The Internet of Things refers to the rapidly growing network of connected objects that can

collect and exchange data in real-time using embedded sensors.

Cars, lights, refrigerators, and appliances can all be connected to the IoT.

The Internet of things is a connecting bridge between the physical world and the cyber world and
Machine to Machine communication

Any physical object can be transformed into an IoT device if it can be connected to the internet to
be controlled or communicate information. A lightbulb that can be switched on using a
smartphone app is an IoT device, as is a motion sensor

Advantages & Disadvantages of IoT

Characteristics of the Internet of Things:

1. Connectivity — Connectivity is an important requirement of the IoT infrastructure.

Things of IoT should be connected to the IoT infrastructure. Anyone, anywhere, anytime
can connect, this should be guaranteed at all times. For example, the connection between
people through internet devices like mobile phones, and other gadgets, also a connection
between Internet devices such as routers, gateways, sensors, etc.

2. Intelligence and Identity — The extraction of knowledge from the generated data is very
important. For example, a sensor generates data, but that data will only be useful if it is
interpreted properly. Each IoT device has a unique identity. This identification is helpful
in tracking the equipment and at times for querying its status.

3. Scalability — The number of elements connected to the IoT zone is increasing day by
day. Hence, an IoT setup should be capable of handling the massive expansion. The data
generated as an outcome is enormous, and it should be handled appropriately.

4. Dynamic and Self-Adapting (Complexity) –IoT devices should dynamically adapt

themselves to changing contexts and scenarios. Assume a camera meant for surveillance.
It should be adaptable to work in different conditions and different light situations
(morning, afternoon, and night).

5. Architecture — IoT architecture cannot be homogeneous in nature. It should be hybrid,

supporting different manufacturers ‘ products to function in the IoT network. IoT is not
owned by anyone engineering branch. IoT is a reality when multiple domains come
together.

6. Safety — There is a danger of the sensitive personal details of the users getting
compromised when all his/her devices are connected to the internet. This can cause a loss
to the user. Hence, data security is the major challenge. Besides, the equipment involved
is huge. IoT networks may also be at the risk. Therefore, equipment safety is also critical.

Physical and Logical Design of the Internet of Things

Difference Between Physical and Logical Design of IoT

Logical Design of IoT

A logical design for an IoT system is the actual design of how its components (computers,
sensors, and actuators) should be arranged to complete a particular function. It doesn’t go into the
depth of describing how each component will be built with low-level programming specifics.
IoT logical design includes:
1. IoT functional blocks
2. IoT communications models
3. IoT communication APIs
1. IoT functional blocks
IoT systems include several functional blocks such as Devices, communication, security, services,
and application.
The functional blocks provide sensing, identification, actuation, management, and communication
capability. These functional blocks consist of devices that handle the communication between the
server and the host, enable monitoring control functions, manage the data transfer, secure the IoT
system using authentication and different functions, and provide an interface for controlling and
monitoring various terms.
The Functional blocks are:
Device: An IoT system comprises of devices that provide sensing, actuation, monitoring, and
control functions.
Communication: Handles the communication for the IoT system.
Services: services for device monitoring, device control service, data publishing services, and
services for device discovery.
Management: this block provides various functions to govern the IoT system.
Security: This block secures the IoT system and by providing functions such as authentication,
authorization, message and content integrity, and data security.
Application: This is an interface that the users can use to control and monitor various aspects of
the IoT system. The application also allows users to view the system status and view or analyze
the processed data.

2. IoT Communication Models

There are multiple kinds of models available in an Internet of Things system that is used for
communicating between the system and server, such as:
 Request-Response Model
Request-response model is a communication model in which the client sends requests to the
server and the server responds to the requests. When the server receives a request, it decides how
to respond, fetches the data, retrieves resource representation, prepares the response, and then
sends the response to the client. Request-response is a stateless communication model and each
request-response pair is independent of the others.
HTTP works as a request-response protocol between a client and a server. A web browser may be
the client, and an application on a computer that hosts a website may be the server.
Example: A client (browser) submits an HTTP request to the server; then the server returns a
response to the client. The response contains status information about the request and may also
contain the requested content.

 Publisher-Subscriber Model — This model comprises three entities: Publishers,

Brokers, and Consumers.
Publishers are the source of data. It sends the data to the topic which is managed by the broker.
They are not aware of consumers.
Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker.

Brokers' responsibility is to accept data from publishers and send it to the appropriate consumers.
The broker only has the information regarding the consumer to which a particular topic belongs
which the publisher is unaware.
  Push-Pull Model — The push-pull model constitutes data publishers, data consumers,
and data queues.
Publishers and Consumers are not aware of each other.
Publishers publish the message/data and push it into the queue. The consumers, present on the
other side, pull the data out of the queue. Thus, the queue acts as the buffer for the message when
the difference occurs in the rate of push or pull of data on the side of a publisher and consumer.
Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the producer and consumer. Queues also act as
a buffer which helps in situations where there is a mismatch between the rate at which the
producers push the data and consumers pull the data.

 Exclusive Pair –
Exclusive Pair is the bi-directional model, including full-duplex communication between client
and server. The connection is constant and remains open till the client sends a request to close the
connection.
The Server has the record of all the connections which has been opened.
This is a state-full connection model and the server is aware of all open connections.
WebSocket-based communication API is fully based on this model.

3. IoT communication API

In IoT, there are 2 communication APIs –
 REST — based Communication APIs
 Web Socket — based Communication APIs
Web service can either be implemented using REST principles or using Web Socket Protocol –
1. REST-Based Communication API:
REpresentational State Transfer (REST) is a set of architectural principles by which you can
design web services and web APIs that focus on a system’s resources and how resource states are
addressed and transferred. REST APIs follow the request-response communication model. The
REST architectural constraints apply to the components, connectors, and data elements, within a
distributed hypermedia system.
2. Web Socket-Based Communication APIs:
Web Socket APIs allow bi-directional, full-duplex communication between clients and servers. It
follows the exclusive pair communication model. This Communication API does not require a
new connection to be set up for each message to be sent between clients and servers. Once the
connection is set up the messages can be sent and received continuously without any interruption.
WebSocket APIs are suitable for IoT Applications with low latency or high throughput
requirements.
Difference between Rest API and Web Socket API :

IoT Enabling Technologies

IoT-enabling technologies primarily focus on converting a standalone device into an IoT device
by giving it the additional possibility of connecting to the internet and exchanging information
with it.
IoT(internet of things) enabling technologies are
1. Wireless Sensor Network
2. Cloud Computing
3. Big Data Analytics
 4. Communications Protocols
5. Embedded System
1. Wireless Sensor Network(WSN): A WSN comprises distributed devices with sensors that are
used to monitor environmental and physical conditions. A wireless sensor network consists of
end nodes, routers, and coordinators. End nodes have several sensors attached to them and the
data is passed to a coordinator with the help of routers. The coordinator also acts as the gateway
that connects WSNs to the internet.
Example –
 Weather monitoring system
 Indoor air quality monitoring system
 Soil moisture monitoring system
 Surveillance system
 Health monitoring system
2. Cloud Computing: It provides us the means by which we can access applications as utilities
over the internet. Cloud means something which is present in remote locations. With Cloud
computing, users can access any resources from anywhere like databases, web servers, storage,
any device, and any software over the internet.
Characteristics –
1. Broad network access
2. On-demand self-service
3. Rapid scalability
4. Measured service
5. Pay-per-use
Provides different services, such as –
 IaaS (Infrastructure as a service) Infrastructure as a service provides online services
such as physical machines, virtual machines, servers, networking, storage, and data center
space on a pay-per-use basis. Major IaaS providers are Google Compute Engine, Amazon
Web Services, and Microsoft Azure, etc. Ex: Web Hosting, Virtual Machine, etc.
 PaaS (Platform as a service) Provides a cloud-based environment with a very thing
required to support the complete life cycle of building and delivering West web-based
(cloud) applications — without the cost and complexity of buying and managing the
 underlying hardware, software provisioning, and hosting. Computing platforms such as
hardware, operating systems, libraries, etc. Basically, it provides a platform to develop
applications. Ex: App Cloud, Google app engine
 SaaS (Software as a service): it is a way of delivering applications over the internet as a
service. Instead of installing and maintaining software, you simply access it via the
internet, freeing yourself from complex software and hardware management. SaaS
Applications are sometimes called web-based software on-demand software or hosted
software. SaaS applications run on a SaaS provider’s service and they manage security
availability and performance. Ex: Google Docs, Gmail, office, etc.
3. Big Data Analytics: It refers to the method of studying massive volumes of data or big data.
Collection of data whose volume, velocity, or variety is simply too massive and tough to store,
control, process and examine the data using traditional databases. Big data is gathered from a
variety of sources including social network videos, digital images, sensors, and sales transaction
records. Several steps are involved in analyzing big data –
1. Data cleaning
2. Munging
3. Processing
4. Visualization
Examples –
 Bank transactions
 Data generated by IoT systems for location and tracking of vehicles
 E-commerce and in Big-Basket
 Health and fitness data generated by IoT systems such as fitness bands
4. Communications Protocols: They are the backbone of IoT systems and enable network
connectivity and linking to applications. Communication protocols allow devices to exchange
data over the network. Multiple protocols often describe different aspects of a single
communication. A group of protocols designed to work together is known as a protocol suite;
when implemented in software they are a protocol stack. They are used in
1. Data encoding
2. Addressing schemes
5. Embedded Systems: It is a combination of hardware and software used to perform special
tasks. It includes microcontroller and microprocessor memory, networking units (Ethernet Wi-Fi
adapters), input-output units (display keyword, etc. ), and storage devices (flash memory).It
collects the data and sends it to the internet. Embedded systems used in.
Examples –
1. Digital camera
2. DVD player, music player
3. Industrial robots
4. Wireless Routers etc.
IoT Levels and Deployment Templates
Developing an IoT Level Template system consists of the following components:
1. Device: These may be sensors or actuators capable of identifying, remote sensing, or
monitoring.
2. Resources: These are software components on IoT devices for accessing and processing.
storing software components or controlling actuators connected to the device. Resources
also include software components that enable network access.
3. Controller Service: It is a service that runs on the device and interacts with web services.
The controller service sends data from the device to the web service and receives
commands from the application via web services for controlling the device.
4. Database: Stores data generated from the device
5. Web Service: It provides a link between IoT devices, applications, databases, and analysis
components.
6. Analysis Component: It performs an analysis of the data generated by the lol device and
generates results in a form which are easy for the user to understand.
7. Application: It provides a system for the user to view the system status and view product
data. It also allows users to control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system.
IoT Levels
IoT level 1
 A level-1 IoT system has a single node/device that performs sensing and/or actuation,
stores data, performs analysis, and hosts the application • It is suitable for modeling low-
 cost and low-complexity solutions where the data involved are not big and the analysis
requirements are not computationally intensive.

IoT Level-2
 It has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuation and local analysis (IoT Device
and collected data).
 At this, IoT Level Databases and applications establish in Cloud.
 It is useful for solutions where the data involved is big, however, the primary analysis
requirement is not computationally intensive and can be done locally itself.

IoT Level-3
 It has a single node. Database and applications established in the cloud.
  It is suitable for solutions where the data involved is big and the analysis requirements are
computationally intensive.

IoT Level-4
 It has multiple nodes that perform local analysis. It has a Cloud-based application and
database. This IoT System contains local and cloud-based observer nodes which can
subscribe to and receive information collected in the cloud from IoT node devices.
 It is suitable for solutions where we are using multiple nodes, the data involved is big and
the analysis requirements are computationally intensive.

IoT Level-5
 It has multiple end nodes and one coordinator node. The end nodes use for sensing and/or
actuation.
  In this model, the Coordinator node collects data from the end nodes and transfers it to the
cloud. In this model, we used a Cloud-based Database for storing and Analyzing data.
 It is suitable for solutions based on wireless sensor networks, in which the data involved is
big and the analysis requirements are computationally intensive.

IoT Level-6
 It has multiple independent end nodes that are used for sensing and/or actuation and
transferring data to the cloud. We used a Cloud-based database.
 The analytics component analyzes the data and stores the results in the cloud database and
the results are visualized with the cloud-based application.
 The centralized controller is aware of the status of all the end nodes and sends control
commands to the nodes