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Lab 1

Lab 1 Communication systems

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Kemei Nixon
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5 views5 pages

Lab 1

Lab 1 Communication systems

Uploaded by

Kemei Nixon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Edith Cowan University

School of Engineering
Unit Code ENS 6162

Communication System 1
Lab Report
Band Limited Channels

Unit Code: ENS6162

Student Name: Nixon Kemei


Student ID: 10581859
Lab Location: JO23.326
Lab Date:29/04/2024
Report Date: 05/04/2024.
I. introduction:

In this lab, we aim to explore the impact of band-limited channels on


signal transmission, focusing on the effect of low pass filters (LPFs) on
square wave signals. The lab objective is to understand how
communication channels, typically band-limited, alter the transmitted
signals and to investigate the behaviour of LPFs in shaping the output
signals.

II. Background:

Band-limited channels restrict the transmission of signals to a certain


range of frequencies, leading to the attenuation of higher frequency
components. This phenomenon is crucial in understanding the limitations
of communication systems and the necessity of signal conditioning
techniques such as LPFs. LPFs selectively pass low-frequency signals while
attenuating high-frequency signals beyond a specified cut-off frequency.
Understanding the characteristics of LPFs and their impact on signal
transmission is essential in communication engineering.

III. Methods and Materials:

Materials:
- Digital Oscilloscope
- Function Generator
- Breadboard
- Resistors and Capacitors

Procedure:
1. Generate a square waveform with the function generator at 1000 Hz
frequency and peak amplitude of 5 volts.
2. Use the digital oscilloscope's Math and FFT functions to analyse the
spectrum of the square waveform, observing the first, third, and fifth
harmonics.
3. Construct a low pass filter with a target cut-off frequency of 800 Hz
using the provided circuit diagram. Adjust resistor and capacitor values
accordingly.
4. Apply a sinusoidal signal of 100 Hz frequency and 5 volts peak-to-peak
amplitude to the LPF input and measure the output using the oscilloscope.
Calculate the gain.
5. Vary the frequency of the input signal and collect data points for
plotting a graph
6. Analyse the observed data to determine the cut-off frequency of the
LPF circuit.
7. Investigate the behaviour of the LPF circuit in the time domain and
frequency domain when the input signal frequency exceeds the cut-off
frequency.
Harmonic Decibel dBv
1st 1kHZ
2nd -13.459Hz
3rd -22.223Hz

IV. Result Discussion:

Frequency Hz Decibel dBv


200 4.695
300 4.382
400 4.069
500 3.443
600 2.817
700 2.11
800 1.565
1000 0.313
2000 -4.695

IV. Result Discussion:

The results obtained from both simulations and experiments provide


valuable insights into the behaviour of the designed LPF circuit and its
impact on signal transmission.
The spectrum analysis of the square waveform demonstrated the
suppression of higher harmonics, showcasing the band-limited nature of
communication channels. The LPF effectively attenuated high-frequency
components beyond the cut-off frequency, as observed in the output
signals. This behaviour aligns with the principles of LPFs, which selectively
pass low-frequency signals while attenuating high-frequency signals
above the cut-off frequency.

The frequency sweep experiment illustrated the transition from passband


to stopband behaviour as the input signal frequency approached and
exceeded the cut-off frequency of the LPF. This observation confirms the
expected behaviour of LPF circuits in real-world applications, where
signals above the cut-off frequency are significantly attenuated.

The discussion on the time constant of the LPF circuit highlighted its
importance in determining the circuit's response in the time domain. The
relationship between the time constant and the cut-off frequency
elucidated the charging and discharging effect on the capacitor,
influencing the filter's behaviour with respect to the input signal
frequency.

The discussion on cascading passive filters emphasized the challenges


associated with implementing larger-order filters accurately due to the
dynamic impedance of each filter order affecting its neighbouring
network. However, strategies such as adjusting the impedance of each
following stage can mitigate the loading effect, facilitating the
implementation of cascaded filters.

Overall, the results obtained from the experiments and simulations align
with the expected outcomes and contribute to a deeper understanding of
band-limited channels and LPF design principles in communication
systems.

V. Conclusion:

This lab provided valuable insights into the impact of band-limited


channels on signal transmission and the behaviour of LPF circuits in
shaping the output signals. By investigating the behaviour of square wave
signals and designing LPF circuits, we gained a comprehensive
understanding of signal processing in communication engineering.

The lab objectives of exploring band-limited channels, investigating LPF


design principles, and analysing the behaviour of LPF circuits were
successfully achieved. The results obtained from the experiments and
simulations enhance our understanding of signal conditioning techniques
and their applications in communication systems.

Through this lab, we have gained practical knowledge and skills essential
for designing and analysing communication systems in real-world
scenarios. Overall, the lab activities and discussions have contributed
significantly to our understanding of band-limited channels and signal
processing techniques, furthering our knowledge in the field of
communication engineering.

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