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M’HAMED BOUGARA UNIVERSITY - BOUMERDES

Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering


I.G.E.E (ex-INELEC)
Department of electronics
MASTER In Telecommunication
Option : Telecommunications

EE 515L Radar and Satellite Communication Systems

HOMEWORK

Moving Target Indicator (MTI) radar


__________________________________________________________________________________

Done by:

- HASSINE Hanane.

Group: 2

Instructor: Prof.HAMOUDI.

Submit date: 30/12/2024


Part1:

The double delay line canceller

In this section, we will analyze the double delay line canceller, a filter implemented as a three-pulse
canceller. This type of canceller can be created by cascading two first-order sections, which are
described by the following transfer function in the z-domain:

𝐻 (𝑧) = 1 − 2𝑧 −1 + 𝑧 −2

To examine the filter in the frequency domain, we substitute 𝑧 = 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑇 , where f is the Doppler
frequency and T is the pulse repetition interval. Performing this substitution, the transfer function
becomes:

𝐻 (𝑓) = 1 − 2e−j2πfT + e−j4πfT

Rearranging the expression, it can be written as:

𝐻(𝑓) = (1 − 𝑒 −𝑗2𝜋𝑓𝑇 )2

𝐻(𝑓) = (𝑒 −𝑗𝜋𝑓𝑇 (𝑒 𝑗𝜋𝑓𝑇 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝜋𝑓𝑇 ))2

𝐻(𝑓) = (𝑗2𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜋𝑓𝑇)𝑒 −𝑗𝜋𝑓𝑇 )2


∣ 𝐻(𝑓) ∣= 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (𝜋𝑓𝑇)

This equation represents the magnitude response of the double delay line canceller, which
effectively suppresses low-frequency clutter (near DC) while preserving signals at other frequencies.

Matlab code to filter a signal x using double delay line canceller:

% Define the filter coefficients for H(z) = 1 - 2z^(-1) + z^(-2)


h = [1 -2 1];
% Define the sampling frequency and delay time
PRF = 100;
T = 1 / PRF;
M=20;
nt = 1024;
freq = linspace(0, M*PRF, nt);

% Compute the frequency response of the three-pulse canceller


Hf = freqz(h, 1, freq , PRF);

plot(freq, abs(Hf)); grid on; xlabel('Doppler Frequency (Hz)'); ylabel('Magnitude');


title('FreSquency Response of the Three-Pulse Canceller');
2) Generating the input signal samples Xmn :

a) Write an m-file to generate an M × N matrix. Using the MTILAB function,

you should obtain samples Xmn = (I [m,n ], Q [m,n]) where m = 1 : M and n = 1 : N.

function [t, Xmn] = mitlab(M, N, a, r, v)

c = 3e8;
f0 = 1e9;
T = 1e-6;
lambda = c / f0;

% Doppler frequency (normalized)


fd = v / lambda;
t = (0:M-1)' * T;

% Initialize Xmn matrix


Xmn = zeros(M, N); % Complex envelope matrix

for n = 1:N
% Generate I/Q samples for each range gate with added noise
phase = 2 * pi * fd * t + 2 * pi * rand;
noise = 0.05 * (randn(M, 1) + 1j * randn(M, 1));
Xmn(:, n) = a * r * exp(1j * phase) + noise;
end
end

% Parameters
A = 1;
R = 1e-6;
v = 30;
M = 12;
N = 4;

% Generate the MxN matrix using the updated mitlab function


[t, Xmn] = mitlab(M, N, A, R, v);

% Display the generated matrix


disp('Generated Xmn matrix:');
disp(Xmn);
The result demonstrates the simulation of the complex signal envelope Xmn matrix using the
MTILAB function. This function generates a time-varying signal for M time samples and N
range gates, incorporating both Doppler effects and random noise to reflect realistic radar
signal behavior. and the generated Xmn matrix provides a realistic dataset for validating
clutter cancellation and Doppler spectrum analysis techniques.

b) Since if X is a matrix, filter operates on the columns of X, you can use y = filter(h,1,X,[ ],2).

A = 1;
R = 1e-6;
v = 30;
M = 12;
N = 4;

% Generate the MxN matrix using the updated mitlab function


[t, Xmn] = mitlab(M, N, A, R, v);

% Display the generated matrix


disp('Generated Xmn matrix:');
disp(Xmn);

h = [1 -2 1];

% Apply the filter to each column of Xmn


Y = filter(h, 1, Xmn, [], 2);

% Display the filtered matrix


disp('Filtered matrix Y (after applying the filter to Xmn):');
disp(Y);
A = 1;
R = 1e-6;
v = 30;
M = 128;
N = 4;

% Generate the MxN matrix using the updated mitlab function


[t, Xmn] = mitlab(M, N, A, R, v);

% Display the generated matrix


disp('Generated Xmn matrix:');
disp(Xmn);
h = [1 -2 1]; % Filter coefficients for double delay line canceller
figure;
for n = 1:N
subplot(N, 1, n);
plot(abs(Y(:, n)));
xlabel('Pulse Number');
ylabel('Magnitude');
title(['Filtered Signal for Range Gate ', num2str(n)]);
grid on;
end
the impact of applying the double delay line canceller to the generated matrix. The
canceller's purpose is to suppress clutter and emphasize moving target signals through
frequency-domain filtering.

The subplots demonstrate its utility in isolating Doppler-shifted components, enabling better
target detection and localization. This simulation provides a foundation for designing and
testing practical radar signal processing algorithms.
A = 1;
R = 1e-6;
v = 30;
M = 128;
N = 4;
T = 1e-6;

[t, Xmn] = mitlab(M, N, A, R, v);

disp('Generated Xmn matrix:');

disp(Xmn);
h = [1 -2 1];
Y = filter(h, 1, Xmn, [], 2);
disp(Y);
figure;
for n = 1:N
subplot(N, 1, n);
plot(abs(Y(:, n)));
xlabel('Pulse Number');
ylabel('Magnitude');
title(['Filtered Signal for Range Gate ', num2str(n)]);
grid on;
end

% Doppler spectrum for range gate 1


range_gate = 1;
signal = Y(:, range_gate);
doppler_spectrum = fftshift(fft(signal));

fs = 1 / T;
freq = linspace(-fs/2, fs/2, M);
figure;
plot(freq, abs(doppler_spectrum));
xlabel('Doppler Frequency (Hz)');
ylabel('Magnitude');
title('Doppler Spectrum for Range Gate 1');
grid on;
the behavior of the radar system with a double delay line canceller applied to the Xmn matrix,
followed by analysis of the Doppler spectrum for range gate 1. The results provide insights into
clutter suppression and target detection.

The combined time-domain filtering and frequency-domain analysis provide a robust approach to
radar signal processing. The double delay line canceller effectively removes clutter, while the Doppler
spectrum analysis highlights the target’s motion characteristics. These techniques are foundational
for real-world radar systems, ensuring accurate detection and velocity estimation of moving targets.

Conclusion

This lab provided a comprehensive exploration of radar signal processing techniques, with a
particular focus on generating, filtering, and analyzing radar signals for moving target detection. By
working through each stage from signal modeling to clutter suppression and frequency analysis the
lab underscored the practical and theoretical aspects of radar systems.

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