
y  sin  Kinematic
Displacement, Velocity , Acceleration
ds
Period  2 v  —›s   vdt
dt
Range 1 sin 1 dv
Amplitude  1 a  —› v   adt
dt
- intially —› t  0
- if v  0 , the partcle is instantaneously at rest.
y  cos - If v < 0 , the particle returns back to origin.
- when the particle returns and pass through origin, s = 0.
- For maximum / minimum velocity , a = 0

Total distance
Period  2 Average speed = Total time
Range 1 sin 1
Amplitude  1
n

* distance travelled in the nth sec   vdt

n 1
y  tan  t1
t=0 t2
t1 t1

* S   vdt   vdt
0 t2

Period   (or)
Range -  tan  t1 t2

No amplitude S  vdt   vdt

0 t1
 - 30 - - 31 -
y = ax³ + bx² + cx + d
Sketching Graphs
y = ax² + bx + c
a>0 a<0

y  ax³

y = ax²

a>0 a<0

y  (x  a )² (x  b) y  (x  a)² (b  x)
 - 36 - - 33 -
Sets y  sina y  cos+ a
De Morgan's Law
(i) (A B)'  A'B'
(ii) (AB)'  A'B'

n(A  B)  n (A) + n (B)  n(AB)

* A' S\A
* (A')' A S  universal set
* A' A  S  empty set Note :
* A'  A   * If a > 0 , shift the graph of y  sin x and y  cos x up a "a" units.
 ' S * If a < 0, shift the graph of y  sin x and y  cos x down by "a"
* S'  units.
Note : the number of elements in a set is 'n' , then the number of y a sin  y  a cos 
subsets  2n.
Venn diagrams

A B A B
(1) (2)

(A \ B) AB
Period 2  Period 2 
(3) B (4) Range -a sin a Range -a cos a
A
Amplitude  a Amplitude  a
A Note : The curve y  sin ax and y  cos ax repeats themselves for
360º  2 
A B A' every period of  .
a  a 
 - 34 - - 35 -
ye ax
y  aebx + c
if b > 0, a > 0,
Doamin : x R
Range : y > 0

Range : y > c

y  eax

Doamin : x R
Range : y > 0
y  aebx + c

if b < 0, a > 0

y  Lnx
Range : y > c
yc

0
Domain : x > 0
Range : y R
 - 40 - - 37 -
Rational functions
a (5) S A B (6)
y
x
a > 0 a<0
B A

AB' (AB)'

0 (7) S A B (8) S A B

Both x-axis and y- axis are asymptotes. (AB)' (A B ) C

ax  b (9) (10)
y S A B S A B
cx  d

C C

(AB) C (AB)' C
0
(11) (12)
S A B S A B

C C

(AB)' C (AB)C (AB)(AC)

 - 38 - - 39 -
Function
(13) (14)
S A B S A B
-2
1 1 1
-1
2 2 4
1
C C 3 3
2

(AB)C' (AB)C(AC)(BC) one to one many to one

A function A function
(15) (16)
S A B S A B
2
A B 1 1 a 1
4 1 b 2
C c 3
2
(AB) C' (AB)'
One to many many to many
Not a function Not a function

Notes :
* A function must be one to one to have an inverse.
* Graph of f-1 (x) is a reflection of f(x) in y  x.
* (f  g)-1 (x)  g-1  f-1 (x)
* (f-1  f) (x)  (f  f-1) (x)  x
* Domain of f  Range of f-1.
* Range of f  Domain of f-1.