Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Academic Year : 2024-2025 (Odd)

CBM370-WEARABLE DEVICES

UNIT I - INTRODUCTION TO WEARABLE SYSTEMS AND SENSORS

1. What is Wearable Systems? Mention the need. NOV/DEC- 2023

A wearable device is often used for tracking a wearer’s vital signs or health
and fitness related data, location, etc. Medical Wearable’s with artificial intelligence
and big data are providing an added value to health care with focus on diagnosis,
treatment, patient monitoring and prevention
To diagnose, monitor and prevent future illness, healthcare professionals now
routinely use wearable devices such as fitness trackers or phones. By monitoring
physiological data and behaviour, these devices boost self-awareness and encourage
behaviour change

2. What is the principle of pneumography? Or Define Pneumography. NOV/DEC-

2023
The process of recording the movements of the thorax in respiration. It is
based on the principle that impedance (resistance) to an electrical current passing
through the thorax changes between inspiration and expiration because of the
difference in the amount of gas in the lungs. The technique is relatively easy to
perform.

3. What is Sensor?
A sensor is device that detects and responds to some type of input from the
physical environment. The specific input could be light, heat, motion, moisture,
pressure, or any one of a great number of other environmental phenomena.

4. What Are Wearables?

Wearables are electronic technology or devices incorporated into items that
can be comfortably worn on a body. These wearable devices are used for tracking
information on real time basis. They have motion sensors that take the snapshot of
your day to day activity and sync them with mobile devices or laptop computers.

5. What is the need of sensors in Wearable systems?

The sensors are capable of measuring physiological signs such as
electrocardiogram (ECG), electromyogram (EMG), heart rate (HR), body
temperature, electrodermal activity (EDA), arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), blood
pressure (BP) and respiration rate (RR).

6. List the role of Wearables.

Wearables can perform the following basic functions or unit operations in each
scenarios:
 Sense
 Process (Analyze)
 Store
 Transmit
 Apply (Utilize)
7. List the drawbacks of Conventional Systems for Wearable Monitoring.
 Requires a time commitment to review and analyze data. ...
 Require frequent charging
 Bulky and uncomfortable
 Distracting
 Not accurate
 Difficult to operate and intrusive
 Requires financial commitments and planning. ...
 Devices could lead to distraction. ...
 Data security and privacy could be compromised with legal, financial, and
personal consequences. ...
 Devices could lead to over-trust or under-trust.

8. List the Applications of Wearable Systems.

 Wearable Fitness Trackers. Wearable fitness trackers are wristbands equipped
with sensors to keep track of the user's physical activity and heart rate. ...
 Smart Health Watches. ...
 Wearable ECG Monitors. ...
 Wearable Blood Pressure Monitors. ...
 Biosensors. ...
 Advances in & future of medical devices.

9. When and Where inertial sensor will be used?

 Used to facilitate localization, navigation, and mapping
 Wearable inertial sensors are also frequently used in health care and sporting
applications for capturing movement patterns outside of typical laboratory
environments
 A wearable inertial sensing unit typically includes accelerometers, gyroscopes,
and magnetometers.

10. Enumerate the applications of galvanic skin response

GSR （ Galvanic Skin Response ） is not only used to monitor your emotional
arousal, in psychology, you can also use the data from the GSR sensor to analyze to
determine whether he is lying or not.
GSR measurements work by detecting changes in electrical (ionic) activity resulting
from changes in sweat gland activity.

11. What can wearable devices used for?

 Wearable technology offers a wide range of possible uses,
from communication and entertainment to improving health and fitness
 To track and receive notifications for their heart rate and blood pressure,
watch their calorie intake or manage their training regimens.
 Use biosensors to collect different data from the patient, such as heart rate,
blood pressure, sleep patterns, and activity.

12. What are the different types of wearable devices?

 This can include smart rings, wristbands, watches and pins. ...
 Body-mounted sensors. ...
 Fitness trackers. ...
 Smart clothing. ...
 Augmented reality (AR) headsets. ...
 VR headsets. ...
 AI hearing aids.
13. Why do we need sensors for wearable computing?
Wearable sensor technology enables recording and analyzing physical,
chemical, and electrophysiological parameters in real-time and in a non-invasive way.
The continuous monitoring of clinically relevant information aims at the prevention,
treatment, and management of diseases and the well-being of the users.

14. What are three popular wearable devices?

 Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CGM) devices,
 Smart watches,
 Fitness trackers, and
 Smart technology clothing.

15. What are smart medical devices?

Smart medical devices are wireless electronic instruments intended to monitor
patients' health by collecting and communicating real-time updates. To collect patient
data or deliver therapy; equipped with connectivity capabilities (e.g., via Wi-Fi, NFC)
and actuators to trigger a set of pre-programmed actions (e.g., for insulin pumps to
adjust insulin dosage).

16. Mention the benefits of wearable technology.

Wearable devices can help users improve their fitness and health by providing
them with information about their physical activity, nutrition, and sleep patterns.
Fitness trackers can monitor the number of steps taken, calories burned, and heart
rate, while smart scales can track body weight and body fat percentage.

17. What are MEMS inertial sensor?

The micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS) inertial sensor is an
instrument that is used to measure angular velocity and acceleration. In general,
MEMS inertial sensors are referred to as MEMS gyroscopes and MEMS
accelerometers, and are mainly composed of a micromechanical sensing part, signal
processing circuits, and a microprocessor part

18. Define GSR sensor and its work.

GSR stands for galvanic skin response. GSR measures the electrical conductance
of the skin, which changes in response to emotional arousal and other psychological
processes. This non-invasive method has proven to be a useful tool in understanding
the mechanisms behind emotional responses and assessing psychological states.
As GSR measurements work by detecting the changes in electrical (ionic) activity
resulting from changes in sweat gland activity, the electrodes must be sensitive to
these changes, and able to transmit that information to the recording device.

19. What can e textiles be used for?

Electronic textiles or e-textiles are fabrics that enable electronic components such
as batteries, lights, sensors, and microcontrollers to be embedded in them. Electronic
textiles (e-textiles) are fabrics that have electronics and interconnections woven into
them These components are often electric wires. However, some e-textiles use
monofilament or conductive yarn. E-textiles can monitor sensations, transmit data,
receive transmissions from elsewhere in the electronic system, and more

20. Mention the advantages of smart textiles

 The benefits of Smart Textiles can be majorly seen in the medicines and the health
care industry Smart fabrics can sense different environmental conditions:

 Can detect early warning signs that indicate disease.

 Can help in monitoring personal health.
 Telemedicine can allow a doctor to administer the medicine without actually being
with the patient.
 Can help in monitoring ECG & Heart rate.
 Smart Textiles can be used by fitness personnel to track their progress and better data
acquisition.

21. Differentiate analog and digital sensor

Analog Sensor Digital Sensor

Analog sensors create analog signals digital sensors produce digital signals when
from the quantity that is sensed performing a measurement
It produces continuous output signal or It produces discrete digital output signal or
voltage which is proportional to quantity voltage which is digital representation of quantity
to be measured. to be measured.
It produces analog output It produces binary output in the form of ones (1s)
and zeros (0s).
Quantities such as temperature, speed, Digital sensors overcome limitations of analog
displacement, pressure, strain etc. are sensors counterpart. Digital sensor consists of
analog quantities as they are continuous sensor itself, cable and a transmitter.
in nature.
• Example: Temperature of liquid can be They are used in various applications such as
measured using thermometer or waste water, water and other industrial processes.
thermocouple which continuously Examples: Measurements such as pH level,
responds to changes in temperature as conductivity, dissolved oxygen, ammonium,
liquid is heated up or cooled down nitrate etc. are conducted using digital sensors.

22. Enumerate the different criteria to choose a sensor.

Sensor selection criteria include
 temperature,
 size,
 protection class, and
 whether the sensor requires a discrete or analog input.
 sensor repetition accuracy,
 sensor response time & speed, and sensing range
 Durability

23. Bring out the need for wireless monitoring

According to a study published in the National Library of Medicine, wireless
patient monitoring systems have been found to significantly improve patient outcomes
by allowing for the continuous monitoring of vital signs such as blood pressure, heart
rate, and oxygen levels, giving healthcare providers real-time

24. What is respiration activity sensor used for?

 The respiration sensor is a sensitive girth sensor worn using an easy fitting
high durability woven elastic band fixed with a length adjustable webbing belt.
 It detects chest or abdominal expansion/contraction and outputs the respiration
waveform.
 This specialized device is designed to continuously monitor and detect the
most common symptoms of respiratory illness including increased body
temperature and breathing rate, persistent cough and accelerated heart rate.

25. What do you mean by plethysmography?

Plethysmography measures changes in volume in different parts of the body.
The test may be done to check for blood clots in the arms and legs. It is also done to
measure how much air you can hold in your lungs.

26. What is inductive plethysmography?

Respiratory inductance plethysmography (RIP) is a method of
evaluating pulmonary ventilation by measuring the movement of the chest and
abdominal wall. RIP devices that sense respiratory excursions at the body surface can
be used to measure pulmonary ventilation.

27. How does inductance plethysmography work?

RIP relies on the measurement of the current induced by an alternating magnetic
field in coils, which is a function of the surface encircled by the coil namely, either
ribcage or abdomen deformation within inspiration and expiration phases.

28. What do you mean by Impedance plethysmography?

Impedance plethysmography, also called impedance test or blood flow or
impedance phlebography, is a non-invasive test that uses electrical monitoring in the
form of resistance (impedance) changes to measure blood flow in veins of the leg.

Part-B
1. Explain in detail the components of Wearable system with an example.
2. Explain about
a. Inductive plethysmography b. impedance plethysmography c. Applications
of Wearable systems
3. Write short notes on
i. Gas sensor
ii. Pnuemography
4. Discuss about
i. Radiant thermal sensors
ii. Biosensors
5. Explain about Inertia movement and Respiration activity sensor
6. With a neat sketch explain about Galvanic Skin Response

UNIT II SIGNAL PROCESSING AND ENERGY HARVESTING FOR

WEARABLE DEVICES

1. Define light weight signal processing.

Lightweight signal processing algorithms refer to methods that require relatively little
floating-point computation and less memory storage than those that are floating-point
intensive such as Fast Fourier Transform (FFT).

2. List the convenience criteria in Wearability issues.

 Break-through applications of wearable electronics
 Minimization of user burden and integration with everyday wear items
 Efficient and informative interpretation of data generated by wearable
devices
 Ultra-low power operation
 Flexible and stretchable electronics
 Biocompatible communications
 Privacy and Security

3. What are the pros and cons of wearable technology?

Pros:
 Wearable technology supports healthcare
 Wearable technology is easy to use
 Wearable technology increases productivity
 Wearable technology encourages fitness in the workplace – and at home
 Wearable technology supports safe working practices

Cons:
 Requires a time commitment to review and analyze data. ...
 Requires financial commitments and planning. ...
 Devices could lead to distraction. ...
 Data security and privacy could be compromised with legal, financial, and
personal consequences. ...
 Devices could lead to over-trust or under-trust.

4. What are the benefits of using wearable activity monitors and devices?
Wearable technology provides us with the ability to monitor our fitness levels,
track our location with GPS, and view text messages more quickly. Best of all,
most of the devices that allow us to do this are hands free and portable,
eliminating the need to take our devices out of our pockets.

5. What is the role of signal processing in wearable systems?

 Signal processing plays a significant role too; techniques applied on the acquired sensor
data – real-time and off-line – continue to enhance the value, and progress, of
healthcare monitoring, which is crucial for use by the public.
 One of the major challenges associated with WBANs is the motion artifacts that get
captured with the signal of interest – such as ECG or EEG. Signal processing
techniques based on recursive principal component analysis (RPCA), independent
component analysis (ICA), discrete wavelet transform (DWT), and adaptive filter
have been applied on the ECG signals for removing motion artifacts.

7. Define signal acquisition in wearable systems. NOV/DEC- 2023

  Wearable sensors have demonstrated wide applications from medical treatment,
health monitoring to real-time tracking, human-machine interface, smart home,
and motion capture because of the capability of in situ and online monitoring.
 Data acquisition is extremely important for wearable sensors, including modules
of probes, signal conditioning, and analog-to-digital conversion.
 However, signal conditioning, analog-to-digital conversion, and data
transmission have received less attention than probes, especially flexible
sensing materials, in research on wearable sensors.

8. Draw an energy harvesting block from a solar cell.

9. Can body heat generate electricity?

• Yes, Human body generate electricity. Body heat applied to a thermoelectric
generator plus energy harvesting to produce power for a wearable device achieves
both minimization of form factor and power consumption. the human body is a
constant heat source and typically a temperature difference exists between body core
and the environment. This can be done through various methods such as the
conversion of infrared emissions from the human body to electricity

10. How much heat a human body generates?

The energy requirement of an average man is 2,500 Calories per day, and one
Calorie is 4184J. Therefore he emits about 10.5MJ/day or about 120W. An average
woman requires 2,000 Calories per day, so she emits about 97W.

11. Can body heat charge battery?

Human body generates enough energy to power wearables, medical sensors, and
implanted devices

12. How much power can a thermoelectric generator produce?

A single TEG generates power from 1 to 125 W. The use of more TEGs in a modular
connection may increase the power up to 5 kW and Δ T max could be bigger than 70°C.
Heat source, for example, a heat pipe system (the TEG devices and the heat pipe system
can be used together in waste heat recovery systems).

13. What is thermo pile and how does it work? NOV/DEC- 2023
Thermopiles are used to provide an output in response to temperature as part
of a temperature measuring device, such as the infrared thermometers widely used by
medical professionals to measure body temperature, or in thermal accelerometers to
measure the temperature profile inside the sealed cavity of the sensor.

14. List the environmental sources for harvest energy.

  Light, using photovoltaics
 Movement of the wearer
 Radio frequency energy (RF)
 Temperature differences using a thermoelectric generator (TEG)

14. Mention the Design Challenges in Wearables with Piezoelectric Technology.

 Material Choice: Textiles that have a greater elasticity perform at a greater

efficiency when harvesting piezoelectric energy
 Durability: Energy harvesters are required to have high environmental durability
and operational reliability.
 Operating Frequency: It is a well-known issue with piezoelectric energy
harvesters that they do not harvest energy efficiency at varying frequencies.
These devices operate at a high frequency whereas humans have an ultra-low
frequency of around 1Hz

15. List the applications of Solar Powered Wearable Technology.

Health Monitoring
• Solar-Powered Fitness Trackers
• Solar-Powered Smartwatches
Bright Clothing
• Solar-Powered LED Jackets
• Solar-Powered Backpacks
Outdoor Activities
• Solar-Powered GPS Watches:
• Solar-powered headlamps
• Solar-Powered Water Purifiers

14. Give the Benefits of Integrating Solar Power into Wearables:

 Sustainability and Environmentally Friendly

 Extended Battery Life
 Freedom from Power Outlets
 Energy-Efficient Technology

Part-B
1. Explain the system architecture and signal processing flow for a wearable sensor
network.
2. Explain any two feature extraction techniques optimal for data analysis.
3. Discuss briefly about signal data mining in wearable systems.
4. Write short notes on Wearability issues .
5. Write short notes on challenges in wearable devices
6. Briefly explain about light weight signal processing for wearable body sensor network.
7. Explain the principle of energy harvesting by human body heat
8. Explain the working of hybrid thermoelectric photovoltaic wearable energy harvesting
techniques
9. Explain the development of new technologies for wearable thermopiles
 10. Describe the Wearability issues such as physical shape and placement of sensor and
also throw light on the technical challenges.
11. Discuss in detail on the power requirements of solar cell and thermal based sources.
12. Analyse in detail about the hybrid thermoelectric photovoltaic energy harvests with
necessary illustrations.

UNIT III WIRELESS HEALTH SYSTEMS

1. Define BAN. NOV/DEC-2023
 A body area network (BAN) is a network consisting of a heterogeneous set of nodes
that can sense, actuate, compute, and communicate with each other through a multi hop
wireless channel.
 A BAN collects, processes, and stores physiological (such as electrocardiogram
(ECG) and blood pressure), activity (such as walking, running, and sleeping), and
environmental (such as ambient temperature, humidity, and presence of allergens)
parameters from the host’s body and its immediate surroundings; and can even actuate
treatment (such as drug delivery), on the basis of the data collected.

2. What is the Need for wireless monitoring? NOV/DEC - 2023

 Wireless monitoring through wearable devices could be useful for hospitalized
patients, particularly those who are unstable or at higher risk for serious complications
such as critically ill patients.
 Wireless sensor network (WSN) technologies have the potential to change our
lifestyle with different applications in fields such as healthcare, entertainment, travel,
retail, industry, dependent care and emergency management, in addition to many
other areas
 The combination of wireless sensors and sensor networks with computing and
artificial intelligence research have built a cross-disciplinary concept of ambient
intelligence in order to overcome the challenges we face in everyday life.

3. Mention the components of Body Area Network.

 Bio sensors
 Analog-to-digital converters
 General purpose micro controller
 Wireless interface
 Power management

4. Mention the two important computing units of BAN.

(1) sensor nodes, which are implanted or wearable medical devices or simply low-capability
wireless computing platforms interfaced with sensors and actuators (e.g., a PPG sensor
interfaced with TelosB motes)
(2) base-station nodes, which have higher computational and communication capabilities
(e.g., smart phones) than the worker nodes, and are used for disseminating information to and
collecting information from the worker nodes

5. Mention the properties of sensor in Body Area Network

• wearable sensors allow for various medical/physiological monitoring (e.g.
electrocardiogram, temperature, respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure), disability
assistance, human performance management, etc. They may be heterogeneous in
terms of capabilities, and are designed to be unobtrusive to the host. Consequently,
individual sensors in a BAN may have very limited form factor, power source,
memory, computation, and communication capabilities, compared with generic sensor
 nodes, thus requiring BANs to employ a large number of nodes in order to collect
patient health data in a reliable and fault-tolerant manner

6. Write the applications of Body Area Network.

 Health and wellness monitoring
 Sports training (e.g., to measure performance)
 Personalized medicine (e.g., heart monitors)
 Personal safety (e.g., fall detection)

7. List the devices required to measure and monitor the BAN.

 Bio sensors
 Analog-to-digital converters
 General purpose micro controller
 Wireless interface
 Memory
 Power management

8. List the characteristics of Wearable devices that work outside the confines of the
hospital without expert medical assistance.
 Usability: The device has to be worn on a continuous basis and must therefore be
small and lightweight. The challenge is to compress the device size down.
 Power consumption: The device should have low power consumption, reducing the
need for frequent re-charging and disruptions in monitoring
 Cost: If a patient is required to purchase the unit, it should cost sub US$200 to be
affordable or for the hospital to give it away free as part of medical care

9. Mention the Technical Challenges faced by BAN

A. Energy Requirements
B. WBAN Security
C. Cooperation between Nodes
D. Mobility Support
E. Quality of Service

10. List the five layers of BAN communication protocol stack

1. physical layer, which deals with the antenna and radio hardware;
2. The medium- access control (MAC) layer, which deals with channel access and
contention management
3. The network layer, which deals with routing management and reliable data transfer
4. The application-support sub layer, which deals with applications such as securing the
communication infrastructure
5. The application framework, which provides abstractions of the basic functionalities of
the radio to any application

11. Mention the characteristic of the communication technology of BAN.

 Antenna design: The quality of reception and transmission of data in the BAN
depends largely on the design of the antenna. Since the form factor of sensor nodes
in the BAN is constrained for easy wearability, the size of the antenna typically is
very small.
 MAC protocol:The MAC protocol ensures that the wireless channel is accessed
without contention and reliable data transfer is achieved
  Wireless channel:The sensors in the BAN use the wireless channel to transfer data to
the base station. The wireless channel is prone to errors such as random bit errors,
burst errors, and fading errors

12. Write down the three categories of PHMS implementations.

A.The sensors are considered to be merely data-collection units with no computation
and storage.
B. Sensors as mere data-collection units, smart phones as data forwarders and display
units, and the cloud as the main storage and computation unit.
C. uses medical devices as sensors on the human body that are capable of decision
making and actuation.

13. Draw the BAN network topologies recommended by IEEE TG6: (a) star topology,
(b) mesh topology, and (c) hybrid topology.

PART-B
1. Why are body area networks (BANs) designed to be wireless? What are the advantages or
disadvantages of using wired communication channels with BANs?
2. Apart from wired and wireless communication between sensors, is there any other option
(another path/conduit/channel) for communicating between sensors? If so, what are the
advantages and disadvantages of using the option?
3. What are the different topologies in which a BAN can be organized? Discuss the pros and
cons of each topology.
4. What are the hazards that operation of a BAN can cause to the human body?
5. Patient privacy is an essential part of securing BANs. What are the consequences of losing
privacy with respect to medical/health data?
6. Identify the various sources of energy available from the human body to power sensors in a
BAN. Compare them with respect to the energy they provide.
7. Are cyber-physical systems different from the embedded systems which they replace?
Why
8. Explain in detail about Body Area Network with its characteristics and applications.
9. Discuss the technical challenges associated with Body Area Network and need for wireless
monitoring
10. Elaborate in detail about Wireless Health Monitoring system. Discuss the need for
Wireless Health Monitoring system.
11. Discuss in detail about Pervasive Health-Monitoring System (PHMS) with neat sketch.
12. Enumerate the functions of various components of BAN architecture with illustrations
13. Explain (i) Wireless Communication Techniques (ii) Technical challenges of BAN

UNIT IV SMART TEXTILE

1. Write the applications of smart textile.

• Medical & Military

• Sport – Elite athletes and – High level amateurs
• Wellness
• Health
• Professional and protective
• Consumer and Fashion

2. List the physical properties of Conductive Textiles.

1. Low weight,
2. High strength,
3. Flexibility,
4. Durability,
5. Elasticity,
6. Heat insulation,
7. Water absorbency,
8. Dyeability,
9. Drape,
10. Soft handling

3. Define Conductive ink and give its required properties.

• Due to latest advances in the field of printed electronics, nanomaterial-based conductive inks
have emerged as are very promising elements with good electrical conductivity
• The conductive material may be graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs),
metal nanoparticles (NPs), nanowires (NWs), conductive polymers, or organometallic
compounds and complexes
• The physical property include:
1. conductivity,
2. visual clarity
3. durability of the printed design to bend and twist

4. Classify the Conductive biomaterials.

 Graphene-based inks
 Hybrid conductive graphene inks

5. What do you mean by Smart textile? NOV/DEC-2023

 Smart Textiles are defined as textile products such as fibers, filaments, and yarn which are
woven, knitted or non-woven which can interact with the environment or wearer. The
combination of textile with electronics which is all known as e-textiles can be applicable to
the development of smart material.
 "Smart textiles are the fabrics that have been developed with new technologies that provide
added value to the wearer"
6. Give the features of Conductive fibres. NOV/DEC - 2023

Good electrical conductivity, durability, thermal conductivity, and high mechanical strength, which
are suitable for manufacturing into functional wearable sensors

7. Compare Active and Passive smart textile.

Active smart textile Passive smart textile

1. Actuator – Sensor Based smart Textiles 1. Sensor Based Smart Textiles
2. First generations of smart textiles that 2. Smart textiles that has both actuators and
provide additional feature in a passive sensors and they adapt their functionality to
mode i.e. irrespective of the change in the changing environment automatically;
environment. hence called the name Active Smart
Textiles

8. Draw the schematic diagram of working procedure of smart textile.

9. Define EM Shielding.

 Process of restricting the diffusion of electromagnetic fields into a space.

 In this process, electrically or magnetically conductive barrier is used.
 Shielding is common technique for protecting electrical equipment and human beings from
the radiating electro-magnetic fields.
When an EM beam passes through an object, the electro-magnetic beam interacts with molecules of
the object and this interaction may take place as absorption, reflection, polarization, refraction,
diffraction through the object

10. Mention the role of Smart Textile.

10. List the functions of Smart Textile

 • The smart textile has five functions to complete its full works. They are-
• Sensors– It capture parameter from the environment
• Data Processing– It is required when active processing is necessary
• Actuators– It respond by the resulting function of sensor
• Stimulation – It is found from the environment
• Giving Response– From the actuators it gives response

11. What is a Smart Textile Seen from the User’s Perspective?

• Smart textiles must contain three components i.e. sensors, actuators and control units.
Smart textile presents a challenge in several fields such as the medical, sports,
military and aerospace.

• Usually, the definition is determined by the function of the materials (e.g., carbon-
nanotube-based materials), embedded intelligence, sensing capabilities, etc.

• An important factor concerns what the function offers in terms of, e.g., sensing,
thinking, etc., and consequently what added value is brought to the user.

• The role of smart textiles as a technological support for the “augmented person” of the
future is becoming today apparent as common denominator

12. Draw the schematic diagram of functions of wearable systems.

13. List the types of Smart Textile.

 Sensor Based Smart Textiles (Passive)

 Actuator – Sensor Based smart Textiles (Active)
 Ultra smart textiles (Very Smart Textiles)
14. Define Conductive fibres

• Conductive polymer-based electro-chromic fabrics show promising applications in

new intelligent displays, flexible smart wearables, and military camouflage, thanks to
their flexibility, light weight, high degree of controllability, and wide range of color
change.
• The textile structures which can conduct electricity are called conductive textiles.
• It may be either made using conductive fibres or by depositing conductive layers onto
non-conductive textiles.
 • A conductive fabric can conduct electricity and made with metal strands woven into
the construction of the textile.
15. List the Methods of producing conductive textiles.

 Adding carbon or metals in different forms such as wires, fibres or particles.

 Using inherently conductive polymers.
 Coating with conductive substances.
16. Write the types of Conductive Textiles.

 Anti-static textiles
 EM shielding textiles
 E-textiles
 Functional coatings
17. Mention the Required properties of conductive inks.

18. Write the classification of Conductive biomaterials

Conductive biomaterials can be generally classified as five categories:

• (1) intrinsic conductive polymers (ICPs), such as polypyrrole (PPy) polyaniline
(PANi) and poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT);
• (2) carbon nanomaterials, including one-dimensional single-walled carbon nanotubes
(SWCNTs), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and carbon nanofibers
(CNFs) and two-dimensional graphene, graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene
oxide (rGO)
• (3) metallic nanomaterials, such as silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), silver nanowires
(AgNWs), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and gold nanorods (AuNRs);
• (4) MXenes, two-dimensional crystal nanomaterials of transition metal carbides,
nitrides or carbonitrides, represented by Ti3C2Tx nanosheets;
• (5) liquid metals (LM), represented by eutectic-gallium-indium

PART-B:
1. Explain in detail about the smart textile with basic functional blocks & its types.
2. Discuss in detail about the global function of smart textile with neat diagram.
3. Describe the applications of smart fabric in detail with neat sketch and its applications.
4. Define Conductive textile. Explain its categories based on their functionalities.
5. Describe the classification of Smart textile based on their functions with neat diagram and
its applications.
6. Elaborate the Smart Fabrics Intelligent Textiles (SFIT) configuration & Outline of value
chain of textile and changes introduced by the advent of smart fabrics and intelligent textiles.
7. With necessary diagram, explain about Conductive Inks and its types.
8. Explain how smart fabric is used for monitoring biological parameters – ECG &
respiration
9. Explain in detail about the different types of fabrics used in smart textile with an example
for each.
10. Perform a case study on smart fabric for monitoring biological parameters with an
instance.

UNIT V APPLICATIONS OF WEARABLE SYSTEMS

1. Define gait analysis. NOV/DEC-2023
Gait analysis is the systematic study of human locomotion. This type of analysis
involves the measurement, description, and assessment of quantities that characterize human
locomotion. Through gait analysis, the gait phase can be identified, the kinematic and kinetic
parameters of human gait events can be determined, and musculoskeletal functions can be
quantitatively evaluated. As a result, gait analysis has been employed in sports, rehabilitation,
and health diagnostics.

2. Why wearable system are essential in the contemporary world? NOV/DEC-2023

Wearable technology has many uses, including health and fitness tracking, chronic
disease management, interactive gaming, performance monitoring and navigation. Wearable
technology provides us with the ability to monitor our fitness levels, track our location with
GPS, and view text messages more quickly.

3. What is the application of wearable system in sports medicine?

wearables are primarily used to measure energy expenditure and to track movement
patterns. Athletes have access to accelerometers, pedometers, and GPS.

4. Why is patient self monitoring in chronic conditions important?

Self-monitoring is a key aspect of patients' self-management [4], especially in
diseases like diabetes, asthma and heart failure. It offers the potential to create awareness of
symptoms, bodily sensations, daily activities and cognitive processes and to provide
information for action

5. How is gait analysis done?

It usually involved watching a person walk towards and away from you, observing the
length of the stride, arm movement, heel placement and angle of the pelvis. Other factors that
are frequently evaluated are the symmetry of the stride and balance.

6. Define neural recording.

A method of measuring the electro-physiological responses of a single neuron using a
microelectrode system.

7. Sketch the sensing possibilities of Wearable Electronic Systems: Applications to

Medical Diagnostics/Monitoring
8. Write the applications of Wearable systems.
 Military, Sports, Medical Field , Defense

9. Differentiate Electroencephalography and Electrocorticography.

Electroencephalography Electrocorticography.
Electrodes monitor this activity from ECoG may be performed either in the operating room
outside the skull during surgery (intraoperative ECoG) or outside of surgery
Non-Invasive Invasive

10. Why wearable sports equipment is important?

It also helps athletes gain a competitive advantage. Fans, coaches, referees, and
trainers actively use athlete performance technologies. Wearable devices and sensors help
optimize training, improve game decision-making, speed up recovery, and understand and
push the boundaries of what athletes can achieve

PART B:
1. Discuss about Gait Analysis Methods Based on Wearable Sensors.
2. Elaborate the application of wearable systems in sports medicine.
3. Explain about Analysis of the human walking pattern & its applications in detail with neat
sketch.
4. Describe the present and possible clinical applications of wearable electronic systems:
Applications to Medical Diagnostics/Monitoring.
5. Explain about Medical Monitoring-hospitalized patients.
6. Sketch the Block diagram of the neural recording system with adaptive electrode selection
and discuss in detail.
7. Elaborate Wearable Electronic Systems: Applications to Medical Diagnostics/Monitoring
for elderly patients.
8. Explain about Medical Monitoring-Patients with chronic disease
9. Elaborately analyse the medical Diagnostics as a wearable system application with
necessary diagrams.
10. Assess the sports medicine as a wearable system application with necessary diagrams.
11. Conduct an technical case study on patients with chronic disease and elderly patients in
hospital as a wearable system application.